英語四六級翻譯總攻-語法精要

英語四六級翻譯總攻——語法精要Ⅰ動詞(時態(tài),語態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)時態(tài)1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài)(have/hasbeen+-ing分詞構成):動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結束.I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.2)過去完成進行時(由hadbeen+ing分詞構成):過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.3)將來完成進行時:將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.4)將來完成時(由shall/willhave+過去分詞構成):將來某時會業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.語態(tài)可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如:Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.擔當besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你應該曉得速度限制)雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態(tài)雙賓語結構的被動語態(tài):雙賓語結構變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.賓補結構的被動語態(tài):ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.短語動詞Vi+advTheplanetookofftwohourslate.Vi+prepTheylookedroundtheCathedral.Vi+prep(有被動語態(tài))She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.Vi+adv+prepIbegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.Vt+O+advSomewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.Theytookhimon.Vt+adv+O(無被動語態(tài))Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.Vt+O+prepWetalkedDonaldintoagreement.省略在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導的從句中的省略:在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是itb),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉.Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略.Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.錯誤的省略HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.一致如果主語是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引導的短語,謂語動詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.代詞作主語時的一致each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構成的復合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.Eachofushassomethingtosay.Iseverybodyready?Somebodyisusingthephone.Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.Haseitherofthemtoldyou?some,few,both,many等作復數(shù)some可后接復數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.none作復數(shù)看待時較多,但也有時作單數(shù)看待,主要看說話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念,但none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時總是看作單數(shù):NoneofthebooksareeasyenoughforusNoneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.Noneofthisworriesme.all和most可后接復數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe…,mostofthe…),動詞用單數(shù).由and或both…and連接名詞詞組時,后用復數(shù);由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or連接的并列主語,謂語通常和最鄰近的主語一致.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.如果一個句子是由there或here引導,而主語又不止一個,謂語通常也和最鄰近的那個主語一致.Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作復數(shù).Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.Thepolicearelookingforhim.有些集體名詞有時作單數(shù)看待,有時作復數(shù)看待,主要根據(jù)意思來決定.Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.Theaudiencewasenormous.Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.有些名詞單復數(shù)同形,可根據(jù)意思決定謂語動詞的數(shù):Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.Thisspeciesisnowextinct.Thesespeciesarenowextinct.表示時間,重量,長度,價值等的名詞,盡管仍是復數(shù)形式,如果作整體看待,動詞也可用單數(shù)形式(當然用復數(shù)動詞也是可以的):Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.其他問題書名,國家名用單數(shù):TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.學科名,如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).manya或morethanone所修飾的詞作主語時,謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式:Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.anumberof后接復數(shù),thenumberof后接單數(shù):Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復數(shù)名詞+關系分句”結構中，關系分句中謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復數(shù)形式：Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.當one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語時，關系分句謂語動詞根據(jù)one而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.Ⅱ非謂語動詞不定式形式主動形式被動形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone進行式tobedoing完成進行式tohavebeendoing完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動作,通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態(tài))同時(或幾乎同時)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動作,在謂語所表示的動作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生,就要用不定式的完成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).(比較:Iamgladtoseeyou.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.進行式:如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時,不定式表示的動作正在進行,這時要用不定式的進行式.Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.完成進行式:在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作,就要用不定式的完成進行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.被動式:當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.功用:不定式可以作主語(a),賓語(b),表語(c),定語(d)或是狀語(e).a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.不帶to的不定式:在“動詞+賓語+不定式”結構中,如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意義的have,make,let等,其后的不定式結構不帶to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.這類結構轉換為被動語態(tài)時,后面的不帶to的不定式一般還原為帶to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,動詞不定式也不帶to.I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不帶to的動詞不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.I’veheardtellofhim.在動詞help(或help+賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?在介詞except,but之后,如果其前有動詞do的某種形式,不定式一般不帶to,反之帶to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時,其后的不定式不帶to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時,其后的不定式有時帶to,有時不帶to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.用作補語的動詞不定式,如果主語是由“all+關系分句”，“thing+關系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式結構”等構成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.不定式的其他用法too…to結構通常表示否定意義:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enough…to結構則表示肯定意義:Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義:He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so…as(to)這種結構也可用不定式作狀語:Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的,可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語:Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語時,不定式前可加一個of引起的短語,來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動名詞)形式完成式:如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,通常用動名詞的完成形式.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.在某些動詞后(或成語中),常用(或可以用)動名詞的一般形式,盡管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生的.Excusemeforcominglate.Idon’tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中,表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生.Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.另外,獨立結構也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.被動式:當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時,動名詞一般要用被動形式.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.Hecouldn’tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等動詞后,盡管表示的是被動的意思,卻用動名詞的主動形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.在worth這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.Hermethodisworthtrying.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語,賓語補足語,狀語及用于獨立結構中.Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.You’llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn’tverywellrefuse.Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.完成被動式:如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生,有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式,而用一般被動形式代替,以免句子顯得累贅.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨立結構中.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.句法功用作主語:Walkingisgoodexercise.It’snicetalkingtoyou.Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.作賓語:Yourshoesneedpolishing.Youmustn’tdelaysendingthetractorsover.Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.作介詞賓語:動名詞作介詞賓語用的時候最多.它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z后面,常見的有:insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect…of,accuse…of,charge…with,hearof,approveof,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,dependon,thank…for,feellike,excuse…for,aimat,devote…to,setabout,spend…in,get(be)usedto,befondof,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,besickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,feel(be)ashamedof,beproudof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor.作表語:Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語.一般說來,在表示抽象的一般的行為時多用動名詞;在表示具體某詞動作,特別是將來的動作時,多用不定式.作賓語補足語:分詞可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等動詞后作賓語補足語.Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動詞后,及可用現(xiàn)在分詞,也可用不定式構成賓語補足語.用現(xiàn)在分詞時,表示動作正在發(fā)生,用不定式時表示動作發(fā)生了.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.作狀語:現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時,通常都表示主語正在進行的另一動作,來對謂語表示的主要動作加以修飾或作為陪襯.Iranoutofthehouseshouting.Igothome,feelingverytired.DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可以用作狀語表示原因,相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttogotothecinema.現(xiàn)在分詞短語有時可用作時間狀語,相當于when引起的從句:Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的,多用when或while加分詞這種結構.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.前面帶有代詞或名詞的動名詞結構:一個動名詞前面可以加一個物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結構),來表示這個動名詞邏輯上的主語.Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.如果不是在句子開頭,這個結構常?？梢杂妹~的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格),這比用所有格更自然一些.Idon’tmindhimgoing.Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.只能用動名詞作賓語的動詞:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leaveoff,require,postpone,putoff,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss既可用動名詞,也可用不定式作賓語的動詞:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,attempt,can’tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’tafford等.有時兩種結構之間意義差別不大,有時卻有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.IregrettosayIhaven’tgivenyouenoughhelp.Shedoesn’twant(need)tocome.Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.Let’strydoingtheworksomeotherway.懸垂修飾:分詞作狀語時,表示的必須是主語的一個動作或狀態(tài).Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers.(walking是we的動作,正確)Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(錯誤)Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正確)Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(錯誤)分詞意義:過去分詞通常來自及物動詞,帶有被動意義和完成意義;而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物動詞,有的來自不及物動詞,通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.frozenfood afreezingwindaboredtraveller aboringjourneyalostcause alosingbattleaconqueredarmy aconqueringarmyafinishedarticle thelastfinishingtouchthespokenword aspeakingbirdaclosedshop theclosinghourarecordedtalk arecordingmachine來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置修飾語,能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞,僅表示完成意義,不表示被動意義.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分,在意義上相當于關系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.句法作用作定語:distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊,cannedfood罐頭食品,boiledwater開水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災區(qū)分詞還可構成合成詞作定語:simply-furnishedroom陳設簡單的房間,clear-cutanswer明確的答復,highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè),heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星作補足語:可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意義的動詞:Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意義的動詞:Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.過去分詞短語常用作狀語,修飾謂語,很多都說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因,相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有時也可說明動作發(fā)生的時間,相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.間或也可表示一個假設的情況,相當于一個條件從句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶爾也可用來代替一個“讓步”狀語從句.Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.獨立結構:在用分詞短語作狀語時,它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一.致.但有時它也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語,這種結構稱為獨立結構,一般表示一種伴隨的動作或情況.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.有時可以表示時間:Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.表示原因:Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.條件:Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.Ⅲ虛擬語氣that從居中:wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.IwishIrememberedtheaddress.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等動詞后的賓語從句:Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等結構后的主語從句中.ItwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweekItwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表語從句和同位語從句:Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.在某些句型中itistimethatItistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.asif(though)引起的從句:Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句(這時謂語多用should+動詞原形):Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.I’llkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時,謂語多用may加動詞原形構成):Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead. 不管發(fā)生什么情況,我們都要干下去.Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he’sstillagoodpolitician.