高考必考語法精講精練專題一：名詞含解析

高考必考語法精講精練語法專題一：名詞名詞是英語中非常重要的一類詞，也是高考必考內容之一。 《2017年普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試大綱》 附錄語法項目表中對名詞考查列了四項： ①可數名詞及其單復數②不可數名詞③專有名詞 ④名詞所有格。縱觀歷年高考試題，試題中出現的考點主要有：可數名詞的單復數形式、名詞的所有格的構成及應用、不可數名詞的辨認、名詞的功能、名詞辨義、名詞與其他詞類之間的轉換等。2015年高考全國卷I第65題（語法填空）考查的是可數名詞單復數，括號里給出painting,結合題意要將其變成 paintings;第77題（短文改錯）考查的是不可數名詞air,原文給出的是airs,要求考生將其改成 air。而在完形填空中， 有7題（總共20小題）是考查名詞詞義以及對語境的理解。2016年高考全國卷I第 61題（語法填空）考查的是詞性轉換，括號里給出的是動詞attract,根據題意要將其改成名詞 attraction;第69題（語法填空）考查的是可數名詞單復數，括號里給出day,結合題意要將其變成復數形式days;第74題考查的是詞性轉換，題目中給的是形容詞honest,根據題意需要將其改為名詞honesty。而在完形填空中，有4題（總^共20小題）是考查名詞詞義以及對語境的理解。2017年高考全國卷I第 62題（語法填空）考查的是可數名詞單復數，括號里給出effect,結合題意要將其變成 effects,構成sideeffects（副作用）；第75題（短文改錯）考查的是可數名詞單復數，原句中給出的是 word,結合題意要將其變成words。而在完形填空中，有5題（總＞共20小題）是考查名詞詞義以及對語境的理解。I.名詞的種類:專有名詞普通名詞國名、地名、人名、團體機構名稱可數名詞不可數名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞China,theGermans,Johnbook,studentteam,family,armyinformation,lovemilk,water,honeyII.名詞的數：1.規(guī)則可數名詞的復數形式：一般在單數形式后面加 -s或-es。現將構成方法列表如下:

1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seag girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh結尾的名詞后加-esclass-classesbox-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,wolf-wolves,half-halves加-schief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs4以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以兀音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，力口-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞一般加-esNegro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes一些外來詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos, kilo-kilos,solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以兀音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th結尾的名詞加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths規(guī)則例詞2.不規(guī)則可數名詞復數:1改變名詞中的兀音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2單復數相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin3只有復數形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集體名詞總是用作復數people,police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6復數形式表示特別含義customs（海關），times（時代）,spirits（情緒）,drinks（飲料），sands（沙灘），papers（文件報紙），looks（外表）,brains（頭腦智力）,greens（青菜）,woods（樹林）；works（工廠、作品）forces（軍隊）7表小杲國人加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans單復數同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen

8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿祍ons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿礸rown-ups,housewives,stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿祑omensingers,mendoctorsIII.名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分三種：一是名詞詞尾加構成，多表小有生命的東西；二是由介詞 of加名詞構成，多表不無生命的東西；三是雙重所有格。1.'所有格的構成：單數名詞在末尾加’Stheboy'sfatherJack'sbookherson-in-law'sphoto一般在末尾加’theteachers'roomthetwins'mother復數名詞不規(guī)則復數名詞后加’Sthechildren'stcwomen'srights以s結尾的人名所有格加‘或者’Dickens'novelsCharles'sjobtheSmiths'house表示各自的所有美系時，各名詞末尾均須加’SJapan'sandAmerica'sproblJmse'sandMary'sbi表示共有的所有美系時在最舟-詞末加’SJapanandAmerica'sprolblenJsaneandMary'sfather表示U某人家""店鋪"，所有格后名詞省略thedoctor,'thebarber,'thetailor,'myuncle's2.'