技術(shù)創(chuàng)新與RIZ理論

協(xié)調(diào)性法則：實(shí)例結(jié)構(gòu)不協(xié)調(diào)性能參數(shù)之間不協(xié)調(diào)動(dòng)態(tài)性進(jìn)化法則技術(shù)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該沿著結(jié)構(gòu)柔性、可移動(dòng)性、可控制性增加的方向進(jìn)化。提高柔性子法則提高可移動(dòng)性子法則提高可控性子法則1.提高柔性子法則單鉸鏈多鉸鏈剛體柔性體氣體液體場粉末有兩種特性的剛體實(shí)例：鍵盤提高可移動(dòng)性子法則技術(shù)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該沿著系統(tǒng)整體可移動(dòng)性增強(qiáng)的方向進(jìn)化。不可動(dòng)部分可動(dòng)高度可動(dòng)整體可動(dòng)可移動(dòng)性進(jìn)化路線實(shí)例不可動(dòng)部分可動(dòng)高度可動(dòng)整體可動(dòng)提高可控性子法則技術(shù)系統(tǒng)應(yīng)該沿著系統(tǒng)整體可控制性增強(qiáng)的方向進(jìn)化。（利用中介物）（引入反饋機(jī)制）（智能反饋）直接控制間接控制反饋控制自我控制子系統(tǒng)不均衡進(jìn)化法則發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率小，機(jī)翼面積大發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率提高，機(jī)翼面積減小早期一戰(zhàn)期間發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率進(jìn)一步提高二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束近現(xiàn)代后掠翼三角翼任何技術(shù)系統(tǒng)所包含的各個(gè)子系統(tǒng)都不是同步、均衡進(jìn)化的，每個(gè)子系統(tǒng)都是沿著自己的S曲線向前發(fā)展；這種不均衡的進(jìn)化常常導(dǎo)致子系統(tǒng)之間出現(xiàn)矛盾；整個(gè)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)化速度取決于系統(tǒng)中發(fā)展最慢的子系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)化速度；子系統(tǒng)不均衡進(jìn)化法則一只木桶，最短的一片決定其容量！向微觀級(jí)進(jìn)化法則電子管收音機(jī)晶體管收音機(jī)集成電路收音機(jī)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)是沿著減小其元件尺寸的方向進(jìn)化的。向超系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)進(jìn)化法法則A、技術(shù)系系統(tǒng)沿著著以下路路線進(jìn)化化：單系統(tǒng)→→雙系系統(tǒng)→多多系統(tǒng)B、當(dāng)技術(shù)術(shù)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)進(jìn)化到極極限的時(shí)時(shí)候，系系統(tǒng)中實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)某項(xiàng)項(xiàng)功能的的子系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)會(huì)從系系統(tǒng)中被被剝離出出來，轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到超超系統(tǒng)中中，成為為超系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)的一部部分。在在該子系系統(tǒng)的功功能得到到增強(qiáng)的的同時(shí)，，也簡化化了原有有的技術(shù)術(shù)系統(tǒng)。。12產(chǎn)品進(jìn)化化13不同產(chǎn)品品技術(shù)的的進(jìn)化路路徑剛性單鉸鏈多鉸鏈柔性氣體、液液體場有規(guī)律可可循（道亦有有道）14WashingMachine:FunctionStructureLoosendirtSeparatedirtRemovedirtWaterDetergent洗凈劑WaterremoveWaterWaterDirtywaterDryClothesHotairMoistairSoiledclothesCleanClothesSmoothClothesRobot松散分離15技術(shù)預(yù)測測技術(shù)進(jìn)化化定律給給出了技技術(shù)進(jìn)化化的一般般方向，，但沒有有給出每每個(gè)方向向進(jìn)化的的細(xì)節(jié)。。每條定定律之下下有多條條技術(shù)進(jìn)進(jìn)化路線線，每條條技術(shù)進(jìn)進(jìn)化路線線由技術(shù)術(shù)所處的的不同狀狀態(tài)構(gòu)成成，表明明了技術(shù)術(shù)進(jìn)化由由低級(jí)向向高級(jí)進(jìn)進(jìn)化的過過程，提提供了技技術(shù)預(yù)測測的功能能。16技術(shù)預(yù)測測工程系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)的進(jìn)化化遵循一一定的技技術(shù)進(jìn)化化模式和和規(guī)律。。這就是是說，技術(shù)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)的發(fā)展展（在一一定限度度內(nèi)）是是可預(yù)測測的。