我承認他年老體衰,然而盡管如此,它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.條件句虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類:表示現(xiàn)在及將來情況(表示純然假設或實現(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況):謂語主要形式如下(be多用were這個形式):從句主句過去式would+動詞原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tloseheart.Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.表示過去情況的虛擬條件句(與事實完全相反的假設情況),謂語主要形式如下:從句主句had+過去分詞wouldhave+過去分詞Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.IfIhadn’ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,Youwouldn’thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.有時候,條件從句表示的動作和主句表示的動作,發(fā)生的時間是不一致的(如一個是過去發(fā)生的,一個是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的).這時,動詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時間來調整.這種句子可以稱為錯綜時間條件句.Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Ifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.有時假設的情況并不以條件從句表示,而是通過一個介詞短語來表示.Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.如果條件句從句中包含有were,had,should或could,有時可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主語前面.Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.Ⅳ介詞合成介詞和復雜介詞合成介詞:inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without復雜介詞:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfof,owingto,dueto,togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等介詞在句末:Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?名詞加介詞(n+prep)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞:onone’sguard,atone’srequest,inallprobability,tomydelight動詞加介詞Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchuponVt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等Vi+adv+prep:Idon’twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.You’renottellingmethewholestory.You’reholdingoutonme.Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.Vt+O+adv+prep:Youshouldn’ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.Weshouldn’tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.形容詞加介詞about---anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular,sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat---awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,useless,weak,etcfor---convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom---evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof---apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon---dependent,keen,intent,etcto---acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf,destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith---awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,wrong,etcⅤ連詞并列連詞表示意義的引申:and,both…and,notonly…but(also),aswellas,and…aswell,neither…nor表示選擇:or,either…or表示轉折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可認為是副詞)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence從屬連詞表示時間:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once表示原因:because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat表示條件:if,unless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),表示其他關系:(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,inorderthat,so…thatⅥ定語從句限制和非限制性定語從句:限制性定語從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個組成部分,去掉了會造成病句或意義不明確;非限制性定語從句屬于補充說明性質,去掉了不會影響主要意義,通常用逗號與它的先行詞分開.Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞,或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my,his,etc)或形容詞性指示代詞(this,that,etc)作限定詞,其后的定語從句通常都是非限制性的:MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythepostgraduates.在非限制性定語從句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代.Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.定語從句的引導詞that,who,whom:非限制性定語從句,如果修飾人,一般用who,有時用that(作主語時用who較多).如果關系代詞在從句中作賓語,就應當用賓格whom或that,但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉,在口語中可用who代替whom.Hereistheman(whom)you’vebeenlookingfor.Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.但在介詞后只能用whom:ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.但在口語中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去,這時可用that,但省略時更多一些.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingaboutThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.限制性定語從句如果修飾“物”,用關系代詞that的時候較多,也有時用which..當這個代詞在從句中是用作賓語時,在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的,特別是口語中(尤其是當被修飾的詞是all,everything等詞時):Haveyoueverythingyouneed?(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.在介詞后只能用which,在口語中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去,這時可以用that,但省略的時候更多一些:Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.Thisisthequestion(that)we’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.定語從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的,但間或也可以修飾整個句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引導詞用which:Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewantedWhendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping.Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.whose:在表示“．．．的”這個概念時,可用所有格whose;whose用于指物,有時可與ofwhich交替使用,通常的詞序是名詞詞組+ofwhich:Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.(…thepurposeofwhichwas…)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(…whosenameI’ve…)ofwhich前的名詞詞組也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基數(shù)詞擔任;這些詞也能用在ofwhom之前.Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.It’safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.關系副詞when,where,why:它們的含義相當于atwhich,inwhich,forwhich,因此它們之間有交替使用的可能.Thedaywhenhewasborn…onwhichhewasborn…whichhewasbornon…Theofficewhereheworks…atwhichheworks…whichheworksat…有時可用that替代關系副詞,在口語中that可省略.Everytime(that)thetelephonerings,hegetsnervous.ThiswasthefirsttimeIhadserioustroublewithmyboss.Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.Thatisthereason(why)hedidit.在theway后也可用that替代inwhich,在口語中that也可省略.Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.That’sthewayIlookatit.如果定語從句中謂語為thereis,作主語的關系代詞也?？墒〉?ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanjing.定語從句的簡化:定語從句與不定式結構,-ing分詞結構,-ed分詞結構以及無動詞分句等有著轉換關系.Hewastheonlyonetorealizethedanger(=whorealizedthedanger).Thewomandrivingthecar(=whowasdrivingthecar)indicatedthatshewasgoingtoturnleft.Themaninjuredbythebullet(=whowasinjuredbythebullet)wastakentohospital.Allthewomenpresent(=whowerepresent)lookedupinalarm.Ⅶ倒裝全部倒裝和部分倒裝:如果謂語在主語前面,就是倒裝語序.倒裝語序又分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝.在全部倒裝的句子中,整個謂語都放在主語的前面:Herearesomeregisteredlettersforyou.Incameamanwithawhitebeard.在部分倒裝的句子中只是謂語中的一部分(如助動詞,情態(tài)動詞,或系動詞be等)放在主語前面,其余部分仍在主語后面:Undernocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost.Icouldn’tanswerthequestion