英語寫作常見錯誤分析1

英語寫作常見錯誤歸納與分析（1）英語語法概述詞類英語名稱作用例詞實詞名詞Noun(n.)人或物的名稱girl,history形容詞Adjective(adj./a.)名詞的形狀、容貌brave,small動詞Verb(v.)表示一個動作hear,know副詞Adverb(adv.)動詞的狀態(tài)、方式nicely,very數(shù)詞Numeral(num.)表示數(shù)目或順序one,third代詞Pronoun(pron.)用于代替名詞或數(shù)詞等they,mine虛詞冠詞Article(art.)用在名詞前，幫助說明其意義an,a,the介詞Preposition(prep.)表示上下、左右、里外等for,from連詞Conjunction(conj.)用于連接詞與詞、句與句and,if特殊感嘆詞Interjection(interj.)表示說話時的感情和語氣oh,ah一、詞匯二、句子句子成分：主、謂、賓、賓補(bǔ)、定、狀、表、同位語Thatwillmakehermad.WechosePaulourhead.Susanfoundherselfinastrangeworld.Thenativesthereareveryfriendly.Thetravelerscameback,safeandsound.Thesonoftenwritestohisparents.Motherwenttobuysomethinginthesupermarket.Hebecameateacher.Theleavesturngreen.MissWu,ourEnglishteacher,iskindtous.We’vegotthenewsthatourteamwonthematch.Thosewhodrinkwaterwillneverforgetthepeoplewhodigthewell.句子種類類別例句陳述句肯定句Youthisastateofmind.TheicecreamwasfirstinventedinChina.否定句Ican’tagreewithyou./Itdoesn’tmatter.疑問句一般疑問句DidItalywintheWorldCup?/Isthereanythinginteresting?特殊疑問句What’son?/WhowillbetheMVPof2007?選擇疑問句Areyouateacherorastudent?Doyoulikefootballorbasketball?反意疑問句Itisafinedaytoday,isn’tit?Nooneacceptedyouroffer,didthey?祁使句Don’ttakeeverythingforgranted./Followme,please.感嘆句Whatabeautifullakeitis!/Howbeautifulalakeitis!（1）按使用目的分為句子種類（1）按使用目的分為句子種類（2）按結(jié)構(gòu)分為：簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句類別例句簡單句(五種基本句型)1、主語+不及物動詞Thesunrisesintheeast.Aterribleaccidenthappenedjustnow.2、主語+及物動詞+賓語Manyfamilieskeeppets.3、主語+連系動詞+表語Chinaisadevelopingcountry.MyfavouriteattractionistheGreatWall.4、主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語Janesentmeane-mailyesterday.Yesterdayhetoldmethewonderfulnews.5、主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語Theparentstoldtheboytocomebackearly.Wholeftthewindowopen?Wealltrytomakeourclassaunitedandharmoniousone.并列句MarxwasborninGermanyandlaterhewenttoEngland.Themedicineisbitter,butitisgoodforyourhealth.復(fù)合句名詞性從句主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句Whatyousaidistrue.Youknowthatbeautyshouldbenatural.That’swhereIstudied.Hemadeapromisethathewouldcomeontime.定語從句Doyouknowtheboywhoisplayingthere?ThisistheresultthatIwanted.That’sthehotelwhereIstayed.狀語從句時間狀語從句條件狀語從句原因狀語從句目的狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句地點狀語從句讓步狀語從句方式狀語從句比較狀語從句We’dfinishedtheworkbeforetheycame.Ifitrains,wehavetostayathome.Shewasabsentbecauseshewasill.Hestartedoutearlyinorderthathecouldcatchthefirstbus.Tomwassotiredthathefellbehind.LucyfoundtheMP3whereshelostit.ThoughI’mpoor,I’mhappy.DoitasIdo.YouarestrongerthanI(am).一、指代（Reference）在同一句中，代詞與其指代的前述名詞應(yīng)在人稱、數(shù)、格上保持一致。由于指代不符或不確而造成的錯句在寫作中是常見的，應(yīng)該注意以下幾種情況。例2：Studentswhowishtotakelinguisticsareaskedtosignhisnameonasheetofpaper.1．代詞與前述詞的人稱或數(shù)不符例1：Tomwillhaveanopportunitytosubmitherownplan.例1：HeisthepersonwhomIthinkdeservesthefirstaward.例2：Asamatteroffact,itwasherwhotookthepictureofthetemple.2．代詞與前述詞格的不符例：Whenhethrustastickintotherathole,itranoutandbithim.3．代詞在句中的指代錯誤例：Myfatherisanelectrician,butIamnotinterestedinit.4．代詞在句中的指代不明例1：Whenthechemistaddedthepowdertowater,itturnedpurple.5．有時在句中出現(xiàn)同樣數(shù)格的兩個不同前述詞，使后面代詞的指代出現(xiàn)模棱兩可的情況。例2：Susanwasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid.例：Ifonewantstoexcelinathletics,youshouldwatchyourdiet.6．代詞one和you用于指代意義時的不同此句應(yīng)把代詞one和you的使用統(tǒng)一起來，有兩種改法：Ifonewantstoexcelinathletics,heshouldwatchhisdiet.Ifyouwanttoexcelinathletics,youshouldwatchyourdiet.一般的規(guī)則是：用于泛指意義時，常用he(him,his)，用于特定意義時才用you(you,your)。二、垂懸修飾語（DanglingModifier）

垂懸修飾語是指一個句子中同其他詞沒有明顯修飾關(guān)系的成分。一般都出現(xiàn)在句子的句首，用作狀語。形式有分詞短語、介詞+動名詞、不定式短語和省略性子句等四種。判斷該詞組是滯為垂懸修飾語的基本原則是看它邏輯意義上的主語是否與所在句子的主語相一致，如不一致，該狀語就成了垂懸修飾語，試以下面二句為例：Hearinganumberofamusingstories,ourvisitwasthoroughlyenjoyable.Toremainhealthy,abalanceddietisimportant.

在第一句，狀語hearinganumberofamusingstories的邏輯主語并非句子主語ourvisit，第二句中狀語toremainhealthy與句子主語abalanceddiet在邏輯意義也不一致。因此這兩個狀語詞組都成了各自句中的垂懸修飾語，在意義上是錯誤的，改正的方法有二：1．修飾主句中的主謂語部分，使與修飾語邏輯上的主語一致起來。如：Hearinganumberofamusingstories,wethoroughlyenjoyedourvisit.Toremainhealthy,oneneedsabalanceddiet.

2．修改垂懸修飾語部分，使其在邏輯上符合主句意義。Sinceweheardanumberofamusingstories,ourvisitwasthoroughlyenjoyable.Ifapersonistoremainhealthy,abalanceddietisimportant.

下面列舉四種形式的垂懸修飾語及兩種修改的辦法：1．分詞短語誤：Lookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach.正：Lookingoutofthewindow,wefoundthegrasslandstretchedasfarastheeyescouldreach.正：Ifyoulookoutofthewindow,youwillfindthegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyescanreach.誤：Rotteninthecellar,wehadtothrowawaythepotatoes.正：Rotteninthecellar,thepotatoeswerethrownaway(byus).正：Asthepotatoesinthecellarhadrotten,wehadtothrowthemaway.2．介詞+動名詞短語誤：Onenteringtheroom,refreshmentswerebeingserved.正：Onenteringtheroom,Ifoundthatrefreshmentswerebeingserved.正：WhenIenteredtheroom,refreshmentswerebeingserved.

3．不定式短語誤：Toplaytenniswell,theracketmustbeheldproperly.正：Toplaytenniswell,onemustholdtheracketprop