17四、技術(shù)術(shù)創(chuàng)新方方法（TRIZ理論）問題100萬只青椒椒要去籽籽做罐頭頭，有什什么好的的辦法呢呢？解決方案案置于壓力力鍋內(nèi)，，先升至至6psi，后后急急速降至至2psi其他問題題類似的的解決方方案堅(jiān)果工業(yè)業(yè)化加工工原理葵花籽工工業(yè)化加加工原理理工程矛盾盾往復(fù)出出現(xiàn)（道法自自然）人們不斷斷的用相相同的方方法來解解決來自自于不同同領(lǐng)域的的“相同同”問題題。解決問題題的規(guī)律律性在不同的的時(shí)代，，不同的的技術(shù)系系統(tǒng)中，，同樣的的問題反反復(fù)出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)，相同同的解決決方法被被反復(fù)使使用?。ㄋ街?，可可以攻玉玉）前蘇聯(lián)的的專利20萬4萬DescriptiveTitleCurrentDesignPurposeofInventionSolutionDescriptionPictureofDesign發(fā)明的級(jí)級(jí)別Level1:顯而易見見的解(32%)常規(guī)的解解決方法法沒有解決決矛盾專業(yè)范圍圍內(nèi)已經(jīng)經(jīng)熟知的的方法試錯(cuò)次數(shù)數(shù):1~20Level2:小的改進(jìn)進(jìn)(45%)對(duì)現(xiàn)有系系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行行小的改改進(jìn)部分解決決矛盾，，通常有有妥協(xié)行業(yè)范圍圍內(nèi)已經(jīng)經(jīng)熟知的的方法試錯(cuò)次數(shù)數(shù):20~100Level3:根本性的的改進(jìn)(18%)對(duì)現(xiàn)有系系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行行根本性性改進(jìn)解決矛盾盾行業(yè)范圍圍外已知知的方法法試錯(cuò)次數(shù)數(shù):100~1,000Level4:全新的概概念(4%)使用新的的原理實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)主要功功能不是在技技術(shù)方面面，而是是在科學(xué)學(xué)方面找找到更多多的解決決方案試錯(cuò)次數(shù)數(shù):1,000~10,000Level5:科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)(<1%)科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)全新的系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)－開拓性性創(chuàng)新試錯(cuò)次數(shù):10,000~100,000為提高防寒寒效果：雙雙層玻璃為減輕重量量，將斧頭頭柄做成空空心的電動(dòng)控制系系統(tǒng)代替機(jī)機(jī)械控制系系統(tǒng)內(nèi)燃機(jī)替代代蒸汽機(jī)飛機(jī)、計(jì)算算機(jī)重要結(jié)論：：95%的問題可以以依靠已有的知識(shí)識(shí)體系來解解決40個(gè)創(chuàng)新原理理01、分割原理理02、抽取原理理03、局部質(zhì)量量原理04、增加不對(duì)對(duì)稱性原理理05、組合，合合并原理06、多用性原原理07、嵌套原理理08、重量補(bǔ)償償原理09、預(yù)先反作作用原理10、預(yù)先作用用原理11、預(yù)先防范范原理12、等勢原理理13、反向作用用原理14、曲面化原原理15、動(dòng)態(tài)特性性原理16、未達(dá)到或或過度的作作用原理17、空間維數(shù)數(shù)變化原理理18、機(jī)械振動(dòng)動(dòng)原理19、周期性作作用原理20、有效作用用的連續(xù)性性原理21、減少有害害作用的時(shí)時(shí)間原理22、變害為利利原理23、反饋原理理24、借助中介介物原理25、自服務(wù)原原理26、復(fù)制原理理27、廉價(jià)替代代品原理28、機(jī)械系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)替代原理理29、氣動(dòng)與液液壓結(jié)構(gòu)原原理30、柔性殼體體或薄膜原原理31、多孔材料料原理32、顏色改變變，擬態(tài)原原理33、均質(zhì)性原原理34、拋棄或再再生原理35、物理或化化學(xué)參數(shù)改改變?cè)?6、相變?cè)砝?7、熱膨脹原原理38、加速氧化化原理39、惰性環(huán)境境原理40、復(fù)合材料料原理原理1：分割A(yù)、一個(gè)物體體分割成幾幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的的部分B、使物體成成易于組裝裝和拆卸幾幾部分C、提高物體體的分割程程度椿頭分割為為砂粒以分分散受力奶粉分裝盒盒臨時(shí)交通燈燈的電桿原理3：局部質(zhì)量量A、將均勻的的物體結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)或外部環(huán)環(huán)境變成不不均勻的B、讓物體的的各部分執(zhí)行不同的的功能C、使物體的的各部分具有不同的的功能塵土過濾器器嬰兒勺超聲波鉆孔孔機(jī)為降低溫度度，核心部部分用導(dǎo)熱熱材料，外圍部分用用耐磨材料料原理7：嵌套A、把一個(gè)物體體嵌入第二二個(gè)物體，，然后將這這兩個(gè)物體體再嵌入第第三個(gè)物體體，依此類類推B、一物體穿過過另一物體體的空腔俄羅斯套娃娃原理8：重量補(bǔ)償償A、將物體與另另一具有升升力的物體體組合，來來補(bǔ)償物體體的重量B、利用外部環(huán)環(huán)境（空氣氣動(dòng)力或流流體動(dòng)力或或其它力））來補(bǔ)償物物體的重量量

