網(wǎng)絡(luò)實用技術(shù)網(wǎng)的路由技術(shù)(二)

網(wǎng)絡(luò)實用技術(shù)路由技術(shù)（二）1本堂課任務(wù)構(gòu)建如上網(wǎng)絡(luò)，配置路由器使PC0能夠Ping通PC22本堂課任務(wù)如何配置路由？靜態(tài)路由動態(tài)路由RIPv1v2OSPF如何顯示路由信息？如何備份和恢復(fù)配置？3靜態(tài)路由SOBNetworkA配置單向靜態(tài)路徑到/從一個存根網(wǎng)絡(luò)來允許通信發(fā)生B存根網(wǎng)絡(luò)4靜態(tài)路由配置定義一條路徑到一個IP目的網(wǎng)絡(luò)或子網(wǎng)Router(config)#iproutenetwork[mask]

{address|interface}[distance][permanent]5靜態(tài)路由舉例StubNetworkiproute

SOBNetworkAB這是一條單向路徑.你必須配置一條反向路徑6缺省路由StubNetworkiproute

SOBNetworkAB7動態(tài)路由BABBCD動態(tài)路由提供更多的靈活性8RIP概要RIP協(xié)議是一種內(nèi)部網(wǎng)關(guān)協(xié)議，同時它也是一種典型的距離矢量路由協(xié)議。它有兩個版本：RIPv1和RIPv2。RIPv1是有類路由協(xié)議，它是通過廣播的形式進(jìn)行路由信息更新，在路由更新信息中包含整張路由表而且不會在路由更新中發(fā)送子網(wǎng)掩碼，它支持自動路由匯總但不支持手動匯總。RIPv2是無類路由協(xié)議，它是通過組播的形式進(jìn)行路由表信息更新，在路由更新信息中包含整張路由表并且發(fā)送子網(wǎng)掩碼，它同時支持自動路由匯總和手動路由匯總，還有MD5認(rèn)證或明文認(rèn)證。RIP協(xié)議的管理距離是120，最大跳數(shù)為15，更新周期為30秒。9RIPv1配置選擇RIP作為路由選擇協(xié)議，開始路由選擇過程Router(config)#routerripRouter(config-router)#networknetwork-number指定一個直連的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)號必須是一個主類的網(wǎng)絡(luò)號10RIPv1配置舉例routerripnetworknetworkrouterripnetworkrouterripnetworknetworkS2E0S3S2S3ABC

E011確認(rèn)路由協(xié)議—RIPRouterA#shipprotocolsRoutingProtocolis"rip"Sendingupdatesevery30seconds,nextduein0secondsInvalidafter180seconds,holddown180,flushedafter240OutgoingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisIncomingupdatefilterlistforallinterfacesisRedistributing:ripDefaultversioncontrol:sendversion1,receiveanyversionInterfaceSendRecvKey-chainEthernet0112Serial2112RoutingforNetworks:

RoutingInformationSources:GatewayDistanceLastUpdate12000:00:10Distance:(defaultis120)S2E0S3S2S3ABC

E012顯示IP路由表S2E0S3S2S3ABC

RouterA#shiprouteCodes:C-connected,S-static,I-IGRP,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-BGPD-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterareaN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2,E-EGPi-IS-IS,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2,*-candidatedefaultU-per-userstaticroute,o-ODRT-trafficengineeredrouteGatewayoflastresortisnotset/24issubnetted,1subnetsCisdirectlyconnected,Ethernet0/24issubnetted,2subnetsR[120/1]via,00:00:07,Serial2Cisdirectlyconnected,Serial2R/24[120/2]via,00:00:07,Serial2E013debugiprip命令RouterA#debugipripRIPprotocoldebuggingisonRouterA#00:06:24:RIP:receivedv1updatefromonSerial200:06:24:in1hops00:06:24:in2hops00:06:33:RIP:sendingv1updateto55viaEthernet0()00:06:34:network,metric100:06:34:network,metric300:06:34:RIP:sendingv1updateto55viaSerial2()00:06:34:network,metric1S2E0S3S2S3ABC

E014RIPv2配置選擇RIP作為路由選擇協(xié)議，開始路由選擇過程Router(config)#routerripRouter(config-router)#networknetwork-number指定一個直連的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)號必須是一個主類的網(wǎng)絡(luò)號啟用rip版本2，關(guān)閉自動匯總Router(config)#version2Router(config)#noauto-summary15RIPv2配置舉例routerripversion2noauto-summarynetworknetworkrouterripversion2noauto-summarynetworkrouterripversion2noauto-summarynetworknetworkS2E0S3S2S3ABC

