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Grammar第四部分
句法篇——從句與句式專題1定語從句專題2名詞性從句專題3并列句和狀語從句專題4主謂一致和特殊句式PART
1高頻考點清單PART
2重溫高考真題PART
3熱考點集訓(xùn)專題2名詞性從句PART
1高頻考點清單框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句)中的連接詞名詞性從句中的連接詞有從屬連詞that/whether/if等,連接代詞what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever等,連接副詞where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever等。1.that的用法:(1)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中用that但不能省略。ThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.Theproblemisthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.Thereportthattherewillbeaseverestorminthenorthernareaisfalse.(2)一般情況下,賓語從句中的引導(dǎo)詞that可省略,但在以下幾種情況中that一般不省略:①當that從句和主句謂語動詞之間有插入語時;②有多個that引導(dǎo)的從句時,第一個that可以省略,而其他的that常不可省略;③介詞except,but,besides,in等后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時;④當when,who,what,where,why,how等引導(dǎo)的從句與that引導(dǎo)的從句作主句謂語動詞的并列賓語時。Hejudgedthat,becausehewasachild,hedidnotunderstandwine.Thereasonliesinthatsheworksharderthantheothersdo.Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.(3)that和what的區(qū)別。that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,在主從句中不擔當任何句子成分,也沒有任何含義;而what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時,在主從句中都要充當一定的句子成分,what可以分解成定語從句中的“先行詞+關(guān)系代詞”,即常說的“先行詞+that/which/who”。It’sashamethathehasmadesuchamistake.IwilldowhatIcan(do)tohelphim.(4)同位語從句與定語從句中that的區(qū)別。同位語從句中的連接詞that只起連接作用,在從句中不擔當任何句子成分;而定語從句中的關(guān)系代詞that在句中作賓語或主語,與先行詞有修飾關(guān)系。如果句子是同位語從句,就應(yīng)用連接詞that而不能用which。同位語從句一般放在表具體含義的名詞后解釋說明名詞的含義或內(nèi)容,如以下名詞:news,fact,suggestion,truth,plan,belief,doubt,possibility,idea等,而定語從句只是對先行詞的限定和修飾。TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(同位語從句)ThehopethattheyexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(定語從句)2.whether和if的用法:(1)whether和if在賓語從句中可以互換,但是作介詞賓語時連接詞一般用whether。Italldependsonwhethertheywillcomeback.(2)后面直接跟ornot時用whether。Ididn’tknowwhetherornothehadarrivedinWuhan.(3)主語從句、表語從句中只能用whether。Whetherthemeetingwillbeputoffhasnotbeendecidedyet.Thequestioniswhethertheyhavesomuchmoney.(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句,用以說明前面的名詞的內(nèi)容,if則不能。Weoughttodiscusscarefullythequestionwhetherwecandoitornot.(5)whether常與or連用表示一種選擇,if不能這樣用;whether也可與動詞不定式連用,但if不能。Thequestionofwhethertheyaremaleorfemaleisnotimportant.Ihavenotdecidedwhethertogoornot.(6)賓語從句位于句首時或者賓語從句提前時用whether不用if。Thankyou,butwhetherI’llbefreeI’mnotsureatthemoment.(7)whether可引導(dǎo)一個讓步狀語從句表示“不管”、“無論”,而if不能。Whetherhecomesornot,wewillbeginourpartyontime.3.“疑問詞+-ever”和“nomatter+疑問詞”的區(qū)別:(1)“疑問詞+-ever”可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在主從句中要充當一定的成分。Whoeverbreakstherulemustbepunished.Youcanchoosewhateveryoulikeintheshop.(2)“疑問詞+-ever”還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Whoeverbreakstherule,hemustbepunished.Whateveryoudo,youmustdoitwell.(3)“nomatter+疑問詞”只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Nomatterwhatyoudo,youmustputyourheartintoit.Nomatterwhocomeslate,hemustbepunished.4.when和where引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別:when和where前面的名詞若是表示時間、地點的名詞,則when和where引導(dǎo)的是定語從句,否則為同位語從句。Thisistheplacewheretheaccidenthappened.(定語從句)Theyputforwardthequestionwheretheycouldgetthemoney.(同位語從句)主語從句的核心考點1.