借力（重量補(bǔ)償）

利用浮力（環(huán)境補(bǔ)償）原理12：：等勢在勢能場中中限制位置置改變（即即在重力場場中改善運(yùn)運(yùn)作狀態(tài)）），以減少少物體提升升或下降三峽大壩五五級(jí)船閘原理31：多孔材料料A、使物體多孔孔或添加多多孔元素（（嵌入其中中或涂層））B、如果已經(jīng)是是多孔的物物體，則利利用這些孔孔，引入有有用的物質(zhì)質(zhì)或功能焦炭用藥棉沾藥藥水擦傷口口四種工具：：創(chuàng)新原理——技術(shù)矛盾分離方法——物理矛盾標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)——標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題科學(xué)原理/效應(yīng)庫——“Howto…”創(chuàng)新原理——技術(shù)矛盾產(chǎn)品技術(shù)矛矛盾改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品或或工藝流程程的某一特特性時(shí)常常常引起其它它特性惡化化參數(shù)A參數(shù)B技術(shù)矛盾是是兩個(gè)參數(shù)數(shù)之間的矛矛盾：對(duì)參數(shù)A的改善，導(dǎo)導(dǎo)致參數(shù)B的惡化實(shí)例：折疊疊椅為了提高折折疊椅的承承受能力，，最簡單的的方法就是是將其主要要的支撐部部件加粗，，但如此一一來卻增加加了整個(gè)系系統(tǒng)的重量量。折疊椅強(qiáng)度折疊椅的重量矛盾強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的重量技術(shù)矛盾用來對(duì)技術(shù)術(shù)系統(tǒng)中出出現(xiàn)的技術(shù)術(shù)矛盾進(jìn)行行分類；尋找“通用用”技術(shù)參參數(shù)的目的的：39個(gè)通用技術(shù)術(shù)參數(shù)來自于不同同技術(shù)領(lǐng)域域的眾多參數(shù)數(shù)39個(gè)具有代表表性的參數(shù)數(shù)歸納、總結(jié)結(jié)39個(gè)通用技術(shù)術(shù)參數(shù)01、運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象象的重量02、靜止對(duì)象象的重量03、運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象象的長度04、靜止對(duì)象象的長度05、運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象象的面積06、靜止對(duì)象象的面積07、運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象象的體積08、靜止對(duì)象象的體積09、速度10、力11、應(yīng)力或壓壓力12、形狀13、穩(wěn)定性14、強(qiáng)度15、運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的的作用時(shí)間16、靜止對(duì)象的的作用時(shí)間17、溫度18、照度19、運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的的能量消耗20、靜止對(duì)象的的能量消耗21、功率22、能量的無效效損耗23、物質(zhì)的無效效損耗24、信息損失25、時(shí)間的無效效損耗26、物質(zhì)的量27、可靠性28、測量的精確確性29、制造精度30、作用于對(duì)象象的有害因素素31、對(duì)象產(chǎn)生的的有害因素32、可制造性33、可操作性34、可維修性35、適應(yīng)性及通通用性36、對(duì)象的復(fù)雜雜性37、檢測的復(fù)雜雜性38、自動(dòng)化程度度39、生產(chǎn)率矛盾矩陣將技術(shù)矛盾分分類；將解決每種技技術(shù)矛盾最常常用的創(chuàng)新原原理找出來；；建一個(gè)表來描描述技術(shù)矛盾盾與創(chuàng)新原理理之間的對(duì)應(yīng)應(yīng)關(guān)系。在解決不同類類型的技術(shù)矛矛盾時(shí)，不同同的創(chuàng)新原理理使用的頻率率是不同的?。∶芫仃噽夯膮?shù)數(shù)改善的參數(shù)數(shù)

