法國(guó)革命與歐洲

RevolutionandEurope:

thewarand“second”revolution(1792)

InternationalinfluenceofRevolutionary1、TheEuropeangovernmentswerelongreluctanttobecomeinvolvedwithFrance．Theywereunderconsiderablepressure．Ontheonehand，pro-French（親法）

andpro-revolutionary（親革命）groupsappearedimmediatelyinmanyquarters．ThedoctrinesoftheFrenchRevolution，asoftheAmerican，werehighlyexportable：theytooktheformofauniversalphilosophy，proclaimingtherightsofmanregardlessoftimeorplace，raceornation．Moreover，dependingonwhatonewaslookingfor，onemightseeinthefirstdisturbances（騷亂）

inFrancearevolt（起義）

ofeitherthenobility，thebourgeoisie（資產(chǎn)階級(jí)），thecommonpeople，ortheentirenation．InPolandthosewhoweretryingtoreorganize（整頓）

thecountryagainstfurtherpartitionhailed（以……為榜樣）

theFrenchexample．TheHungarianlandlordspointedtoitintheirreactionagainstJosephII．InEngland，foratime，thosewhocontrolledParliamentcomplacentlybelievedthattheFrenchwereattemptingtoimitatethem．2、InspirationoftheRevolution（革命的啟示）

Butitwastheexcluded（排斥的）

classesofEuropeansocietywhoweremostinspired．Thehard-pressed（備受煎熬的）

Silesian（西西里）

weaversweresaidtohopethat“theFrenchwouldcome．”StrikesbrokeoutatHamburg，andpeasantsrebelledelsewhere．OneEnglishdiplomatfoundthateventhePrussianarmyhad“astrongtaint（感染）

ofdemocracyamongofficersandmen．”InBelgium（比利時(shí)），wheretheprivilegedelements（特權(quán)分子）

werealreadyinrevoltagainsttheAustrian（奧地利）

emperor,asecondrevoltbrokeout，inspiredbyeventsinFranceandaimedattheprivilegedelements．InEnglandthenewlydeveloping“radicals，”menlikeThomasPaine(托馬斯·潘恩)andDr．RichardPrice（理查德·普賴斯）．WhowishedathoroughoverhaulingofParliamentandtheestablishedchurch（國(guó)教），enteredintocorrespondencewiththeAssemblyinParis．Businessleadersofimportance,includingWatt（瓦特）andBoulton(博爾頓)，thepioneersofthesteamengine，werelikewisepro-FrenchsincetheyhadnorepresentationintheHouseofCommons(下院)．TheIrishtoowereexcitedandpresentlyrevolted．Everywheretheyoungwerearoused，theyoungHegel（黑格爾）

inGermanyorinEnglandtheyoungWordsworth（華茲華斯），wholaterrecalledthesenseofanewerathathadcaptivatedsomanyspirits(人物)in1789：Bliss（極樂(lè)）

wasitinthatdawn（黎明）

tobealive，

Buttobeyoungwasveryheaven!3、Ontheotherhandtheanti-Revolutionarymovementgatheredstrength．EdmundBurke（埃德蒙·伯克），frightenedbytheFrenchproclivities（傾向）

ofEnglishradicals，publishedasearlyas1790hisReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrance（《法國(guó)革命感想錄》）．ForFrance，hepredictedanarchyanddictatorship．ForEngland，hesternlyadvisedtheEnglishtoacceptaslowadaptationoftheirownEnglishliberties.Foralltheworld,hedenouncedapoliticalphilosophythatrestedonabstractprinciplesofrightandwrong,declaringthateverypeoplemustbeshapedbyitsownnationalcircumstances，nationalhistory,andnationalcharacter．HedrewaneloquentreplyandadefenseofFrancefromThomasPaineintheRightsofMan（《人權(quán)》）.BurkesoonbegantopreachthenecessityofWar，urgingakindofideologicalstruggleagainstFrenchbarbarism(野蠻)andviolence．HisReflectionswastranslatedandwidelyread，becominginthelongrunaninfluentialworkintheemergenceofmodemconservativethought．Intheshortrunitfellonwillingears．ThekingofSweden，GustavusIII（葛斯塔夫三世），offeredtoleadamonarchistcrusade（君主主義十字軍）．InRussiaEmpressCatherine（老葉卡特琳娜）

wasappalled；sheforbadefurthertranslationsofhererstwhile(以前的)friendVoltaire(伏爾泰)，shecalledtheFrench“vileriffraff”（卑鄙的流氓）and“brutishcannibals，”（吃人的畜生）andshepackedofftoSiberiaaRussiannamedRadischev（拉吉舍夫），whoinhisVoyagefromSt．PetersburgtoMoscow

