高考沖刺英語閱讀理解課堂練（16）答案解析

2020高考英語：閱讀理解課堂練（16）PassageThirty--One(TheAffectofElectricityonCancer)

Canelectricitycausecancer?Inasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpower,theveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecade,agrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettling,tosaytheleast,sinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfields,whicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectrical,frompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.

Nowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromthe.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Intheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreview,releasedindraftformlatelastweek,theEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence“suggestsacasuallink”betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehavingverylongwave-lengths—andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer,WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”

Thereportisnoreasontopanic—oreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerrisk,itisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhitHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,titgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects,Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligrams,oraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerlinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeter,butthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.Howcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdanger?Theconsensususedtobethattheycouldnot,andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such“ionizing”radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions.Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissues,amechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound.ThePentagonisforfrompersuaded.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving“biasedtheentiredocument”towardprovingalink.“Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthat(electromagneticfields)presentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer,”theAirForceconcludes.“ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.”ThenPentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment,fromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensesystemsbuiltintoeverywarshipandplane.1.Themainideaofthispassageis_______.A.studiesonthecauseofcancer

B.controversialview-pointsinthecauseofcancerC.therelationshipbetweenelectricityandcancer.D.differentideasabouttheeffectofelectricityoncaner.2.Theview-pointoftheEPAis_______.A.thereiscasuallinkbetweenelectricityandcancer.B.electricityreallyaffectscancer.C.controversial.D.lowfrequencyelectromagneticfieldisapossiblecauseofcancer3.WhydidthePentagonandWhiteHouseobjecttothereleaseofthereport?Because_______.maystiragreatdealofdebateamongtheBushAdministration.B.everyunitofthemodernmilitaryhasdependedontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment.C.thePentagon’sconcernwasunderstandable.D.theyhaddifferentarguments.4.Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon_______.A.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldistooweaktobeharmful.B.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldisweakerthantheelectricfieldthatthecellsgenerate.C.electromagneticfieldmayaffecthealth.D.onlymorepowerfulradiationcanknockelectronoutofhumanbody.5.Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydoafterreadingthedifferentarguments?A.Theyareindifferent.

B.Theyareworriedverymuch.C.Themayexerciseprudentavoidance.

C.Theyareshocked.Vocabulary1.

preposterous

反常的，十分荒謬的，乖戾的2.

leukemia

白血病3.

malignancy

惡性腫瘤4.

legitimate

合法的，合理的5.

paranoia

偏執(zhí)狂，妄想狂。這里指：無根據(jù)的擔心。6.

lymphoma

淋巴瘤7.

carcinogen

致癌物8.

minuscule

很小的，很不重要9.

consensus

輿論10.

wallop

亂竄，猛沖，沖擊力11.

epidemiological

流行病學的12.

blistering

羅嗦的，胡扯的13.

critique

評論，批評14.

imprimatur

出版許可（官方審查后的），批準難句譯注1.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.[參考譯文]

由于這問題的證據(jù)還不是結論性的，而且常常是矛盾的，所以就難以斷定有關電力對身體的影響的顧慮是合乎情理，還是毫無根據(jù)的懷疑。2.EPA——.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency

美國環(huán)境保護署3.Whilethereportfallsshort(缺乏，不夠)ofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”[參考譯文]

雖然報告沒有把極低頻磁場歸類為可能致癌物，但它確實指出通常60赫茲的磁場是“一種雖尚未證實，但可能導致人患癌癥的因素。”

4.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse[參考譯文]

證據(jù)爭議性仍然很大，所以報告草案在布什政府內引起巨大的爭辯，而環(huán)保署無視五角大樓和白宮的強烈反對，公布了這份報告。5.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.[參考譯文]

這遠比細胞所產生的電磁場低的多。6.…andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.[參考譯文]而且?guī)资陙?，科學家專注于更為強大的輻射類別，如Ｘ光射線，其聚合的沖擊力足以把電子從組成人體的分子中撞出來。7.Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.[參考譯文]

可是流行病學的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，幾組資料在數(shù)據(jù)方面有所關聯(lián)，卻沒有證實其因果關系。8.abodyoflaboratorywork

一批研究成果。9.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving“biasedtheentiredocument”towardprovingalink.[參考譯文]

在長達33頁的對環(huán)保署文件的十分尖銳的批評中，空軍方面的科學家指責，作者歪曲整個文件以證明癌癥和電磁場之間的關聯(lián)。10.ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.[參考譯文]

