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Grammar第四部分

句法篇——從句與句式專題1定語(yǔ)從句專題2名詞性從句專題3并列句和狀語(yǔ)從句專題4主謂一致和特殊句式PART

1高頻考點(diǎn)清單PART

2重溫高考真題PART

3熱考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)專題2名詞性從句PART

1高頻考點(diǎn)清單框架結(jié)構(gòu)圖名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句)中的連接詞名詞性從句中的連接詞有從屬連詞that/whether/if等,連接代詞what/who/which/whose/whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever等,連接副詞where/when/why/how/wherever/whenever等。1.that的用法:(1)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中用that但不能省略。ThattheyaregoodatEnglishisknowntousall.Theproblemisthatwedon’thaveenoughmoney.Thereportthattherewillbeaseverestorminthenorthernareaisfalse.(2)一般情況下,賓語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞that可省略,但在以下幾種情況中that一般不省略:①當(dāng)that從句和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí);②有多個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句時(shí),第一個(gè)that可以省略,而其他的that常不可省略;③介詞except,but,besides,in等后跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí);④當(dāng)when,who,what,where,why,how等引導(dǎo)的從句與that引導(dǎo)的從句作主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的并列賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。Hejudgedthat,becausehewasachild,hedidnotunderstandwine.Thereasonliesinthatsheworksharderthantheothersdo.Everyoneknewwhathappenedandthatshewasworried.(3)that和what的區(qū)別。that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),在主從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何句子成分,也沒(méi)有任何含義;而what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),在主從句中都要充當(dāng)一定的句子成分,what可以分解成定語(yǔ)從句中的“先行詞+關(guān)系代詞”,即常說(shuō)的“先行詞+that/which/who”。It’sashamethathehasmadesuchamistake.IwilldowhatIcan(do)tohelphim.(4)同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句中that的區(qū)別。同位語(yǔ)從句中的連接詞that只起連接作用,在從句中不擔(dān)當(dāng)任何句子成分;而定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞that在句中作賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ),與先行詞有修飾關(guān)系。如果句子是同位語(yǔ)從句,就應(yīng)用連接詞that而不能用which。同位語(yǔ)從句一般放在表具體含義的名詞后解釋說(shuō)明名詞的含義或內(nèi)容,如以下名詞:news,fact,suggestion,truth,plan,belief,doubt,possibility,idea等,而定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)先行詞的限定和修飾。TheyexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(同位語(yǔ)從句)ThehopethattheyexpressedisthattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.(定語(yǔ)從句)2.whether和if的用法:(1)whether和if在賓語(yǔ)從句中可以互換,但是作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)連接詞一般用whether。Italldependsonwhethertheywillcomeback.(2)后面直接跟ornot時(shí)用whether。Ididn’tknowwhetherornothehadarrivedinWuhan.(3)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句中只能用whether。Whetherthemeetingwillbeputoffhasnotbeendecidedyet.Thequestioniswhethertheyhavesomuchmoney.(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,用以說(shuō)明前面的名詞的內(nèi)容,if則不能。Weoughttodiscusscarefullythequestionwhetherwecandoitornot.(5)whether常與or連用表示一種選擇,if不能這樣用;whether也可與動(dòng)詞不定式連用,但if不能。Thequestionofwhethertheyaremaleorfemaleisnotimportant.Ihavenotdecidedwhethertogoornot.(6)賓語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí)或者賓語(yǔ)從句提前時(shí)用whether不用if。Thankyou,butwhetherI’llbefreeI’mnotsureatthemoment.(7)whether可引導(dǎo)一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句表示“不管”、“無(wú)論”,而if不能。Whetherhecomesornot,wewillbeginourpartyontime.3.“疑問(wèn)詞+-ever”和“nomatter+疑問(wèn)詞”的區(qū)別:(1)“疑問(wèn)詞+-ever”可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在主從句中要充當(dāng)一定的成分。Whoeverbreakstherulemustbepunished.Youcanchoosewhateveryoulikeintheshop.(2)“疑問(wèn)詞+-ever”還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。Whoeverbreakstherule,hemustbepunished.Whateveryoudo,youmustdoitwell.(3)“nomatter+疑問(wèn)詞”只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。Nomatterwhatyoudo,youmustputyourheartintoit.Nomatterwhocomeslate,hemustbepunished.4.when和where引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別:when和where前面的名詞若是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的名詞,則when和where引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,否則為同位語(yǔ)從句。Thisistheplacewheretheaccidenthappened.