（《從圣皮得堡到莫斯科旅行記》）pointedouttheevilsofserfdom．Theterrorswereheightenedbyplaintive（訴苦的）

messagesfromLouisXVIandMarieAntoinette（瑪麗·安托瓦內(nèi)特）

andbytheémigrés(流亡者)whokeptbursting（逃離）

outofFrance，ledasearlyasJuly1789bytheking’sownbrother，theCount(伯爵)ofArtois（阿爾土瓦）．Theémigrés，whoatfirstwerenobles，settledinvariouspartsofEuropeandbeganusingtheirinternationalaristocratic（貴族的）connections．TheypreachedakindofholyWaragainsttheevilsofrevolution．Theybemoaned（悲嘆）

thesadplightoftheking，butwhattheymostwantedwastogetbacktheirmanorialincomesandotherrights．ExtremistsamongtheémigrésevenhintedthatLouisXVIhimselfwasadangerousrevolutionaryandmuchpreferredhisbrother，theunyielding（堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的）CountofArtois．4、Inshort，Europewassoonsplitbyadivision（分歧）

thatoverrana11frontiers（超越疆界）．ThesamewastrueofAmericaalso．IntheUnitedStatestherisingpartyofJefferson（杰弗遜）

wasbrandedasJacobin（雅各賓派）

andpro-French，thatofHamilton（漢密爾頓）

asaristocraticandpro-British，whileincolonialLatinAmericatherewasnewinterestinideasofindependence，andtheVenezuelan(委內(nèi)瑞拉)Miranda（米蘭達(dá)）

becameageneralintheFrencharmy．InallcountiesoftheEuropeanworld，though1eastofalineasternandsouthernEurope,therewererevolutionaryorpro-Frenchelementsthatwerefearedbytheirowngovernments．Inallcountries，includingFrance，therewereimplacableenemiesoftheFrenchRevolution．Inallcountrieswerepeoplewhose1oyaltiesorsympathies1ayabroad．TherehadbeennosuchsituationsincetheProtestantReformation(新教改革)，norwasthereanythinglikeitagainuntilaftertheRussianRevolutionofthetwentiethcentury．Thecomingofthewar,April1792.5、YettheEuropeangovernmentswereslowtomove．Catherine(葉卡特琳娜)hadnointentionofbecominginvolvedinwesternEurope．Sheonlywishedtoinvolveherneighbors．WilliamPitt（威廉·皮特）,theBritishprimeminister，resistedthewarcriesofBurke．PitthadtriedandfailedtocarryaplanforreformofParliamentandwasnowconcentratingonapolicyoforderlyfinanceandsystematiceconomy．HisdomesticprogramwouldberuinedbyWar．HeinsistedthattheinternalaffairsofFrancewereofnoconcerntotheBritishgovernment．ThekeypositionwasoccupiedbytheHabsburg(哈布斯堡)emperor，Leopold（利奧波德）

II，brothertotheFrenchqueen．LeopoldatfirstansweredMarieAntoinette’spleasforhelpbytellinghertoadjustherselftoconditionsinFrance．Heresistedthefurious（強(qiáng)烈的）

demandsoftheemigres，whomheunderstoodperfectly，havinginheritedfromJosephIIafractious（暴躁的）

aristocracyhimself．6、Still，thenewFrenchgovernmentwasadisturbingphenomenon．Itopenlyencouragedmalcontents(反抗者)alloverEurope．Itshowedatendencytosettleinternationalaffairsbyunilateralaction．Forexample，itannexed（合并）