令人驚訝的是環(huán)保署竟然批準許可這份報告的出籠。寫作方法與文章大意文章以問答的方式，對比的寫作方法，寫出了圍繞電力是否影響健康——是否致癌因素的兩種觀點，及其觀點的依據(jù)。一種是美國環(huán)境保護署為代表的：極低頻磁場是一種可能但還未被證實的致癌因素，而且無視白宮和五角大樓反對，公布了這份報告。理由是科學證據(jù)提出了兩者之間的關聯(lián)偶然性。另一種以空軍中科學家為主的觀點：電磁場不會誘發(fā)或觸發(fā)癌癥，而且以歪曲整個文件來證明兩者之關系，批評了環(huán)保署。其理由人人皆知。因軍隊中任一單位都有點——從地面雷達到艦艇飛機防衛(wèi)系統(tǒng)。答案詳解1.D電力對癌癥影響的不同觀點。文章一開始就提出了“電會致癌嗎？”這個問題。十多年來，一大批科學家和新聞界人士都指出：研究結果似乎表示：接觸電磁場可能會增加患白血病和其他惡性腫瘤的危險性。所以說到目前為止還難以確定電力對健康的影響究竟是理性的，還是杞人憂天。見難句注釋1。第二段公布了環(huán)保署的報告，見難句注釋3。第三段說明：即使有致癌危險也是極微的。但應予以認真對待，進行更多的研究。而第七段中空軍方面的科學家還沒有被說服（見難句注釋9），明確提出，我們的評論員認為沒有跡象說明環(huán)境中存在的電力會誘發(fā)或促發(fā)癌癥。A.對致癌因素的研究。

B.致癌原因方面有爭議的觀點，這兩項根本部隊，和文內電力毫無關系。

C.電力和癌癥的關系，文中涉及的是電力究竟會不會致癌的兩種觀點，而不是兩者之關系。2.A.電和致癌有一定難以確定的關系。答案在第二段第三句，環(huán)保署目前的結論是據(jù)科學證據(jù)指出極低頻電磁場——具有長波的電磁場——和白血病，淋巴瘤及腦癌之間有著難以確定的聯(lián)系，見難句注釋3。A.電確實致癌，不對。

C.有爭議的。說的不夠清楚，爭議什么。

D.低頻磁場是一個可能致癌因素。這只是論點的一面。3.B.現(xiàn)代軍事的任何部門都一直依賴于應用大量應用電子設備。五角大樓和白宮所以反對環(huán)保署公布報告之理由就在此?？哲姺矫娴膶＜宜哉f環(huán)保署方面的報告“歪曲了整個文件以證明兩者之間的關系”也在此。見難句注釋4。所以文內說“角大樓的關注是可以理解的?！盇.報告會在布什政府內引起大規(guī)模的辯論，這是結果。

C.五角大樓的關注是可以理解的，這不是原因。

D.他們有不同的觀點。4.A.磁場力太弱不會產生有害作用。答案在第四段第二，三句，當電流通過電纜，產生磁場，對周圍物體產生（影響）力。許多年來，科學家把任何有關“這些力可能有害的想法”置于一邊（不予考慮），主要是因為它們（所產生的力）非常弱。B.磁場力比細胞產生的電磁場弱。只是明確指出的事實。

C.磁場力對人的健康有害。不對。

D.只有更強的輻射才能把人體中的電子擊出來。不對。5.C.他們會采取謹慎小心避開電器的途徑。因為他們不可能像A項那樣漠不關心。這種問題直接影響人的生命。B.他們非常擔憂。

D.他們感到震驚，這兩項都不可能，因為還在爭議中，唯一的途徑是盡量避開和電器接觸。PassageThirty--Two(CrimeinComputer)

Newandbizarrecrimeshavecomeintobeingwiththeadventofcomputertechnology.Organizedcrimetohasbeendirectlyinvolved;thenewtechnologyoffersitunlimitedopportunities,suchasdatacrimes,theftofservices,property-relatedcrimes,industrialsabotage,politicallyrelatedsabotage,vandalism,crimesagainsttheindividualandfinanciallyrelatedcrimes…

Theftofdata,ordatacrime,hasattractedtheinterestoforganizedcriminalsyndicates.Thisisusuallythetheftorcopyingofvaluablecomputergrogram.Aninternationalmarketalreadyexistsforcomputerizeddata,andspecializedfencesaresaidtobeplayingakeyroleinthisrapidlyexpandingcriminalmarket.Buyersforstolenprogramsmayrangefromafirm’scompetitorstoforeignnations.

Acompetitorsabotagesacompany’scomputersystemtodestroyorcripplethefirm’soperationalability,thusneutralizingitscompetitivecapabilityeitherintheprivateorthegovernmentsector.Thiscomputersabotagemayalsobetiedtoanattemptbyaffluentinvestorstoacquirethevictimfirm.Withthegrowingreliancebyfirmsoncomputersfortheirrecordkeepinganddailyoperations,sabotageoftheircomputerscanresultininternalhavoc,afterwhichthegroupinterestedinacquiringthefirmcaneasilybuyitatasubstantiallylowerprice.Criminalgroupscouldalsoresorttosabotageifthecompanyisacompetitorofabusinessownedorcontrolledbyorganizedcrime.