主語從句在復(fù)合句中充當主語,大多數(shù)主語從句都可以用it作形式主語而把主語從句置于句尾。2.that引導(dǎo)主語從句時可用it作形式主語,that不可?。粀hat引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示“……的東西”時,一般不用it作形式主語;whatever,whoever,whichever一般也不用it作形式主語。Thatshewillsucceediscertain.→Itiscertainthatshewillsucceed.Whatheneedsismoreexperience.常見的it替代that引導(dǎo)的主語從句的句式主要有以下幾種:(1)It+系動詞+形容詞(necessary,right,likely,unlikely,wrong,important,certain,clear,obvious,strange,normal等)+that從句Itiscertainthatmostofthefarmershavebroughtinmoremoneybyallmeans.(2)It+be+名詞(短語)(apity,ashame,goodnews,afact,anhonour,awonder,nowonder等)+that從句It’snowonderthatyou’veachievedsomuchsuccess.(3)It+be+過去分詞(said,told,heard,reported,decided,suggested,advised,ordered,remembered,thought,considered,well-known,announced等)+that從句Itissaidthattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingouttheexperiment.(4)It+特殊動詞(seem,appear,happen,matter)+that從句IthappenedtomethatIhadbeenawaywhenhecalled.注意:(1)在“Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural...+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句謂語常用“(should+)動詞原形”。(2)在“It+be+suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句謂語應(yīng)用“(should+)動詞原形”。賓語從句的核心考點1.動詞的賓語從句(1)大多數(shù)動詞(hope,tell,say等)可以帶賓語從句。Weallexpectthattheywillwin,formembersoftheirteamarestronger.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe?(2)動詞find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后有賓語補足語時,則常用it作形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofboiledwatereveryday.(3)有些動詞(短語)帶賓語從句時習(xí)慣上需要在賓語從句前加it。這類動詞(短語)有hate,enjoy,like,love,dislike,seeto等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfull.2.一般情況下介詞后只能用wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句。Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.注意:(1)where引導(dǎo)的從句有時也可用作介詞的賓語。Wecouldseethetemplequiteclearlyfromwherewelived.(2)that引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞的賓語是很少有的,只有在except,in,but等介詞后偶爾可能用到。Yourcompositionisquitegoodexceptthattheorganizationisabitloose.(3)sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,surprised等表示“情感”的形容詞后也可帶賓語從句。I’msurethattheywillmakeitinspiteoftheterribleweather.表語從句的核心考點1.主句的主語是idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement等名詞時,表語從句的謂語應(yīng)用虛擬語氣,即“(should+)動詞原形”的形式。Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)changeourcourse.2.主語為名詞reason時,表語從句中的連接詞要用that,而不用why或because。Thereasonforsuchaseriousaccidentisthatthedriverwastoocarelessanddranktoomuch.3.because,asif,asthough,as,like等連接詞也可引導(dǎo)表語從句。Hehaslungdisease.Thatisbecausehehasbeensmokingtoomuch.同位語從句的核心考點同位語從句是用以解釋說明某一名詞的內(nèi)容的從句。1.能接同位語從句的名詞有:belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,news,conclusion,suggestion,problem,order,answer,decision,explanation,information,thought等。2.同位語從句一般用that引導(dǎo),但也可以用連接代詞(what,which,who)、連接副詞(when,where,why,how)或whether引導(dǎo)。Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.3.有時同位語從句不緊跟在它所說明的某個名詞后,而是被別的詞隔開。ThestorygoesthatWilliamTelldidkillthekingwiththatsword.書面表達中名詞性從句易錯點聚焦1.語序問題(誤)Thesepicturesshowyouwhat
does
our
village
look
like.(正)Thesepicturesshowyouwhat
our
village
looks
like.賓語從句的語序應(yīng)用陳述語序,而不是特殊疑問句的語序。(誤)Do
you
thinkwhichoftheseisthemostusefulinvention?(正)Whichofthesedo
you