所有格的用法:1表示時間、距離today'snewspaperfiveweeks'holidaytenminutes'wal2表示自然現象theearth'satmosphereetree'sbranches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞thecountrysplan,theworld'spopula,tionChina'sindust4表示工作群體theship'screwnajority 'sviewtheteam'svictory5表示度量衡及價值amile'sjourneyfivedollars 'worthofapples6與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞thelife'stimtheplay'splot7某些固定詞組abird'seyeyiewastone'sthrowatone'swit'布矩n所措）3.of所有格的構成及用法:of所有格是以"of+名詞”構成的一種詞組形式，主要用于表示無生命東西的名詞，表示所有關系。如：theworkshopofthefactory工廠的車間 thedooroftheroom房間的門thelegsofthechair椅子腿 thecoverofthebook這本書的封面表示有生命東西的名詞，也可用of所有格表示所有關系，或者表示主謂關系、動賓關系或事物的來源等。如：thedeathofStalin斯大林的逝世 thearrivalofthechairman 主席的到來thelawsofNewton 牛頓定律4.雙重所有格：’s所有格有時可以和of所有格結合在一起表示所有關系， 這叫做"雙重所有格"。雙重所有格的形式為：1)of十名詞所有格：afriendofmybrother's.我弟弟的一位朋友； anewdesignofMr.Brown's.布朗先生的一項新設計2)of+名詞性物主代詞：afriendofmine我的一位朋友；anecklaceofyours你的一條項鏈.名詞的修飾語可數名詞和不可數名詞各有其不同的修飾語，詳見下表：適應情況修飾語只修飾可數名詞單數a/an,one,another,either,neither,every,manya只修飾可數名詞復數many,these,those,afew,agood/greatmany,agood/greatnumberof,both,several,two,three...只修飾/、可數名詞much,alittle,abitof,agreat/gooddealof,agreat/large/smallamountof既可修飾可數名詞又可修飾不RJ數名詞the,one's,some,any,no,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,other,half,one-third注意：some在表示"某一"，any在表示"任彳^"時也可修飾可數名詞單數。 this和that只能修飾可數名詞單數和不可數名詞， last,next,theother和序數詞只能修飾可數名詞單數和復數。★★★★★短文改錯中?？嫉牟豢蓴得~有： water,advice,air,work,time,homework,bread,milk,fun,information,progress,practice,weather,news,wealth,voice,room(空間),knowledge等。.高考英語短文改錯及語法填空考點分析及訓練 名詞考點規(guī)律分析：短文改錯的名詞考點主要涉及名詞的單復數問題， 即在該用復數的地方誤用其單數，或在該用單數的地方誤用其復數。此外，還?？济~的所有格、名詞與其他詞類之間的轉換等。語法填空主要考查名詞的單復數以及名詞與其他詞類之間的轉換。名詞單句改錯之真題訓練：.Westoppedtorestforawhileandtodrinksomewatersfromastream..Weclimbeverywhere,notonlyinAmerica.WehavebeentoEuropemanytime..Therearebranchlibraryinmanyvillages.hopethatyoutwocouldcomeandvisitussometimessoon.5.TodayIvisitedtheSmiths—myfirsttimevisittoanAmericanfamily.TheywereeagertoknoweverythingaboutChinaandaskedmelotsofquestion.Westudyquiteafewsubject,suchasmaths,Chinese,Englishandphysics.…anOftenwatchfootballmatchonTVtogether.Happybirthday,Peter,andmanyhappyreturnoftheday!Shesaidthatsheandmyschoolmateallwishedmesuccess.Iusedtolovescienceclass—allofthem—biology,chemistry,geography,physics.Theydidnotwantmetodoanyworkatfamily.…sothatI'llgetgoodmarksinallmysubject.OnthewayupIwasbusytakingpicturesincethescenerywassobeautiful.Nooneworriesmuchabouttheradioprogramyoungpeoplelistento.Theirwordwereagreatencouragementtome.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zYouknow,thatwasadinnerwehadwaitedforseveralmonth. ”-butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.YoucanfindallkindsofinformationinjustafewminuteontheInternet.Nowadaysmillionsofpeopleofallagetakepleasureinahobby …ShewasdoingherhomeworksoneSundaymorningwhen …Withoutenoughknowledges,youcanneverteachwell..Theairswebreatheisgettingdirtieranddirtier.