運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的重量靜止對(duì)象的重量運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的長度靜止對(duì)象的長度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的面積靜止對(duì)象的面積運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的體積靜止對(duì)象的體積速度力應(yīng)力或壓力形狀對(duì)象的穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的作用時(shí)間靜止對(duì)象的作用時(shí)間溫度照度運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象所需的能量靜止對(duì)象所需的能量功率能量的無效損耗物質(zhì)的無效損耗信息的損失時(shí)間的無效損耗物質(zhì)的量可靠性測量的精確性制造精度作用于對(duì)象的外部有害影響對(duì)象產(chǎn)生的有害因素可制造性可操作性可維修性適應(yīng)性或多功能性對(duì)象的復(fù)雜性檢測的難度自動(dòng)化程度生產(chǎn)率

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383901、分割原理1運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的重量+

15,8,29,34

29,17,38,34

29,2,40,28

2,8,15,388,10,18,3710,36,37,4010,14,35,401,35,19,3928,27,18,405,34,31,35

6,29,4,3819,1,3235,12,34,31

12,36,18,316,2,34,195,35,3,3110,24,3510,35,20,283,26,18,313,11,1,2728,27,35,2628,35,26,1822,21,18,2722,35,31,3927,28,1,3635,3,2,242,27,28,1129,5,15,826,30,36,3428,29,26,3226,3518,1935,3,24,3702、抽取原理2靜止對(duì)象的重量

+

10,1,29,35

35,30,13,2

5,35,14,2

8,10,19,3513,29,10,1813,10,29,1426,39,1,4028,2,10,27

2,27,19,628,19,32,2219,32,35

18,19,28,115,19,18,2218,19,28,155,8,13,3010,15,3510,20,35,2619,6,18,2610,28,8,318,26,2810,1,35,172,19,22,3735,22,1,3928,1,96,13,1,322,27,28,1119,15,291,10,26,3925,28,17,152,26,351,28,15,3503、局部質(zhì)量原理3運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的長度8,15,29,34

+

15,17,4

7,17,4,35

13,4,817,10,41,8,351,8,10,291,8,15,348,35,29,3419

10,15,19328,35,24

1,357,2,35,394,29,23,101,2415,2,2929,3510,14,29,4028,32,410,28,29,371,15,17,2417,151,29,1715,29,35,41,28,1014,15,1,161,19,26,2435,1,26,2417,24,26,1614,4,28,2904、增加不對(duì)稱性原理4靜止對(duì)象的長度

35,28,40,29

+

17,7,10,40

35,8,2,14

28,101,14,3513,14,15,739,37,3515,14,28,26

1,40,353,35,38,183,25

12,86,2810,28,24,3524,26,30,29,14

15,29,2832,28,32,32,101,18

15,17,272,2531,351,2626

30,14,7,2605、組合原理5運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的面積2,17,29,4

14,15,18,4

+

7,14,17,4

29,30,4,3419,30,35,210,15,36,285,34,29,411,2,13,393,15,40,146,3

2,15,1615,32,19,1319,32

19,10,32,1815,17,30,2610,35,2,3930,2626,429,30,6,1329,926,28,32,32,3222,33,28,117,2,18,3913,1,26,2415,17,13,1615,13,10,115,3014,1,132,36,26,1814,30,28,2310,26,34,206、多功能性原理6靜止對(duì)象的面積