Avignon（阿維尼翁）

attherequestoflocalrevolutionariesbutwithouttheconsentofitshistoricsovereign，thepope（教皇）．Oragain，inAlsace（阿爾薩斯）

therehadbeenmuchoverlappingjurisdiction（雙重管轄）betweenFranceandGermanyeversincethePeace（和約）ofWestphalia（威斯特伐利亞）

in1648(seemaps，pp．142-143，180，313)．TheConstituentAssembly（立憲會(huì)議）

abolishedfeudalismandmanorialduesinAlsaceaselsewhereinFrance．ToGermanprinces（諸侯）

whohadfeudalrightsinAlsacetheAssemblyofferedcompensation，butitdidnotasktheirconsent．Moreover，afterthearrestofLouisXVIatVarennes（瓦倫），afterhisattemptedflightinJune1791，itbecameimpossibletodenythattheFrenchkingandqueenwereprisonersoftherevolutionaries．7、InAugustLeopoldmetwiththekingofPrussiaatPillnitz（皮爾尼茨）

inSaxony（薩克森）．TheresultingDeclarationofPillnitzrestedonafamousif：LeopoldwouldtakemilitarystepstorestoreorderinFranceifalltheotherpowerswouldjoinhim．KnowingtheattitudeofPitt，hebelievedthatthiscouldnevermaterialize．HisaimwasmainlytoridhimselfoftheFrenchemigres，buttheemigresperverselyreceivedtheDeclarationwithdelight．TheyuseditasanopenthreattotheirenemiesinFrance，announcingthattheywouldsoonreturnalongsidetheforces（軍隊(duì)）

ofcivilizedEuropetopunishtheguiltyandrightthewrongsthathadbeendonetothem．8、InFrancetheupholdersoftheRevolutionwerealarmed．TheywereignorantofwhatLeopoldreallymeantandtookthediremenaces（恐嚇）

oftheemigresattheirfacevalue．TheDeclarationofPillnitz，farfromcowingtheFrench，enragedthemagainstallthecrownedheadsofEurope．ItgaveapoliticaladvantagetothethendominantfactionofJacobins(雅各賓派)，knowntohistoryastheGirondins（吉倫特派）．TheseincludedthephilosopheCondorcet（孔多塞），thehumanitarianlawyerBrissot(里索)，andthecivilservantRoland（羅蘭）

andhismorefamouswife，MadameRoland，whosehousebecameakindofheadquartersofthegroup．．Theyattractedmanyforeignersalso，suchasThomasPaineandtheGermanAnacharsisCloots（阿納卡西斯·克洛斯），the“representativeofthehumanrace．”InDecember1791adeputationofEnglishradicals，ledbyJamesWatt,sonoftheinventorofthesteamengine，receivedawildovation（歡迎）

attheParisJacobinclub．9、TheGirondinsbecamethepartyofinternationalrevolution．TheydeclaredthattheRevolutioncouldneverbesecureinFranceuntilitspreadtotheworld．Intheirview，oncewarhadcome，thepeoplesofstatesatwarwithFrancewouldnotsupporttheirowngovernments．Therewasreasonforthisbelief,sincerevolutionaryelementsantedating(在……之前)theFrenchRevolutionalreadyexistedinboththeDutchandtheAustrianNetherlands（尼德蘭），andtoalesserdegreeinpartsofSwitzerland，Poland，andelsewhere．SomeGirondinsthereforecontemplatedawarinwhichFrencharmiesshouldenterneighboringcountries，unitewithlocalrevolutionaries，overthrowtheestablished（當(dāng)前的）

governments,andsetupafederationofrepublics．Warwasalsofavoredbyaverydifferentgroup,ledbyLafayette（拉斐特），whichwishedtocurbtheRevolutionbyholdingitatthelineofconstitutionalmonarchy(君主立憲制)．ThisgroupmistakenlybelievedthatwarmightrestorethemuchdamagedpopularityofLouisXVI，unitethecountryunderthenewgovernment，andmakeitpossibletoputdownthecontinuingJacobinagitation（叛亂）．Asthewarspirit(情緒)boiledupinFrance，theEmperorLeopoldIIdied．HewassucceededbyFrancisII（弗蘭西斯二世），amanmuchmoreinclinedthanLeopoldtoyieldtotheclamorsoftheoldaristocracy．FrancisresumednegotiationswithPrussia．InFranceallwhodreadedareturnoftheOldRegime（舊制度）

