大學(xué)英語泛讀課程Unit 5

Unit5GlobalizationWarm-upactivitiesCanyouidentifymoreexamplesofglobalizationinyoureverydaylife?Trytolistthem.Whatwordswouldfloodintoyourmindattheword“globalization”?Globalcitizen,globalvillage,globallyqualifiedtalentGlobalorganization,theUN,WTO,IMBGlobaltrade,multinationalcorporations,Microsoft,IBM,ToyotaCulturalaggression,Hollywoodmovies,Disney,informationage,resourcesharingWesternization,Americanization,westernfestivals,thecelebrationofValentine’sDayandChristmasworldwideImportantorganizationscontributingtoglobalizationWTOTheWorldTradeOrganizationwasestablishedin1995toadministertherulesofinternationaltradeagreedtobyits123membercountries.IMFTheInternationalMonetaryFundwasestablishedinthewakeoftheWorldWarIIin1946topromoteinternationalcooperationonfinance.UNTheUnitedNations,establishedattheconclusionoftheWorldWarII,hasbecomeapromoterofglobalization,arguingthatindividualstateshaveadualrolewithresponsibilitiestoboththeirowncitizensandtotheworldsocietyasawhole.WBTheWorldBankprovidesloanstopoorcountriesfordevelopmentprojects.Thebankprovidesloansforinvestmentprojects,suchasnaturalresourcemanagement,educationandhealth.ImpactofglobalizationEconomicgrowthClashofcivilizationsTextIWhyCivilizationsWillClashWordpretestAnimosity:hatredImbued:filledTranscend:gobeyondIndigenous:localBlocs:alliancesEntity:programPrerequisite:preconditionImpetus:motivationPre-readingquestionsWhatarethemajorcivilizationsintheworld?Whatarethefactorsthatleadtocivilizationconflicts?TheClashofCivilizationsisatheory,proposedbypoliticalscientistSamuelP.Huntington,thatpeople'sculturalandreligiousidentitieswillbetheprimarysourceofconflictinthepost-ColdWarworld.Huntingtondividedtheworldintothe"majorcivilizationsassuch:1.TheWest:Western-Europe,NorthAmerica