30,2,14,18

26,7,9,39

+

1,18,35,3610,15,36,37

2,3840

2,10,19,3035,39,38

17,3217,7,3010,14,18,3930,1610,35,4,182,18,40,432,35,40,426,28,32,32,29,18,3627,2,39,3522,1,4040,1616,41615,161,18,362,35,30,182310,15,17,707、嵌套原理7運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的體積2,26,29,40

1,7,4,35

1,7,4,17

+

29,4,38,3415,35,36,376,35,36,371,15,29,428,10,1,399,14,15,76,35,4

34,39,10,182,13,1035

35,6,13,187,15,13,1636,39,34,102,222,6,34,1029,30,714,1,40,1125,26,2825,28,2,1622,21,27,3517,2,40,129,1,4015,13,30,121015,2926,129,26,435,34,16,2410,6,2,3408、重量補(bǔ)償原理8靜止對(duì)象的體積

35,10,19,1419,1435,8,2,14

+

2,18,3724,357,2,3534,28,35,409,14,17,15

35,34,3835,6,4

30,6

10,39,35,34

35,16,321835,32,35,16

35,10,2534,39,19,2730,18,35,435

1

1,312,17,26

35,37,10,209、預(yù)先反作用原理9速度2,28,13,38

13,14,8

29,30,34

7,29,34

+13,28,15,196,18,38,4035,15,18,3428,33,1,188,3,26,143,19,35,5

28,30,36,210,13,198,15,35,38

19,35,38,214,20,19,3510,13,28,3813,26

10,19,29,3811,35,27,2828,32,1,2410,28,32,251,28,35,232,24,35,2135,13,8,132,28,13,1234,2,28,2715,10,2610,28,4,343,34,27,1610,18

10、預(yù)先作用原理10力8,1,37,1818,13,1,2817,19,9,3628,1019,10,151,18,36,3715,9,12,372,36,18,3713,28,15,12+18,21,1110,35,40,3435,10,2135,10,14,2719,2

35,10,21

19,17,101,16,36,3719,35,18,3714,158,35,40,5

10,37,3614,29,18,363,35,13,2135,10,23,2428,29,37,361,35,40,1813,3,36,2415,37,18,11,28,3,2515,1,1115,17,18,2026,35,10,1836,37,10,192,353,28,35,3711、預(yù)補(bǔ)償原理11應(yīng)力或壓力10,36,37,4013,29,10,1835,10,3635,1,14,1610,15,36,2810,15,36,376,35,1035,246,35,3636,35,21+35,4,15,1035,33,2,409,18,3,4019,3,27

35,39,19,2

14,24,10,37

10,35,142,36,2510,36,3,37

37,36,410,14,3610,13,19,356,28,253,3522,2,372,33,27,181,35,161123519,1,352,36,3735,2410,14,35,3712、等勢原理12形狀8,10,29,4015,10,26,329,34,5,413,14,10,75,34,4,10

14,4,15,227,2,3535,15,34,1835,10,37,4034,15,10,14+33,1,18,430,14,10,4014,26,9,25

22,14,19,3213,15,322,6,34,14

4,6,21435,29,3,5

14,10,34,1736,2210,40,1628,32,132,30,4022,1,2,3535,11,32,17,2832,15,262,13,11,15,2916,29,1,2815,13,3915,1,3217,26,34,1013、反向作用原理13對(duì)象的穩(wěn)定性21,35,2,3926,39,1,4013,15,1,28372,11,133928,10,19,3934,28,35,4033,15,28,1810,35,21,162,35,4022,1,18,4+17,9,1513,27,10,3539,3,35,2335,1,3232,3,27,1513,1927,4,29,1832,35,27,3114,2,39,62,14,30,40

35,2715,32,35

131835,24,30,1835,40,27,3935,1932,35,302,35,10,1635,30,34,22,35,22,2635,22,39,231,8,3523,35,40,314、曲率增加原理14強(qiáng)度1,8,40,1540,26,27,11,15,8,3515,14,28,263,34,40,299,40,2810,15,14,79,14,17,158,13,26,1410,18,3,1410,3,18,4010,30,35,4013,17,35+27,3,26