listenedmorereadilytotheGirondins．AmongtheJacobinsasawhole，onlyafew，generallyahandfulofradicaldemocrats，opposedthewar．OnApril20，1792，withoutseriousopposition，theAssemblydeclaredwaron“thekingofHungaryandBohemia．”thatis，theAustrianmonarchy．TheSecondRevolutionofAugust10,1972.10、Thewarintensifiedtheexistingunrestanddissatisfactionoftheunpropertiedclasses（無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)）．BothpeasantsandurbanworkersfeItthattheConstituentandtheLegislativeAssemblyhadservedthepropertiedinterestsandhaddonelittleforthem．Peasantsweredissatisfiedwiththeinadequatemeasurestakentofacilitatelanddistribution；workersfeItespeciallythepinchofsoaringprices,whichby1792hadgreatlyrisen．Goldhadbeentakenoutofthecountrybytheemigres；papermoney，theassignats(紙券)，wasalmostthesolecurrency，andthefutureofthegovernmentwassouncertainthatitsteadilylostvalue．Peasantsconcealedtheirfoodproductsratherthansellthemfordepreciating(貶值)paper．Actualscarcitycombinedwiththefallingvalueofmoneytodriveupthecostofliving．Thelowestincomegroupssufferedthemost．Butdissatisfiedthoughtheywere，whenthewarbegantheywerethreatenedwithareturnoftheemigresandavindictive(仇恨的)restorationoftheOldRegime，whichatleastforthepeasantswouldbetheworstofallpossibleeventualities（不測(cè)）．Theworkingclasses—peasants，artisans，mechanics，shopkeepers，wageworkers—rallied（重振）

totheRevolutionbutnottotherevolutionarygovernmentinpower．TheLegislativeAssemblyandtheconstitutionalmonarchylackedtheconfidenceoflargeelementsofthepopulation．11、Inaddition，thewaratfirstwentveryunfavorablyfortheFrench．PrussiajoinedimmediatelywithAustria,andbythesummerof1792thetwopowerswereonthepointofinvadingFrance．Theyissuedaproclamation(宣言)totheFrenchpeople，theBrunswick（不倫瑞克）

Manifesto（宣言）

ofJuly25declaringthatifanyharmbefell(遭受)theFrenchkingandqueentheAustro-Prussianforces，upontheirarrivalinParis，wouldexactthemostsevereretribution(懲罰)fromtheinhabitantsofthatcity．Suchmenaces，compounding（附帶）

themilitaryemergency，onlyplayedintothehandsofthemostviolentactivists．MassesoftheFrenchpeople，rousedandguidedbybourgeois（資本家）

Jacobinleaders，notablyRobespierre（羅伯斯庇爾），Danton（丹頓），andthevitriolic(尖刻的)journalistMarat（馬拉），burstoutinapassionofpatrioticexcitement．TheyturnedagainstthekingbecausehewasidentifiedwithpowersatwarwithFranceandalsobecause，inFranceitself，thosewhostillsupportedhimwereusingthemonarchyasdefenseagainstthelowerclasses．RepublicanisminFrancewaspartlyarathersuddenhistoricalaccident,inthatFrancewasatwarunderakingwhocouldnotbetrusted，andpartlyakindofpopularlower-classmovement，inwhich，however，manybourgeoisrevolutionariesshared．12、Feelingranhighduringthesummerof1792．Recruits（新兵）

streamedintoParisfromallquartersontheirwaytothefrontiers．Onedetachment（分遣隊(duì)），fromMarseilles（馬賽），broughtwiththemanewmarchingsong，knowneversinceastheMarseillaise，afiercecalltowarupontyranny．Thetransientprovincials（外省人）

stirreduptheagitationinParis．OnAugust10，1792，theworking—class