名詞單句改錯之模擬訓練：Womenlivelongerthanmeninmostcountry.Thefilmisveryinteresting.Ihaveseenitmanytime.It’ssaidthatallthetickethavebeensoldout.ThechildrenspendalotoftimeswatchingTV.Imetalotofinterestingpeoplesonholiday.Theflowerintheparkwereallpleasing.Asthedaywentby,shebecamelessanxious.Computerarebecomingmoreandmorepopularinthecountry.It’soneofthemostinterestingbookthatI ’veeverread.HemadehisfirsttimevisittoChinawhenhewas18.Hearingthenews,thewomanburstintotear.Hehasn’tlivedherelong,buthehasagreatmanyfriendhere.IwasafraidshewouldhaveleftforfamilywhenIgotthere.He’sgettingmarriednextmonthanddecidestobuymsoefurnitures.There’sapaper’sfactorynearourschool.名詞單句改錯之提升訓練：A級Fromthenon,webecamegoodfriendandoftenplayedtogether.BothMarxandEngelswereGermen.Didyoutaketheiradvicesyesterday?

Mostofthemarewomandoctors.Wecanhavefunsattheseasidethisweekend.Therearefourbasketsofappleinthatroom.Thiscomputercostmeeightthousandsyuan.8.Tomlookshappytoday.He8.Tomlookshappytoday.Hesgotmanygoodnewsfromhere.9.Thishatofmyfatherisratherold.10.Hemademanymistakeintheexambecauseofcarelessness.11.Iwenttoanearbyfoodstoretobuysomebreadsthismorning.12.Iameighteenyearoldnow.13.Ihavecaringteachersandfriendlyclassmateinmyclass..Asstudent,Iwillstudyhardandtrytopasstheexam..Nowadays,wecangetmanyinformationontheinternet.B級Willyoupleasemakearoomfortheladyoutside?Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolareincreasing.ShehasmadesomeprogressesinEnglish.Hisworkisbetterthananyoneelse.We'vemissedthelastbus.I'mafraidwehavenochoicesbuttotakeataxi.Hedroppedthecoffee'scupandbrokeit.Hegainedhiswealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.Mybrotherhashadoneofhistoothtakenout.You'llfindthismapofgreatvaluableinhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.Whatabeautifulweatherwearehavingrecently!Tablesaremadeofwoods.It’simpossibleforsofewworkerstodosomanyworkinasingleday..Whathappenedtoyourvoices?Whycouldn’twehearyou?.WhatalotofworksIhavetofinishtoday!.Atmealtimes，somecustomerhavetowaitoutsidetherestaurant..Asawriter，heissuccessbecausehehaswrittenmanygreatworks.名詞單句語法填空之真題訓練：.Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia’sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop (attract)．.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew (day)withhissister..Handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof (achieve．).Recent (study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly..Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyof (apple)．.Althoughthese (measure)arenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow..Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant (grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity..The (life)ofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstotheeffectsofaFrenchmanfromPariscalledGin..Theweather (effect)bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces..Someschoolswillhavetomake (adjust)inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.11.—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.—I'dliketo,butI'mafraidshewon'tbehappywithmy (apologize)．12.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduce (stressful)istotalkaboutfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust..Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthis (balanced)andhadabadfall..Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome (think)andthenletmeknow..—Whynotbuyasecond-handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That'sagood (suggest)．16.Her (motivate)forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.名詞單句語法填空之模擬訓練：.Antsaregatheringintheirwinterfoodinthemiddleofsummerandmake (prepare)forthelongcoldwinter..Withgreat (satisfy)，hesoonfellasleep.t'sstillausefulandpleasantformof (communicate)．4.Ihadno (choose)buttoprepareforit,though.5.Thestudentswithhobbiesleftschoolwithmanyextra (skill)．6.Ontheotherhand,chopsticksreflect (gentle)andkindness.7.Soaremostofthe (express)madewiththewordhot.8.Actuallywecanencourageourselvestoworkefficiently,fullof (determine)．9.Inamedthem“cookiesb”ecauseIalwaysfeelthatchildrencanbringgreathappinessand (excite)tomylife.10.The (change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortsandwork，likecleaningupapollutedriver.學習札記：參考答案及解析語法專題一：名詞名詞單句改錯之真題訓練：.waters改為water，因“水”為物質名詞，不可數.time改為times，manytimes意為“許多次”.library改為libraries,因其前的謂語are為復數.times改為time，sometime意為“某時”.去掉 time，因first已含有“次”的意思.question改為questions,因其前有表示復數意義的修飾語 lotsof.subject改為subjects,因afew后應接復數可數名詞.match改為matches.return改為returns，manyhappyreturnsoftheday!為祝賀生日的慣用表達10.schoolmate改為schoolmates,因校友不只一個，另外根據其后的 all也可推知ll.class改為classes,指其后提到的所有課程.family改為home,因athome為固定短語.subject改為subjects,請注意前面的 all.picture改為pictures，picture作為可數名詞，其前應有限定詞，或為復數形式.program改為programs,從句意上看，此處應用復數.word改為words,注意其后的復數動詞.month改為months,因several后要用可數名詞的復數形式.stranger改為strangers,由本行前面的we可知應該用名詞復數.minute改為 minutes，因為 afew后面的名詞一定是復數.age改為ages,因談到不止一個人的年齡， age用復數；ofallages指各個年齡階段的人.homeworks改為 homework，因它是不可數名詞，沒有復數形式.knowledges改為 knowledge，因 knowledge是不可數名詞，沒有復數形式.airs改為air，因為air是不可數名詞，沒有復數形式名詞單句改錯之模擬訓練：country改為countries，因其前的most意為“大多數”。time改為times，manytimes意為“許多次”。ticket改為 tickets，因它是可數名詞，且受 allthe的修飾。times改為time，因time表示“時間”時不可數。peoples改為people，因people表示“人們”，本身是復數，其后不能再加詞尾 -s。（注：復數的peoples表示不同的民族）flower改為flowers，因為其后的謂語為復數。day改為days，句意為“隨著時間的推移，她變得不那么焦急了”，此處的day應用復數。computer改為computers,根據句意和其后的謂語 are,可知computer要用復數。book改為books，因oneof后表示范圍的名詞要用復數。去掉time，hisfirstvisit即為他第一次訪問，其中已包含“次”的概念。tear改為tears,因tear為可數名詞，不要誤認為它是不可數名詞。friend改為friends，因agreatmany后要接復數名詞。family改為home，leaveforhome意為“動身回家 ”。furnitures改為furniutre，因它是不可數名詞。paper'改為paper,表示紙廠“、紙花"、紙飛機”等，直接用paper作定語。名詞單句改錯之提升訓練：A級.friend改為friends.Germen改為 Germans.advices改為 advice.woman改為women.funs改為fun.apple改為apples.thousands改為thousand.many改為much.Father改為father’s.mistake改為mistakes.breads改為bread.year改為years.classmate改為classmates.student前面加a15.many改為muchB級.去掉 a.are改為gresses改為progress.else改為else’s.choices改為 choice.coffee's改為 coffee.wealths改為 wealth.tooth改為teeth.valuable改為 value.去掉a.woods改為 wood.many改為much.voices改為 voice.works改為 work.customer改為customers.success改為successful或者在success前面力口a名詞單句語法填空之真題訓練：．attraction ［空格前有形容詞和物主代詞，因此要用其名詞形式。 ］．days［few作來修飾可數名詞復數，故答案為 days。.achievement［介詞of后要用名詞作賓語。固定表達asenseof