30,10,4035,1919,35,103510,26,35,283535,28,31,40

29,3,28,1029,10,2711,33,27,163,2718,35,37,115,35,22,211,3,10,3232,40,28,227,11,315,3,322,13,25,2827,3,15,401529,35,10,1415、動(dòng)態(tài)特性原理15運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象的作用時(shí)間19,5,34,31

2,19,9

3,17,19

10,2,19,30

3,35,519,2,1619,3,2714,26,28,2513,3,3527,3,10+

19,35,392,19,4,3528,6,35,18

19,10,35,38

28,27,3,181020,10,28,183,35,10,4011,2,1333,27,16,4022,15,33,2821,39,16,2227,1,412,2729,10,271,35,1310,4,29,1519,29,39,356,1035,17,14,1916、未達(dá)到或過度的作用原理16靜止對(duì)象的作用時(shí)間

6,27,19,16

1,40,35

35,34,38

39,3,35,23

+19,18,36,40

16

27,16,18,381028,20,10,163,35,3134,27,6,4010,26,24

17,1,40,332235,10112

25,34,6,35120,10,16,3817、空間維數(shù)變化原理17溫度36,22,6,3822,35,3215,19,915,19,93,35,39,1835,3834,39,40,1835,6,42,28,36,3035,10,3,2135,39,19,214,22,19,321,35,3210,30,22,4019,13,3919,18,36,40+32,30,21,1619,15,3,17

2,14,17,2521,17,35,3821,36,29,31

35,28,21,183,17,30,3919,35,3,1032,19,242422,33,35,222,35,2,2426,2726,274,10,162,18,272,17,163,27,35,3126,2,19,1615,28,3518、機(jī)械振動(dòng)原理18照度19,1,322,35,3219,32,16

19,32,26

2,13,10

10,13,1926,19,6

32,3032,3,2735,192,19,6

32,35,19+32,1,1932,35,1,153213,16,1,613,11,619,1,26,171,19

11,15,323,3215,1935,19,32,3919,35,28,2628,26,1915,17,13,1615,1,196,32,1332,152,26,102,25,1619、周期性作用原理19運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)象所需的能量12,18,28,31

12,28

15,19,25

35,13,18

8,15,3516,26,21,223,14,2512,2,2919,13,17,245,19,9,3528,35,6,18-19,24,3,142,15,19+-6,19,37,1812,22,15,2435,24,18,5

35,38,19,1834,23,16,1819,21,11,273,1,32

1,35,6,272,35,628,26,3019,351,15,17,2815,17,13,162,29,27,2835,3832,212,28,3520、有益作用的連續(xù)性原理20靜止對(duì)象所需的能量

19,9,6,27

36,37

27,4,29,1835

19,2,35,32-+

28,27,18,31

3,35,3110,36,23

10,2,22,3719,22,181,4

19,35,16,25

1,621、減少有害作用的時(shí)間21功率8,36,38,3119,26,17,271,10,35,37

19,3817,32,13,3835,6,3830,6,2515,35,226,2,36,3522,10,3529,14,2,4035,32,15,3126,10,2819,35,10,38162,14,17,2516,6,1916,6,19,37

+10,35,3828,27,18,3810,1935,20,10,64,34,1919,24,26,3132,15,232,219,22,31,22,35,1826,10,3426,35,1035,2,10,3419,17,3420,19,30,3419,35,1628,2,1728,35,3422、變害為利原理22能量的無效損耗15,6,19,2819,6,18,97,2,6,136,38,715,26,17,3017,7,30,187,18,23716,35,3836,38

14,2,39,626

19,38,71,13,32,15

3,38+35,27,2,3719,1010,18,32,77,18,2511,10,3532

21,22,35,221,35,2,22

35,32,12,19

7,2335,3,15,23228,10,29,3523、反饋原理23物質(zhì)的無效損耗35,6,23,4035,6,22,3214,29,10,3910,28,2435,2,10,3110,18,39,311,29,30,363,39,18,3110,13,28,3814,15,18,403,36,37,1029,35,3,52,14,30,4035,28,31,4028,27,3,1827,16,18,3821,36,39,311,6,1335,18,24,528,27,12,3128,27,18,3835,27,2,31+