(定語(yǔ)從句)Theyputforwardthequestionwheretheycouldgetthemoney.(同位語(yǔ)從句)主語(yǔ)從句的核心考點(diǎn)1.主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),大多數(shù)主語(yǔ)從句都可以用it作形式主語(yǔ)而把主語(yǔ)從句置于句尾。2.that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可用it作形式主語(yǔ),that不可省;what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句表示“……的東西”時(shí),一般不用it作形式主語(yǔ);whatever,whoever,whichever一般也不用it作形式主語(yǔ)。Thatshewillsucceediscertain.→Itiscertainthatshewillsucceed.Whatheneedsismoreexperience.常見(jiàn)的it替代that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句的句式主要有以下幾種:(1)It+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞(necessary,right,likely,unlikely,wrong,important,certain,clear,obvious,strange,normal等)+that從句Itiscertainthatmostofthefarmershavebroughtinmoremoneybyallmeans.(2)It+be+名詞(短語(yǔ))(apity,ashame,goodnews,afact,anhonour,awonder,nowonder等)+that從句It’snowonderthatyou’veachievedsomuchsuccess.(3)It+be+過(guò)去分詞(said,told,heard,reported,decided,suggested,advised,ordered,remembered,thought,considered,well-known,announced等)+that從句Itissaidthattheprofessorhasalreadysucceededincarryingouttheexperiment.(4)It+特殊動(dòng)詞(seem,appear,happen,matter)+that從句IthappenedtomethatIhadbeenawaywhenhecalled.注意:(1)在“Itisnecessary/important/strange/natural...+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句謂語(yǔ)常用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”。(2)在“It+be+suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required...+that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”。賓語(yǔ)從句的核心考點(diǎn)1.動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句(1)大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞(hope,tell,say等)可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句。Weallexpectthattheywillwin,formembersoftheirteamarestronger.Idon’tthinkyouareright.Idon’tsupposehecares,doeshe?(2)動(dòng)詞find,feel,think,consider,make,believe等后有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),則常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)而將that賓語(yǔ)從句后置。Ithinkitnecessarythatwetakeplentyofboiledwatereveryday.(3)有些動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))帶賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)習(xí)慣上需要在賓語(yǔ)從句前加it。這類動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))有hate,enjoy,like,love,dislike,seeto等。Ihateitwhentheytalkwiththeirmouthsfull.2.一般情況下介詞后只能用wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.注意:(1)where引導(dǎo)的從句有時(shí)也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。Wecouldseethetemplequiteclearlyfromwherewelived.(2)that引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞的賓語(yǔ)是很少有的,只有在except,in,but等介詞后偶爾可能用到。Yourcompositionisquitegoodexceptthattheorganizationisabitloose.(3)sure,certain,glad,pleased,happy,surprised等表示“情感”的形容詞后也可帶賓語(yǔ)從句。I’msurethattheywillmakeitinspiteoftheterribleweather.表語(yǔ)從句的核心考點(diǎn)1.主句的主語(yǔ)是idea,advice,suggestion,order,request,requirement等名詞時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,即“(should+)動(dòng)詞原形”的形式。Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)changeourcourse.2.主語(yǔ)為名詞reason時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句中的連接詞要用that,而不用why或because。Thereasonforsuchaseriousaccidentisthatthedriverwastoocarelessanddranktoomuch.3.because,asif,asthough,as,like等連接詞也可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。Hehaslungdisease.Thatisbecausehehasbeensmokingtoomuch.同位語(yǔ)從句的核心考點(diǎn)同位語(yǔ)從句是用以解釋說(shuō)明某一名詞的內(nèi)容的從句。1.能接同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有:belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,news,conclusion,suggestion,problem,order,answer,decision,explanation,information,thought等。2.同位語(yǔ)從句一般用that引導(dǎo),但也可以用連接代詞(what,which,who)、連接副詞(when,where,why,how)或whether引導(dǎo)。Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.3.有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句不緊跟在它所說(shuō)明的某個(gè)名詞后,而是被別的詞隔開(kāi)。ThestorygoesthatWilliamTelldidkillthekingwiththatsword.書(shū)面表達(dá)中名詞性從句易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)聚焦1.語(yǔ)序問(wèn)題(誤)Thesepicturesshowyouwhat