,Australia

,NewZealand

2.Latin:LatinAmerica

3.SlavicOrthodox:Russia

,mostofEasternEurope

,Greece

,Bulgaria

andRomania

4.Islamic:NorthAfrica

,theMiddleEast

,Turkey

,Pakistan

,Indonesia

,Bangladesh

,

Albania

5.Confucian:China

,Taiwan

,Korea

,Vietnam

6.Hindu:India

,Nepal

,Bhutan

,theMaldives

7.Japanese:Japan

8.African:Africa

StructureofthetextPara1:Theauthorraiseshisviewpointthatthemostimportantconflictsofthefuturewilloccuralongtheculturalfaultlinesseparatingthemajorcivilizationsintheworld;Para2—7:Theauthorarguesforhisviewpointpointbypoint;Para8—9:Theauthorexemplifiescommoncultureandreligionasafacilitatorforinternationaleconomiccooperationandthebasisforinternationaleconomiccooperationorganizations.DetailedanalysisPara1inalargemeasure:toalargeextentculturalfaultlines:文化斷層imaginarydevicesthatseparatecivilizationsanddifferentiatethemasdifferentfromeachother.DetailedanalysisPara3Reason1:Differencesamongcivilizationsarenotonlyreal,butalsobasic.Differencesamongcivilizationshavegeneratedthemostprolongedandthemostviolentconflicts.Detailedanalysisaswellasdifferingviewsoftherelativeimportanceofrightsandresponsibility,libertyandauthority,equalityandhierarchy.anddifferentviewsonwhichoneisrelativelyimportant,rightsorresponsibility?Libertyorauthority?Equalityorhierarchy?Theyarefarmorefundamentalthandifferencesamongpoliticalideologiesandpoliticalregimes:Thedifferencesamongpeopleofdifferentcivilizationsarestrongerforceresultinginconflictamongcivilizationsthanthedifferencesinpoliticalideologiesandregime.DetailedanalysisPara4Reason2Theincreasinginteractionsamongdifferentcivilizationsintensifythecivilizationconsciousnessandawarenessofdifferencesandcommonalities.Detailedanalysis…theseincreasinginteractionsintensifycivilizationconsciousnessandawarenessofdifferencesbetweencivilizationsandcommonalitieswithincivilizations:theincreasinginteractionsamongpeopleofdifferentcivilizationshelppeoplerealizemoresharplyorbecomemoreawareofthedifferencesandcommonalitiesamongcivilizations.DetailedanalysisNorthAfricanimmigrationtoFrancegenerateshostilityamongFrenchmenandatthesametimeincreasedreceptivitytoimmigrationby“good”CatholicPoles:Withthisexampletheauthorhopestodisclosehowthesamereligionintensifiestheconsciousnessandawarenessofdifferencesandcommonalities.Inhistory,NorthAfricausedtobeconqueredbyRomanEmpireandbecametheRomanProvinceofAfrica,soalotofpeoplethereremaintobeCatholics.However,inFrancemostpeopleareProtestants.ThatisthereasonwhyFrenchpeoplearehostiletowardsNorthAfricanimmigrationandCatholicPolesarewillingtoreceiveNorthAfricanimmigration.DetailedanalysisAnIbomaybe…anOwerriIbooranOnitshaIboinwhatwastheEasternregionofNigeria.InLondon,heisaNigerian.InNewYork,heisanAfrican:Withthisexampletheauthortriestogiveaclearerindicationthatinteractionsmayenhancepeople’sawarenessofdifferencesandcommonalities.WithinNigeria,Ibofromdifferentregionshavemoreinteractionsamongeachothersotheyaremoreconsciousofthedifferencesamongthemselves;whileinLondon,theywilljustbeidentifiedasNigeriasinceEnglishpeoplehavecomparativelystrongerconsciousnessofthedifferencesamongblackpeople;however,theUnitedStatesofAmericaisameltingpotwithtoolargeapopulationofAfricanimmigrants,soAmericanpeoplearenotthatconsciousofthedifferencesamongblackpeople,letaloneasingleAfricanracesuchasIbo.DetailedanalysisPara5Reason3Theprocessofeconomicmodernizationandsocialchangethroughouttheworldareseparatingpeoplefromlongstandinglocalidentities.DetailedanalysisTheprocessesofeconomicmodernizationandsocialchangethroughouttheworldareseparatingpeoplefromlongstandinglocalidentities.Theyalsoweakenthenationstateasasourceofidentity:Asaresultoftheprocessesofeconomicmodernizationandsocialchange,theworldisgettingsmaller,andpeoplearenolongerconfinedtotheirplaceofbirth,sotheirlongstandinglocalidentityandnationalidentityaregettingincreasinglyblurred(暗淡，模糊不清).Detailedanalysisfundamentalist:peoplesupportingfundamentalism,themovementthatadvocateskeepingpeople’sreligiousthoughtandpracticetothebasicdoctrinesasrecordedintheoriginalholybookinsteadofthecontemporaryversionofthedoctrine.Therevivalofreligion…providesabasisforidentityandcommitmentthattranscendnationalboundariesandunitescivilization:Therevivalofreligionmakesitpossibleforreligiontobecomeanimportantbasisforpersonalidentityandspiritualdevotion.Andthisparticularidentityanddevotionarenotconfinedbynationalboundariesandtheyhelptoconsolidateparticularcivilizations.DetailedanalysisPara6-7Reason4Thegrowthofcivilization-consciousnessisenhancedbythedualroleofthewest.IncreasinglyonehearsreferencestotrendstowardsaturninginwardandAsianizationinJapan,theendofNehrulegacyandtheHinduizationofIndia,thefailureofWesternideasofsocialismandnationalismandhencere-IslamizationoftheMiddleEast,andnowadebateoverWesternizationversusRussianizationinBorisYeltsin’scountry:IncreasinglyonehearspeoplementioningthatJapan,whichusedtobeaverypro-westerncountry,nowrealizestheimportanceofitsrelationwithitsneighboringcountriesinAsiaandbeginstochangeitstraditionalpro-westernstanceandhurriestotakeitsnewappearanceasanAsiancountry;inIndia,Nehrulegacy,thepro-westernpoliciesleftoverbyNehruadministrationofIndia,hasbeenabandoned;socialismandnationalismthatoriginatedinWesterncountrieshasfailedinMiddleEast,andanewsocialmovement,there-IslamizationoftheMiddleEast,hastakenshape;andinRussiapeoplearehavingadebateoverwhetheritisacorrectchoiceforBorisYeltstotakeapro-westernstance.Theauthormentionsthisasareturn-to-rootphenomenonamongnon-westerncivilizationasaresultofthedualroleofthewest.DetailedanalysisPara8Reason5Culturalcharacteristicsanddifferencesarelessmutableandhencelesseasilycompromisedandresolved.Detailedanalysislesseasilycompromisedandresolved:itismoredifficultforpeoplefromdifferentculturestoreachacompromisewhilefacingculturalconflictsanditisalsomoredifficulttoresolvetheconflicts…thewronganswertothatquestioncanmeanabulletinthehead:withthissentencetheauthormeanstha