thinkisthemostusefulinvention?在疑問句中,賓語從句的連接詞應(yīng)擔當特殊疑問詞的角色位于句首。2.what和that的運用(誤)Americawasthatwasfirstcalled“India”byColumbus.(正)Americawaswhatwasfirstcalled“India”byColumbus.在名詞性從句中,連接詞that既不作任何句子成分,也沒有意義;而連接代詞what則相反,它既充當從句的主干成分也有其自身的意義。另外,我們可以把what解釋為:the+名詞+that/which。3.whether和if的運用(誤)Ifwe’llholdthepartyhasnotbeendecidedyet.(正)Whetherwe’llholdthepartyhasnotbeendecidedyet.whether適用于任何情況;if(作“是否”講)僅限于動詞賓語從句中,但discuss,decide等動詞后的賓語從句除外。4.連接詞的使用易受漢語干擾(誤)ThereasonwhyIwaslateisbecauseIwastrappedinthetrafficjam.(正)ThereasonwhyIwaslateisthatIwastrappedinthetrafficjam.第一句通過提取簡化可得出:Thereasonisbecause...在英語中顯然造成了重復(fù)現(xiàn)象。PART
2重溫高考真題考向1賓語從句中的連接詞Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Thegoldmedalwillbeawardedto
winsthefirstplaceinthebicyclerace.(2018·天津)答案解析解析句意為:無論誰獲得自行車比賽第一名,金牌將授予他。分析句子可知,空格處作to的賓語,同時在后面的從句中作主語,再根據(jù)句意可知,從句主語指人,且意為“無論誰”,故用whoever。whoever1232.I’mnotsure
ismorefrightened,meorthefemalegorilla(大猩猩)thatsuddenlyappearsoutofnowhere.(2018·全國Ⅲ)答案解析解析句意為:我不確定誰(哪一個)更害怕,我還是突然出現(xiàn)的雌性大猩猩。此處為賓語從句,空格處表示“誰”或“哪一個”,故用who/which。who/which1233.Asnaturalarchitects,thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactly
thicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.(2015·全國Ⅱ)答案解析解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這是一個賓語從句。根據(jù)形容詞thick及結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這里的意思是印第安人算出土坯墻的確切厚度。空格后為形容詞,因此空格上應(yīng)用副詞,故填how。how123Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetothatIlive.(2016·全國Ⅰ)where答案解析解析由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,介詞to之后為賓語從句,而賓語從句中缺少地點狀語,故用where引導(dǎo)。2.Afterlookingatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundwhere
hisparentsweremissing.(2015·全國Ⅱ)或Afterlookingatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundwherehisparentsweremissing.that答案解析解析句意為:……他轉(zhuǎn)過身發(fā)現(xiàn)父母不見了。由句意可知,賓語從句句意完整且不缺少成分,所以應(yīng)該用that引導(dǎo)從句或省略??枷?表語從句中的連接詞Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Withouthissupport,wewouldn’tbe
wearenow.(2018·北京)答案解析解析句意為:假如沒有他的支持,我們就不會取得現(xiàn)在的成就?!?/p>
wearenow”是表語從句,結(jié)合句子的意思可知,此處表面意思是指我們所處的位置,故該從句應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)。where12342.Thisis
myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.(2018·北京)答案解析解析句意為:這就是我父親教我的——總是要直面困難,并且抱最大的希望?!?/p>
myfatherhastaughtme”是表語從句,該空在從句中作teach的直接賓語,且表示“父親教我的道理”,故該從句應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)。what12343.40gramsofmeatperdayis
peopleshouldconsumeinordertostayfit.(2018·北京海淀區(qū)二模)答案解析解析句意為:為了保持健康,人們每天應(yīng)該消耗40克肉?!?/p>
peopleshouldconsume”是表語從句,該從句中consume缺少賓語,且表示“所需消耗的東西”,故要用what引導(dǎo)該從句。what12344.Earthquakesworrypeoplealot.Thereasonis
weoftendonotknowwhentheyarecoming.Peoplecannotprepareforit.(2017·河南中原名校聯(lián)考)答案解析解析設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)表語從句,從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完整,所以用that引導(dǎo)。that1234Ⅱ.單句改錯(僅有1處錯誤)Ibelievehardworkisthatittakestoaccomplishmygoal.(2018·河北石家莊二中一模)what答案解析解析本句中what引導(dǎo)表語從句,并在句中作動詞take的賓語。that引導(dǎo)表語從句不作句子成分。Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Everyyear,
makesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.(2017·北京)答案解析解析句意為:每年,在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上風(fēng)箏做得最漂亮的人會贏得獎品。whoever無論誰,表泛指,在句中作主語,相當于anyonewho。whoever考向3主語從句和同位語從句中的連接詞12342.Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.