15,18,35,106,3,10,2410,29,39,3516,34,31,2835,10,24,3133,22,30,4010,1,34,2915,34,3332,28,2,242,35,34,2715,10,235,10,28,2435,18,10,1335,10,1828,35,10,2324、借助中介物原理24信息的損失10,24,3510,35,51,262630,2630,16

2,2226,32

1010

19

10,1919,10

+24,26,28,3224,28,3510,28,23

22,10,110,21,223227,22

35,333513,23,1525、自服務(wù)原理25時(shí)間的無效損耗10,20,37,3510,20,26,515,2,2930,24,14,526,4,5,1610,35,17,42,5,34,1035,16,32,18

10,37,36,537,36,44,10,34,1735,3,22,529,3,28,1820,10,28,1828,20,10,1635,29,21,181,19,26,1735,38,19,18135,20,10,610,5,18,3235,18,10,3924,26,28,32+35,38,18,1610,30,424,34,28,3224,26,28,1835,18,3435,22,18,3935,28,34,44,28,10,3432,1,1035,286,2918,28,32,1024,28,35,30

26、復(fù)制原理26物質(zhì)的量35,6,18,3127,26,18,3529,14,35,18

15,14,292,18,40,415,20,29

35,29,34,2835,14,310,36,14,335,1415,2,17,4014,35,34,103,35,10,403,35,313,17,39

34,29,16,183,35,31357,18,256,3,10,2424,28,3535,38,18,16+18,3,28,4013,2,2833,3035,33,29,313,35,40,3929,1,35,2735,29,25,102,32,10,2515,3,293,13,27,103,27,29,188,3513,29,3,2727、廉價(jià)替代品原理27可靠性3,8,10,403,10,8,2815,9,14,415,29,28,1117,10,14,1632,35,40,43,10,14,242,35,2421,35,11,288,28,10,310,24,35,1935,1,16,1111,282,35,3,2534,27,6,403,35,1011,32,1321,11,27,1936,2321,11,26,3110,11,3510,35,29,3910,2810,30,421,28,40,3+32,3,11,2311,32,127,35,2,4035,2,40,26

27,17,401,1113,35,8,2413,35,127,40,2811,13,271,35,29,3828、機(jī)械系統(tǒng)替代原理28測量的精確性32,35,26,2828,35,25,2628,26,5,1632,28,3,1626,28,32,326,28,32,332,13,628,13,32,2432,26,28,326,28,3232,35,1328,6,3228,6,3210,26,246,19,28,246,1,323,6,32

3,6,3226,32,2710,16,31,28

24,34,28,322,6,325,11,1,23+

28,24,22,263,33,39,106,35,25,181,13,17,341,32,13,1113,35,227,35,10,3426,24,32,2828,2,10,3410,34,28,3229、氣動(dòng)與液壓結(jié)構(gòu)原理29制造精度28,32,13,1828,35,27,910,28,29,372,32,1028,33,29,322,29,18,3632,28,225,10,3510,28,3228,19,34,363,3532,30,4030,183,273,27,40

19,263,3232,2

32,213,32,235,31,10,24

32,26,28,1832,3011,32,1

+26,28,10,364,17,34,26

1,32,35,2325,10

26,2,18

26,28,18,2310,18,32,3930、柔性殼體或薄膜原理30作用于對(duì)象的外部有害影響22,21,27,392,22,13,2417,1,39,41,1822,1,33,2827,2,39,3522,23,37,3534,39,19,2721,22,35,2813,35,39,1822,2,3722,1,3,3535,24,30,1818,35,37,122,15,33,2817,1,40,3322,33,35,21,19,32,131,24,6,2710,2,22,3719,22,31,221,22,35,233,22,19,4022,10,235,18,3435,33,29,3127,24,2,4028,33,23,2626,28,10,18+

24,35,22,25,28,3935,10,235,11,22,3122,19,29,4022,19,29,4033,3,3422,35,13,2431、多孔材料原理31對(duì)象產(chǎn)生的有害因素19,22,15,3935,22,1,3917,15,16,22

