2013年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）試題

--PAGE13-2013年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（二）試題SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Giventheadvantagesofelectronicyoumightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklytothecashlesssocietyinwhichallpaymentsaremadeelectronically.1,atruecashlesssocietyisprobablynotaroundthecomer.Indeed,predictionshavebeen2fortwodecadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeekpredictedin1975thatelectronicmeansofpaymentwouldsoon"revolutionizethevery3ofmoneyonlyto4itselfseveralyearslater.Whyhasthemovementtoacashlesssocietybeenso5incoming?Althoughelectronicmeansofpaymentbemoreefficientthanapaymentssystembasedonpaperseveralfactorswork6thedisappearanceofthepapersystem.First,itisvery7tosetupthecomputer,cardreader,andtelecommunicationsnetworksnecessarytomakeelectronicmoneyformofpayment.Second,papercheckshavetheadvantagethat9receipts,somethingthatmanyconsumersareunwillingto10.Third,theuseofpaperchecksgivesconsumersseveraldaysoffloatittakesseveraldays11acheckiscashedandfundsare12fromtheissuer'saccount,whichmeansthatofthecanearnonthein.13payments皿ediatetheyeliminatethefloatforconsumer.Fourthelectronicmeansofpaymentmay14securityandprivacyconcerns.Weoftenhearmediareportsthatanunauthorizedhackerhasbeenabletoaccessacomputerdatabaseandtoalterinformation15thereThefactthatthisisnotan_l_Qoccurrencemeansthatdishonestpersonsmightbeabletoaccessbankaccountsinelectronicpaymentssystemsand17fromsomeoneaccounts.The18ofthistypeoffraudisnotask,andanewfieldofcomputerscienceisdevelopingto」..2.securityissuesAfurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansofpaymentleavesanelectronic20thatcontainsalargeamountofpersonaldataThereareconcernsthatgovernmentemployersandmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedatatherebyviolatingourprivacy.[C]over[C]history[A]Moreover [B]However [C]Therefore [D]O[C]over[C]history[B][B]back[A]power [B]concept

[D]around[D]role[A]reverse [B]resist [C]resume [D]reward[D]role[C]slow[C]with[D]steady[C]slow[C]with[D]steady[D]on[B]against[A]for[B]against[A]expensive [B]imaginative [C]sensitive [D]productive[A]similar [B]original [C]temporary [D]dominant[C]provide[D]print[D]pass[C]provide[D]print[D]passdown[D]when[A]giveup [B]takeover [C]bringback[B]after[A]before [C][B]after[D]Though[A]kept [B]borrowed [C]withdrawn [D]13.[A]Unless [B]Because [C]Until[D]Though[C]ease[A]hide [B]express [D]raise[C]ease[A]analyzed [B]shared [C]stored [D]displayed[A]unsafe [B]unnatural [C]unclear [D]uncommon[A]steal [B]choose [C]benefit [D]return[A]consideration[B]prevention [C]manipulation [D]justification[A]callfor[A]chunk

[C]adaptto[B]chip [C]trail

[D]copewith[D]pathSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inanessayentitled"MakingItinAmerica,"theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,"amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines."articleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-classincomestodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverreplacinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,doinganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon'tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan'twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra—theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.ButanAs"Inthe10in2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs—about6millionintotal—disappeared."Therewillalwaysbechange—newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe2l8tcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation.ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate .theimpactoftechnologicaladvancesthealleviationofjobpressuretheshrinkageoftextilemillsthedeclmeofmiddle-classmcomesAccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto .workoncheapsoftwareaskforamoderatesalaryadoptanaveragelifestylecontributesomethinguniqueThequotationinParagraph4explainsthat .gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerasedjobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeedfactoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbeforenewjobsandserviceshavebeenofferedAccordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantistoacceleratetheI.T.revolutiontoensuremoreeducationforpeopletoadvanceeconomicglobalizationtopassmorebillsinthe21stcenturyWhichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?NewLawTakesEffect.TechnologyGoesCheap.AverageIsOver.RecessionIsBad.Text2Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandAlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,"uccellidipassaggio,"birdsofpassage.Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedividenewcomersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasalienstobekickedout.Thatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon'tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobaleconomydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneplaceandafamilyinanother.Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasaplacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.Accommodatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultipleoutcomes,includingsomethatarenoteasytoaccomplishlegallyintheexistingsystem."Birdsofpassage"referstothosewho .stayinaforeigncountrytemporarilyleavetheirhomecountriesforgoodimmigrateacrosstheAtlanticfindpermanentjobsoverseasItisimpliedinParagraph2thatthecurrentimmigrationsystemintheUSneedsnewimmigrantcategorieshasloosenedcontroloverimmigrantsshouldbeadaptedtomeetchallengeshasbeenfixedviapoliticalmeansAccordingtoe,sbirdsofpassagewant .financialincentivesaglobalrecognitionthefreedomtostayandleaveopportunitiestogetregularjobsTheauthorsuggeststhatthebirdsofpassagetodayshouldbetreated .asfaithfulpartnerswithlegaltolerancewitheconomicfavorsasmightyrivalsThemostappropriatetitleforthistextwouldbe .ComeandGo:BigMistakeLivingandThriving:GreatRiskWithorWithout:GreatRiskLegalorIllegal:BigMistakeText3Scientistshavefoundthatalthoughwearepronetosnapoverreactions,ifwetakeamomentandthinkabouthowwearelikelytoreact,wecanreduceoreveneliminatethenegativeeffectsofourquick,hard-wiredresponses.Snapdecisionscanbeimportantdefensemechanisms;ifwearejudgingwhethersomeoneisdangerous,ourbrainsandbodiesarehard-wiredtoreactveryquickly,withinmilliseconds.Butweneedmoretimetoassessotherfactors.Toaccuratelytellwhethersomeoneissociable,studiesshow,weneedatleastaminute,preferablyfive.Ittakesawhiletojudgecomplexaspectsofpersonality,likeneuroticismoropen-mindedness.Butsnapdecisionsinreactiontorapidstimuliaren'texclusivetotheinterpersonalrealm.PsychologistsattheUniversityofTorontofoundthatviewingafast-foodlogoforjustafewmillisecondsprimesustoread20percentfaster,eventhoughreadinghaslittletodowitheating.Weunconsciouslyassociatefastfoodwithspeedandimpatienceandcarrythoseimpulsesintowhateverelsewe'redoing,exposedtofast-foodflashesalsotendtothinkamusicalpiecelaststoolong.Yetwecanreversesuchinfluences.Ifweknowwewilloverreacttoconsumerproductsorhousingoptionswhenweseeahappyface(onereasongoodsalesrepresentativesandrealestateagentsarealwayssmiling),wecantakeamomentbeforebuying.Ifweknowfemalejobscreenersaremorelikelytoattractivefemaleapplicants,wecanhelpscreenersunderstandtheirbiases—orhireoutsidescreeners.JohnGottman,themarriageexpert,explainsthatwequickly"thinslice"informationreliablyonlyafterwegroundsuchsnapreactionsin"thicksliced"long-termstudy.WhenGottmanreallywantstoassesswhetheracouplewillstaytogether,heinvitesthemtohisislandretreatforalongerevaluation:twodays,nottwoseconds.Ourabilitytomuteourhard-wiredreactionsbypausingiswhatdifferentiatesusfromanimals:dogscanthinkaboutthefutureonlyintermittentlyorforafewminutes.Buthistoricallywehavespentabout12percentofourdayscontemplatingthelongerterm.Althoughtechnologymightchangethewaywereact,ithasn'tchangedournature.Westillhavetheimaginativecapacitytoriseabovetemptationandreversethehigh-speedtrend.Thetimeneededinmakingdecisionsmay .predeterminetheaccuracyofourjudgmentprovethecomplexityofourbrainreactiondependontheimportanceoftheassessmentvaryaccordingtotheurgencyofthesituation0urreact10ntoafast-foodlogoshowsthatsnapdec1s10ns .canbeassociativearenotunconsciouscanbedangerousarenotimpulsiveToreversethenegativeinfluencesofsnapdec1s10ns,weshould .trustourfirstimpressionthinkbeforeweactdoaspeopleusuallydoaskforexpertadviceJohnGattmansaysthatreliablesnapreactionsarebasedon .criticalassessment"thinsliced"studyadequateinformationsensibleexplanationThesedreversingehigh-speedds .tolerantoptimisticuncertainDoubtfulText4Europeisnotagender-equalityheaven.Inparticular,thecorporateworkplacewillneverbecompletelyuntilwomenarepartofseniordecisions,andtopcorporate-governanceoverwhelminglymale.Indeed,womenholdonly14percentofpositionsonEuropeancorporateboards.TheEuropeanUnionisnowconsideringlegislationtocompelcorporateboardstomaintainacertainproportionofwomen—upto60percent.Thisproposedmandatewasbornoffrustration.Lastyear,EuropeanCommissionVicePresidentVivianeRedingissuedacalltovoluntaryaction.Redinginvitedcorporationstosignupforgenderbalancegoalsof40percentfemaleboardmembership.Butherappealwasconsideredafailure:only24companiestookitweneedquotastoensurethatwomencancontinuetoclimbthecorporateladderfairlyastheybalanceworkandfamily?"Personally,Idon'tlikequotas,"Redingsaidrecently."ButIlikewhatthequotasdo."Quotasgetaction:"openthewaytoequalityandtheybreakthroughtheglassceiling,"accordingtoReding,aresultseeninFranceandothercountrieswithlegallybindingprovisionsonplacingwomenintopbusinesspositions.IunderstandReding'sreluctance—andherfrustration.Idon'tlikequotaseither;runcountertobeliefinmeritocracy,governancebythecapable.But,whenoneconsiderstheobstaclestoachievingthemeritocraticideal,itdoeslookasifafairerworldmustbetemporarilyordered.Afterall,fourdecadesofevidencehasnowshownthatcorporationsinEuropeaswellastheUSareevadingthemeritocratichiringandpromotionofwomentotoppositions—nomatterhowmuch"softpressure"isputuponthem.Whenwomendobreakthroughtothesummitofcorporatepower—as,forexample,SherylSandbergrecentlydidatFacebook—theyattractmassiveattentionpreciselybecausetheyremaintheexceptiontotherule.Ifappropriatepublicpolicieswereinplacetohelpallwomen—whetherCEOsortheircaregivers—andallfamilies,SandbergwouldbenomorenewsworthythananyotherhighlycapablepersonhvmgmamoreJustsociety.IntheEuropeancorporateworkplace,generally .womentheleadmenhavethefinalsaycorporategovernanceisoverwhelmedseniormanagementisfamily-friendlyThensintendedns .areflectionofgenderbalancearesponsetoRedingsareluctantchoiceavoluntaryactionAccordingtoReding,quotasmayhelpwomen .gettopbusinesspositionsseethroughtheglassceilingbalanceworkandfamilyanticipatelegalresultsThesedRedingslsoneofskepticismindifferenceapprovalWomenenteringtopmanagementbecomeheadlinesduetothelackof .moresocialjusticemassivemediaattentionsuitablepublicpoliciesgreater"softpressure"PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)LivelikeapeasantBalanceyourdietShopkeepersareyourfriendsRemembertotreatyourselfSticktowhatyouneedPlanningiseverythingWastenot,wantnotThepopularblogtheSkintFoodiechronicleshowTonybalanceshisloveofgoodfoodwithlivingonbenefits.Afterbills,Tonyhas￡60aweektospend,￡40ofwhichgoesonfood,but10yearsagohewasearning￡130,000ayearworkingincorporatecommunicationsandeatingatbestrestaurantsatleasttwiceaweek.Thenhismarriagefailed,hiscareerburnedoutandhisdrinkingbecameserious."Thecommunitymentalhealthteamsavedlife.AndIfeltlikethatagain,toacertaindegree,whenpeoplerespondedtotheblogsowell.ItgavemethevalidationandconfidencethatI'dlost.Butit'sstillathing."Nowhe'slivinginacouncilflatandfieldingoffersfromliteraryagents.He'sfeelingpositive,buthe'11carryonblogging—notabouteatingascheaplyasyoucan—"therearesomanypeopleinamuchworsestate,withbarelyanymoneytospendonfood"—buteatingwellonabudget.hisadviceforeconomicalfoodies.Impulsivespendinganoption,soplanyourmenuinadvance,makingshoppinglistsforyouringredientsintheirexactquantities.IhaveanExceltemplateforaweekofbreakfast,lunchanddinner.Stoplaughing:it'snotjustcosteffectivebuthelpsyoubalanceyourdiet.It'salsoagoodideatoshopdailyinsteadofweekly,because,beinghuman,you'llsometimeschangeyourmindaboutwhatyoufancy.Thisiswheresupermarketsandtheiranonymitycomeinhandy.Withthem,there'snotthesameembarrassmentaswhenbuyingonecarrotinalittlegreengrocer.Andifyouplanproperly,you'llknowthatyouonlyneed,350gofshinofbeefandsixrashersofbacon,notwhateverweightispre-packedinthesupermarketchiller.43.Youmayproudlyclaimtoonlyhavefrozenpeasinthefreezer—notgoodenough.Mineisfilledwithleftovers,bread,stock,meatandfish.Planningaheadshouldeliminatewastage,butifyouhavesurplusvegetablesdoavegetablesoup,andallfruitsthreateningto"gooff'willbecookedorjuiced.44.Everyonethis,butitreallyisatoptipforfrugalea