E016顯示IP路由表RouterA#shiprouteCodes:C-connected,S-static,I-IGRP,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-BGPD-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterareaN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2,E-EGPi-IS-IS,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2,ia-IS-ISinterarea*-candidatedefault,U-per-userstaticroute,o-ODRP-periodicdownloadedstaticrouteGatewayoflastresortisnotset/24issubnetted,2subnetsCisdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/1R[120/1]via,00:00:02,FastEthernet0/1/24issubnetted,1subnetsCisdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/0R/24[120/2]via,00:00:02,FastEthernet0/117debugiprip命令RouterA#debugipripRIPprotocoldebuggingisonRouterA#RIP:receivedv2updatefromonFastEthernet0/1/24viain1hops/24viain2hopsRIP:sendingv2updatetoviaFastEthernet0/0()RIP:buildupdateentries/24via,metric1,tag0/24via,metric2,tag0/24via,metric3,tag0RIP:sendingv2updatetoviaFastEthernet0/1()RIP:buildupdateentries/24via,metric1,tag0RIP:sendingv2updatetoviaFastEthernet0/0()RIP:buildupdateentries/24via,metric1,tag0/24via,metric2,tag0/24via,metric3,tag0RIP:sendingv2updatetoviaFastEthernet0/1()RIP:buildupdateentries/24via,metric1,tag0RIP:receivedv2updatefromonFastEthernet0/1/24viain1hops/24viain2hops18RIP小結(jié)RIP是距離向量協(xié)議，使用跳數(shù)作為度量值，每30秒發(fā)送一次更新。RIPv1是有類路由協(xié)議；RIPv2是無類路由協(xié)議，支持VLSM，手工路由匯總，認(rèn)證RouterRIP命令用于在路由器上啟用RIP協(xié)議，network命令指定直連的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。showip命令用于顯示路由協(xié)議和路由表相關(guān)信息。debugiprip命令用于顯示發(fā)送和接收的rip路由信息。19OSPF概述OSPF（OpenShortestPathFirst，開放式最短路徑優(yōu)先），是一種鏈路狀態(tài)路由協(xié)議。通過交換hello數(shù)據(jù)包來創(chuàng)建鄰居關(guān)系以傳播LSA代替路由表更新鏈路：路由器接口狀態(tài)：描述接口以及它與鄰居路由器的關(guān)系將LSA泛洪到區(qū)域中的所有OSPF路由器，而不僅是直連的路由器收集由OSPF路由器生成的所有LSA以創(chuàng)建OSPF鏈路狀態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)庫使用SPF算法計算到每個目的地的最短距離，并將其置于路由表中OSPF層級示例劃分區(qū)域的目的：盡量減少路由表條目使拓?fù)渥兓瘍H影響本區(qū)域內(nèi)部配置單區(qū)域OSPFnetworkaddress

wildcard-maskareaarea-id將網(wǎng)絡(luò)分配到指定OSPF區(qū)域routerospfprocess-id將OSPF定義為IP路由協(xié)議RouterX(config)#RouterX(config-router)#配置環(huán)回接口interfaceloopbackloopback-numberipaddressaddresssubnet-mask配置環(huán)回接口RouterX(config)#配置路由器idRouter-idrouter-id設(shè)置路由器idRouterX(config-router)#路由器ID：按照OSPF了解的路由器進(jìn)行編號默認(rèn)值：OSPF過程啟動時活動接口上的最高IP地址可以使用環(huán)回接口覆蓋：任何活動環(huán)回接口上的最高IP地址可以使用router-id命令手動設(shè)置24配置舉例R1配置如下：Router>enRouter#conftRouter(config)#hostR1R1(config)#intloopback0R1(config-if)#ipaddR1(config-if)#exitR1(config)#intloopback1R1(config-if)#ipaddR1(config-if)#exitR1(config)#intfa0/0R1(config-if)#ipaddR1(config-if)#noshR1(config-if)#exitR1(config)#routerospf100R1(config-router)#router-idR1(config-router)#networkarea0R1(config-router)#networkarea0R1(config-router)#exit25配置舉例R2配置如下：Router#enRouter#conftRouter(config)#hostR2R2(config)#intloopback0R2(config-if)#ipaddR2(config-if)#exitR2(config)#intloopback1R2(config-if)#ipadd0R2(config-if)#exitR2(config)#intfa0/0R2(config-if)#ipaddR2(config-if)#noshR2(config-if)#exitR2(config)#routerospf100R2(config-router)#router-idR2(config-router)#network0area0R2(config-router)#networkarea0R2(config-router)#exit26檢驗OSPF的配置RouterX#showipprotocols