does

our

village

look

like.(正)Thesepicturesshowyouwhat

our

village

looks

like.賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)用陳述語(yǔ)序,而不是特殊疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序。(誤)Do

you

thinkwhichoftheseisthemostusefulinvention?(正)Whichofthesedo

you

thinkisthemostusefulinvention?在疑問(wèn)句中,賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞應(yīng)擔(dān)當(dāng)特殊疑問(wèn)詞的角色位于句首。2.what和that的運(yùn)用(誤)Americawasthatwasfirstcalled“India”byColumbus.(正)Americawaswhatwasfirstcalled“India”byColumbus.在名詞性從句中,連接詞that既不作任何句子成分,也沒(méi)有意義;而連接代詞what則相反,它既充當(dāng)從句的主干成分也有其自身的意義。另外,我們可以把what解釋為:the+名詞+that/which。3.whether和if的運(yùn)用(誤)Ifwe’llholdthepartyhasnotbeendecidedyet.(正)Whetherwe’llholdthepartyhasnotbeendecidedyet.whether適用于任何情況;if(作“是否”講)僅限于動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句中,但discuss,decide等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句除外。4.連接詞的使用易受漢語(yǔ)干擾(誤)ThereasonwhyIwaslateisbecauseIwastrappedinthetrafficjam.(正)ThereasonwhyIwaslateisthatIwastrappedinthetrafficjam.第一句通過(guò)提取簡(jiǎn)化可得出:Thereasonisbecause...在英語(yǔ)中顯然造成了重復(fù)現(xiàn)象。PART

2重溫高考真題考向1賓語(yǔ)從句中的連接詞Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Thegoldmedalwillbeawardedto

winsthefirstplaceinthebicyclerace.(2018·天津)答案解析解析句意為:無(wú)論誰(shuí)獲得自行車比賽第一名,金牌將授予他。分析句子可知,空格處作to的賓語(yǔ),同時(shí)在后面的從句中作主語(yǔ),再根據(jù)句意可知,從句主語(yǔ)指人,且意為“無(wú)論誰(shuí)”,故用whoever。whoever1232.I’mnotsure

ismorefrightened,meorthefemalegorilla(大猩猩)thatsuddenlyappearsoutofnowhere.(2018·全國(guó)Ⅲ)答案解析解析句意為:我不確定誰(shuí)(哪一個(gè))更害怕,我還是突然出現(xiàn)的雌性大猩猩。此處為賓語(yǔ)從句,空格處表示“誰(shuí)”或“哪一個(gè)”,故用who/which。who/which1233.Asnaturalarchitects,thePuebloIndiansfiguredoutexactly

thicktheadobewallsneededtobetomakethecycleworkonmostdays.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)答案解析解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)形容詞thick及結(jié)構(gòu)可知,這里的意思是印第安人算出土坯墻的確切厚度??崭窈鬄樾稳菰~,因此空格上應(yīng)用副詞,故填how。how123Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤)1.MyuncleistheownerofarestaurantclosetothatIlive.(2016·全國(guó)Ⅰ)where答案解析解析由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,介詞to之后為賓語(yǔ)從句,而賓語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故用where引導(dǎo)。2.Afterlookingatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundwhere

hisparentsweremissing.(2015·全國(guó)Ⅱ)或Afterlookingatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundwherehisparentsweremissing.that答案解析解析句意為:……他轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身發(fā)現(xiàn)父母不見(jiàn)了。由句意可知,賓語(yǔ)從句句意完整且不缺少成分,所以應(yīng)該用that引導(dǎo)從句或省略??枷?表語(yǔ)從句中的連接詞Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Withouthissupport,wewouldn’tbe

wearenow.(2018·北京)答案解析解析句意為:假如沒(méi)有他的支持,我們就不會(huì)取得現(xiàn)在的成就。“

wearenow”是表語(yǔ)從句,結(jié)合句子的意思可知,此處表面意思是指我們所處的位置,故該從句應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)。where12342.Thisis

myfatherhastaughtme—toalwaysfacedifficultiesandhopeforthebest.(2018·北京)答案解析解析句意為:這就是我父親教我的——總是要直面困難,并且抱最大的希望?!?/p>

myfatherhastaughtme”是表語(yǔ)從句,該空在從句中作teach的直接賓語(yǔ),且表示“父親教我的道理”,故該從句應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo)。what12343.40gramsofmeatperdayis