Politicallymotivatedsabotageisontheincrease;politicalextremistgroupshavesproutedoneverycontinent.Sophisticatedcomputertechnologyarmsthesegroupswithawesomepowersandopenstechnologicallyadvancednationstotheirattack.Severalattemptshavealreadybeenmadetodestroycomputerfacilityatanairforcebase.Auniversitycomputerfacilityinvolvedinnationaldefenceworksufferedmorethan$2millionindamagesasaresultofabombing.

Computervulnerabilityhasbeenamplydocumented.Onecongressionalstudyconcludedthatneithergovernmentnorprivatecomputersystemsareadequatelyprotectedagainstsabotage.Organizedcriminalsyndicateshaveshowntheirwillingnesstoworkwithpoliticallymotivatedgroups.Investigatorshaveuncoveredevidenceofcooperationbetweencriminalgroupsandforeigngovernmentsinnarcotics.Criminalgroupshavetakenattemptsinassassinatingpoliticalleaders….Computersareusedinhospitallife-supportsystem,inlaboratories,andinmajorsurgery.Criminalscouldeasilyturnthesecomputersintotoolsofdevastation.Bysabotagingthecomputerofalife-supportsystem,criminalscouldkillanindividualaseasilyastheyhadusedagun.Bymanipulatingacomputer,theycouldguideawesometoolsofterroragainstlargeurbancenters.Citiesandnationscouldbecomehostages.Homicidecouldtakeanowform.Thecomputermaybecomethehitmanofthetwentiethcentury.

Thecomputeropensvastareasofcrimetoorganizedcriminalgroups,bothnationalandinternational.Itcallsonthemtopooltheirresourcesandincreasetheircooperativeefforts,becausemanyofthesecrimesaretoocomplexforonegrouptohandle,especiallythoserequitingavastnetworkoffences.Althoughcriminalshaveadaptedtocomputertechnology,lawenforcementhasnot.Manystillthinkintermsoftraditionalcriminology.1.Howmanykindsofcrimesarementionedinthepassage?A.

7.

B.

8.

C.

9.

D.

102.Whatisthepurposeofacompetitortosabotageacompany’scomputer?A.Hispurposeistodestroyorweakenthefirm’soperationalability.B.Hispurposeistoweakenfirm’scompetitivecapabilityandgetit.C.Hispurposeistobuytherival’scompanyatarelativelylowprice.D.Hispurposeistostealimportantdata.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbelabeledasapoliticallymotivatedsabotageofacomputersystem?A.Sabotageofauniversitycomputer.B.Sabotageofahospitalcomputer.C.Sabotageofcomputeratasecrettrainingbase.D.Sabotageofafactorycomputer.4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Homicidecouldtakeanewform”?A.Thereisnoneedtouseaguninkillingaperson.B.Criminalscankillwhoevertheywantbyacomputer.C.Thecomputercanreplaceanyweapons.D.Thefunctionofacomputerisjustlikeagun.Vocabulary1.

bizarre

奇怪的2.

vandalism

破壞，故意破壞文化，藝術的行為3.

cripple

使癱瘓，削弱4.

fence

賊市，臟品買賣處5.

neutralize

使成為無效6.

affluent

富裕的7.

recordkeeping

記錄存貯8.

havoc

浩劫，大破壞9.

resortto

求助于，借助于10.

motivate

作為……的動機，激發(fā)11.

extremist

過激分子，極端主義分子12.

sprout

萌發(fā)迅速發(fā)展13.

awesome

令人驚懼的，引起敬畏的14.

vulnerability

易受攻擊，脆弱15.

devastation

劫持，破壞16.

hospitallife-supportsystem醫(yī)院的生命維持系統(tǒng)17.

hitman

職業(yè)兇手（殺手）18.

pool

集中（資金）合辦，入股19.

criminology

犯罪學，刑事學難句譯注1.Organizedcrimetohasbeendirectlyinvolved;thenewtechnologyoffersitunlimitedopportunities,suchasdatacrimes,theftofservices,property-relatedcrimes,industrialsabotage,politicallyrelatedsabotage,vandalism,crimesagainsttheindividualandfinanciallyrelatedcrimes…[結構簡析]句子很長，都是簡單句，中間有分號隔開，后面是舉例。[參考譯文]有組織犯罪團伙也直接參與：計算機新技術較為犯罪提供了無限的機會，如數(shù)據(jù)信息犯罪，偷竊服務項目，跟財產有關的犯罪，工業(yè)破壞，跟政治有關的破壞，破壞文化藝術，對個人和財經方面的罪行等等。2.Aninternationalmarketalreadyexistsforcomputerizeddata,andspecializedfencesaresaidtobeplayingakeyroleinthisrapidl