檢驗是否已配置OSPFRouterX#showiproute

顯示路由器獲知的所有路由RouterX#showiprouteCodes:I-IGRPderived,R-RIPderived,O-OSPFderived,C-connected,S-static,E-EGPderived,B-BGPderived,E2-OSPFexternaltype2route,N1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1route,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2routeGatewayoflastresortis40tonetworkO[110/5]via,0:01:00,Ethernet2OIA[110/10]via44,0:02:22,Ethernet2O[110/5]via,0:00:59,Ethernet2O[110/5]via,0:00:59,Ethernet2OE2[170/10]via44,0:02:22,Ethernet2...檢驗OSPF的配置（續(xù)）RouterX#show

ipospfRoutingProcess"ospf50"withID<省略部分輸出>

Numberofareasinthisrouteris1.1normal0stub0nssa

Numberofareastransitcapableis0

Externalfloodlistlength0

AreaBACKBONE(0)

AreaBACKBONE(0)

Areahasnoauthentication

SPFalgorithmlastexecuted00:01:25.028ago

SPFalgorithmexecuted7times<省略部分輸出>

顯示OSPF路由器ID、計時器和統(tǒng)計信息RouterX#

showipospf28RouterX#

showipospfinterfaceethernet0/0

Ethernet0/0isup,lineprotocolisup

InternetAddress/24,Area24

ProcessID201,RouterID,NetworkTypeBROADCAST,Cost:10

TransmitDelayis1sec,StateDR,Priority255

DesignatedRouter(ID),Interfaceaddress

BackupDesignatedrouter(ID),Interfaceaddress

Timerintervalsconfigured,Hello10,Dead40,Wait40,Retransmit5

oob-resynctimeout40

Helloduein00:00:08

SupportsLink-localSignaling(LLS)

CiscoNSFhelpersupportenabled

IETFNSFhelpersupportenabled

Index1/3,floodqueuelength0

Next0x0(0)/0x0(0)

Lastfloodscanlengthis2,maximumis2

Lastfloodscantimeis0msec,maximumis0msec

NeighborCountis1,Adjacentneighborcountis1

Adjacentwithneighbor(BackupDesignatedRouter

Suppresshellofor0neighbor(s)RouterX#showipospfinterface檢驗OSPF的配置（續(xù)）顯示區(qū)域ID和鄰接信息RouterX#

showipospfneighbor

ID PriStateDeadTimeAddressInterface37

1FULL/DR0:00:317FastEthernet0/0 1FULL/DROTHER0:00:33

FastEthernet0/100 1FULL/DROTHER0:00:3300

FastEthernet0/137

5FULL/DR0:00:3389

FastEthernet0/1檢驗OSPF的配置（續(xù)）RouterX#showipospfneighbor

顯示每個接口上的OSPF鄰居信息RouterX#

showipospfneighbor37Neighbor37,interfaceaddress7IntheareaviainterfaceEthernet0Neighborpriorityis1,StateisFULLOptions2Deadtimerduein0:00:32LinkStateretransmissionduein0:00:04Neighbor37,interfaceaddress89IntheareaviainterfaceFddi0Neighborpriorityis5,StateisFULLOptions2Deadtimerduein0:00:32LinkStateretransmissionduein00:00:03檢驗OSPF的配置（續(xù)）RouterX#debugipospfeventsOSPF:Rcvhellofromarea0fromFastEthernet0/0OSPF:Endofhelloprocessing

RouterX#debugipospfpacket

OSPF:rcv.v:2t:1l:48rid:aid:chk:7670aut:0auk:fromFastEthernet0/0OSPF調(diào)試命令32OSPF身份驗證OSPF支持以下幾種類型的身份驗證：空（無身份驗證）明文（或簡單）口令身份驗證MD5身份驗證路由器生成并檢查每個OSPF數(shù)據(jù)包。路由器驗證接收到的每個路由更新數(shù)據(jù)包的來源。配置“密鑰”（口令）；每個參與的鄰居都必須配置相同的密鑰。33配置OSPF明文口令身份驗證ipospf{authentication-key|message-digest-key

idmd5

}

passwordRouterX(config-if)#分配用于鄰居路由器的口令RouterX(config-if)#ipospfauthentication[message-digest|null]指定接口的身份驗證類型（如CiscoIOS版本12.0）RouterX(config-router)#areaarea-idauthentication[message-digest]指定區(qū)域的身份驗證類型基于區(qū)域的認(rèn)證：基于鏈路的認(rèn)證：RouterX(config-if)#ipospf{authentication-key|message-digest-key

idmd5

}

password34明文口令身份驗證配置示例檢驗明文口令身份驗證RouterX#showipospfneighborNeighborIDPriStateDeadTimeAddressInterface0FULL/-00:00:3202Serial0/0/1RouterX#