peopleshouldconsumeinordertostayfit.(2018·北京海淀區(qū)二模)答案解析解析句意為:為了保持健康,人們每天應(yīng)該消耗40克肉?!?/p>

peopleshouldconsume”是表語(yǔ)從句,該從句中consume缺少賓語(yǔ),且表示“所需消耗的東西”,故要用what引導(dǎo)該從句。what12344.Earthquakesworrypeoplealot.Thereasonis

weoftendonotknowwhentheyarecoming.Peoplecannotprepareforit.(2017·河南中原名校聯(lián)考)答案解析解析設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完整,所以用that引導(dǎo)。that1234Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(僅有1處錯(cuò)誤)Ibelievehardworkisthatittakestoaccomplishmygoal.(2018·河北石家莊二中一模)what答案解析解析本句中what引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,并在句中作動(dòng)詞take的賓語(yǔ)。that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句不作句子成分。Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Everyyear,

makesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.(2017·北京)答案解析解析句意為:每年,在風(fēng)箏節(jié)上風(fēng)箏做得最漂亮的人會(huì)贏得獎(jiǎng)品。whoever無(wú)論誰(shuí),表泛指,在句中作主語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于anyonewho。whoever考向3主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的連接詞12342.Yoursupportisimportanttoourwork.

youcandohelps.(2016·北京)答案解析解析句意為:你的支持對(duì)我們的工作很重要,無(wú)論你們做什么都會(huì)有幫助。從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞do后面缺少賓語(yǔ),且此處引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,故用whatever。Whatever12343.Itisoftenthecase

anythingispossibleforthosewhohangontohope.(2016·江蘇)答案解析解析句意為:通常情況下,對(duì)于那些心存希望的人來(lái)說(shuō),一切皆有可能。本句中的it為形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為后面的名詞性從句,從句結(jié)構(gòu)完整,不缺成分,故要用that引導(dǎo)。that12344.

youcanlearnfromtheantphilosophyis:Nevergiveup,lookahead,staypositiveanddoallyoucan.(2017·江西上饒模擬)答案解析解析分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,且從句中l(wèi)earn后缺少賓語(yǔ),故填What。What1234Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)(僅有1處錯(cuò)誤)It’sagreatpitywhatwewon’tbeabletofinishthetaskontime.(2017·唐山模擬)that解析It作形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)為that引導(dǎo)的從句。答案解析PART

3熱考點(diǎn)集訓(xùn)Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.

weunderstandthingshasalottodowithwhatwefeel.2.Ashipinharborissafe,butthat’snot

shipsarebuiltfor.3.—IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?—Yeah,butIhavenoidea

hedidit;that’soneofhisfavoriteuniversities.4.Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate

theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.5.Itdoesn’tmatter

youturnrightorleftatthecrossing—bothroadsleadtothepark.查看答案Howwhatwhywhatwhether6.Asmanyasfivecoursesareprovided,andyouarefreetochoose__________suitsyoubest.7.Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfelt

hecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.8.Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoon

themeetingwouldbepostponed.9.Afarmeronceorganizedacompetitionbetweenhisdogandhisrabbit.Hedugaholeinoneofhisbiggestfields,andhidacarrotandaboneinit.Hewantedtosee

animalwouldfindthemfirst.10.Itcanbereallyupsettryingtoaskforsomethinginastoreortotellthetaxidriver

youaregoing.查看答案whicheverthatthatwhichwhereⅡ.單句改錯(cuò)(每小題僅有1處錯(cuò)誤)1.ThatBarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.2.Itwasneverclearwhetherthemanhadn’treportedtheaccidentsooner.3.Itisstillunderdiscussioniftheoldbusstationshouldbereplacedwithamodernhotelornot.4.Hesaidhowalovelygirlshewas.5.Thevillagershavealreadyknownwhichwe’lldoistorebuildthebridge.Whatwhywhetherwhat查看答案what6.Whatheshoulddoishestaysathomeandwaitsforhismotherfromwork.7.Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasbecausehisbikewentwrong.8.I’dliketostartmyownbusiness—that’showI’ddoifIhadmoney.9.Hecamelate.Thatwashegotuplate.10.Thequestionthatwhysomanypeoplewouldchoosetoliveinthecountrysidebuttoworkinthecityisstillunderdiscus

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