youcandohelps.(2016·北京)答案解析解析句意為:你的支持對我們的工作很重要,無論你們做什么都會有幫助。從句謂語動詞do后面缺少賓語,且此處引導(dǎo)主語從句,故用whatever。Whatever12343.Itisoftenthecase
anythingispossibleforthosewhohangontohope.(2016·江蘇)答案解析解析句意為:通常情況下,對于那些心存希望的人來說,一切皆有可能。本句中的it為形式主語,真正的主語為后面的名詞性從句,從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整,不缺成分,故要用that引導(dǎo)。that12344.
youcanlearnfromtheantphilosophyis:Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.(2017·江西上饒模擬)答案解析解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)主語從句,且從句中l(wèi)earn后缺少賓語,故填What。What1234Ⅱ.單句改錯(僅有1處錯誤)It’sagreatpitywhatwewon’tbeabletofinishthetaskontime.(2017·唐山模擬)that解析It作形式主語,真正的主語為that引導(dǎo)的從句。答案解析PART
3熱考點集訓(xùn)Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.
weunderstandthingshasalottodowithwhatwefeel.2.Ashipinharborissafe,butthat’snot
shipsarebuiltfor.3.—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah,butIhavenoidea
hedidit;that’soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.4.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate
theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.5.Itdoesn’tmatter
youturnrightorleftatthecrossing—bothroadsleadtothepark.查看答案Howwhatwhywhatwhether6.Asmanyasfivecoursesareprovided,andyouarefreetochoose__________suitsyoubest.7.Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfelt
hecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.8.Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoon
themeetingwouldbepostponed.9.Afarmeronceorganizedacompetitionbetweenhisdogandhisrabbit.Hedugaholeinoneofhisbiggestfields,andhidacarrotandaboneinit.Hewantedtosee
animalwouldfindthemfirst.10.Itcanbereallyupsettryingtoaskforsomethinginastoreortotellthetaxidriver
youaregoing.查看答案whicheverthatthatwhichwhereⅡ.單句改錯(每小題僅有1處錯誤)1.ThatBarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.2.Itwasneverclearwhetherthemanhadn’treportedtheaccidentsooner.3.Itisstillunderdiscussioniftheoldbusstationshouldbereplacedwithamodernhotelornot.4.Hesaidhowalovelygirlshewas.5.Thevillagershavealreadyknownwhichwe’lldoistorebuildthebridge.Whatwhywhetherwhat查看答案what6.Whatheshoulddoishestaysathomeandwaitsforhismotherfromwork.7.Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasbecausehisbikewentwrong.8.I’dliketostartmyownbusiness—that’showI’ddoifIhadmoney.9.Hecamelate.Thatwashegotuplate.10.Thequestionthatwhysomanypeoplewouldchoosetoliveinthecountrysidebuttoworkinthecityisstillunderdiscus
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