17,2,18,3922,1,4017,2,4030,18,35,435,28,3,2335,28,1,402,33,27,1835,135,40,27,3915,35,22,215,22,33,3121,39,16,2222,35,2,2419,24,39,322,35,619,22,182,35,1821,35,2,2210,1,3410,21,291,223,24,39,124,2,40,393,33,264,17,34,26

+

19,1,312,21,27,1222,35,18,3932、顏色改變?cè)?2可制造性28,29,15,161,27,36,131,29,13,1715,17,2713,1,26,1216,4013,29,1,403535,13,8,135,1235,19,1,371,28,13,2711,13,11,3,10,3227,1,435,1627,26,1828,24,27,128,26,27,11,427,1,12,2419,3515,34,3332,24,18,1635,28,34,435,23,1,24

1,35,12,18

24,2

+2,5,13,1635,1,11,92,13,1527,26,16,28,11,18,28,135,1,10,2833、同質(zhì)性原理33可操作性25,2,13,156,13,1,251,17,13,12

1,17,13,1618,16,15,391,16,35,154,18,39,3118,13,3428,13352,32,1215,34,29,2832,35,3032,40,3,2829,3,8,251,16,2526,27,1313,17,1,241,13,24

35,34,2,102,19,1328,32,2,244,10,27,224,28,10,3412,3517,27,8,4025,13,2,341,32,35,232,25,28,39

2,5,12+12,26,1,3215,34,1,1632,26,12,17

1,34,12,315,1,2834、拋棄和再生原理34可維修性2,2735,112,27,35,111,28,10,253,18,3115,13,3216,2525,2,35,11134,91,11,10131,13,2,42,3511,1,2,911,29,28,2714,1015,1,1315,1,28,16

15,10,32,215,1,32,192,35,34,27

32,1,10,252,28,10,2511,10,1,1610,2,1325,1035,10,2,16

1,35,11,101,12,26,15+7,1,4,1635,1,13,11

34,35,7,131,32,1035、物理或化學(xué)參數(shù)改變?cè)?5適應(yīng)性或多功能性1,6,15,819,15,29,1635,1,29,21,35,1635,30,29,715,1615,35,29

35,10,1415,17,2035,1615,37,1,835,30,1435,3,32,613,1,352,1627,2,3,356,22,26,119,35,29,13

19,1,2918,15,115,10,2,13

35,283,35,1535,13,8,2435,5,1,10

35,11,32,31

1,13,3115,34,1,161,16,7,4+15,29,37,28127,34,3535,28,6,3736、相變?cè)?6對(duì)象的復(fù)雜性26,30,34,362,26,35,391,19,26,242614,1,13,166,3634,26,61,1634,10,2826,1619,1,3529,13,28,152,22,17,192,13,2810,4,28,15

2,17,1324,17,1327,2,29,28

20,19,30,3410,35,13,235,10,28,29

6,2913,3,27,1013,35,12,26,10,3426,24,3222,19,29,4019,127,26,1,1327,9,26,241,1329,15,28,37+15,10,37,2815,1,2412,17,2837、熱膨脹原理37檢測的難度27,26,28,136,13,28,116,17,26,24262,13,18,172,39,30,1629,1,4,162,18,26,313,4,16,3536,28,40,1935,36,37,3227,13,1,3911,22,39,3027,3,15,2819,29,39,2525,34,6,353,27,35,162,24,2635,3819,35,1619,1,16,1035,3,15,191,18,10,2435,33,27,2218,28,32,93,27,29,1827,40,28,826,24,32,2822,19,29,282,215,28,11,292,512,261,1515,10,37,28+34,2135,1838、強(qiáng)氧化劑原理38自動(dòng)化程度28,26,18,3528,26,35,1014,13,17,282317,14,13

35,13,16

28,102,3513,3515,32,1,1318,125,136,9

26,2,198,32,192,32,13

28,2,2723,2835,10,18,535,3324,28,35,3035,1311,27,3228,26,10,3428,26,18,232,3321,26,131,12,34,31,35,1327,4,1,3515,24,1034,27,25+5,12,35,2639、惰性環(huán)境原