光伏電站概述

TheSchoolofRenewableEnergyNorthChinaElectricPowerUniversityEnergyEngineeringandAutomationDepartmentSolarEnergyCenter

HongluZhuPh.D.CellPhone:+8618600551350Email:hongluzhu@,cn光伏電站概述TheOverviewofPhotovoltaicPowerPlants內(nèi)容Contents:光伏系統(tǒng)的工作原理:PrincipleofPVsystem光伏電站的建設(shè)流程:ConstructionProcessofPVplants光伏電站的設(shè)計(jì):theDesignofPVplants光伏電站的驗(yàn)收:AcceptanceofPVplants光伏電站的維護(hù):MaintenanceofthePVplants光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)介紹什么叫光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)？WhatisthePVpowersystem? 將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。其中包括方陣子系統(tǒng)、功率平衡子系統(tǒng)、儲(chǔ)能子系統(tǒng)等。Thepowergeneratingsystemwhichconvertsolarenergyintoelectricity

power.

光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)分類theclassifyofPVpowersystem:

光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)按與電力系統(tǒng)之間的聯(lián)系分類，通常分為thePVsystemisconnectedtopowergrid?

獨(dú)立系統(tǒng):

stand-alone

photovoltaic

system 并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng):

grid-connectedPhotovoltaic

system

光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)分類theclassifyofPVpowersystem:

stand-alonegrid-connected

獨(dú)立光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)Stand-alonePVsystem

光伏獨(dú)立發(fā)電系統(tǒng)一般由五部分組成Stand-alonePVsystemisconsistedof：①太陽電池方陣PVarray；②控制器Controller；③蓄電池storage

battery；④逆變器inverter；⑤負(fù)載theload

獨(dú)立光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)Stand-alonePVsystem：PVarray

獨(dú)立光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—蓄電池Stand-alonePVsystem：batteryWhyusingBattery：storagepowerenergywhenthepowerfromPV>loadpower

獨(dú)立光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—控制器Stand-alonePVsystem：controllerPhotovoltaiccontrollerisusedforsolarpowergenerationsystem,tocontroltheenergyflowfromthesolartothebatteryortothesolarpowerinvertertotheload.

獨(dú)立光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—逆變器Stand-alonePVsystem：inverter

Function:PV/Batterout:DC->ACLoadAdvantageofAC：——大量通用家用電器都可以使用Mostoftheload’sinputisAC——易于進(jìn)行輸變電easyfortransmission

獨(dú)立光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—逆變器Stand-alonePVsystem：inverter

并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng):

grid-connectedPVsystem光伏并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)一般由四部分組成includes：①太陽電池方陣PVarray；②并網(wǎng)逆變器grid-connectedinverter；③計(jì)量電表electricitymeter；④電網(wǎng)powergrid并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—方陣連接盒g(shù)rid-connectedPVsystem--DCjunction

box光伏并網(wǎng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)一般由五部分組成：①太陽電池方陣；②連接器；③并網(wǎng)逆變器；④計(jì)量電表；⑤電網(wǎng)1,connectingofPVarrayandinverter2,protectionfunction:over-loadprotection,lightingprotection并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—并網(wǎng)逆變器grid-connectedPVsystem–grid-connectedinverterDC-AC;MaximumPower

Point

Tracing;keepsamephasewithgrid(frequency50hz?,voltage220,phase°：degree)并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—大型荒漠電站Desertplant關(guān)鍵設(shè)備和技術(shù)難點(diǎn)

technical

difficulties：

光伏組件PVmodule、逆變器inverter、自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)trackingsysytem、電站工程建成construction、并網(wǎng)接入系統(tǒng)grid。并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—大型光伏電站特點(diǎn)featureofDesertplant1、電流是單方向的,沒有儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)；

one-waycurrent,noenergystorage.2、并入中高壓電網(wǎng)（10kV，35kV，110kV);connecttogridathighvoltage3、不能自發(fā)自用和“凈電表計(jì)量”，只能給出“上網(wǎng)電價(jià)”；cannotprovideenergytotheplant4、少量自用電從電網(wǎng)?。ㄐ∮?%）（BIPV的大部分電自用）auxiliary

powerisfromthegrid5、一般功率很大，1MW以上；big

installed

capacity

>1MW并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)—大型光伏電站特點(diǎn)featureofDesertplant6、一般都是無人值守；unattended

plant7、要求離負(fù)荷中心較近，就地消化；neartheload8、一般占用荒地；usewasteland9、自動(dòng)跟蹤或聚光電池一般都是用在荒漠電站；goodsloarresource,canusetrackingsystemorCPV（concentrating）10、帶有氣象和運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)和遠(yuǎn)程數(shù)據(jù)傳輸系統(tǒng)。（remotemonitoring）一、大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站組成大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站系統(tǒng)框圖FramworkofLargePVplant

光伏陣列將太陽能轉(zhuǎn)變成直流電能，經(jīng)逆變器的直流和交流逆變后，根據(jù)光伏電站接入電網(wǎng)技術(shù)規(guī)定光伏電站容量確定光伏電站接入電網(wǎng)的電壓等級(jí)，由變壓器升壓后，接入中壓或高壓電網(wǎng)。大型光伏電站的系統(tǒng)組成large

PVplant光伏方陣（固定或跟蹤）pvarray匯流箱junctionbox直流配電柜DCcabinet并網(wǎng)逆變器inverter交流配電柜ACcabinet電網(wǎng)接入系統(tǒng)（升壓、計(jì)量設(shè)備等）tranformer交/直流電纜cable監(jiān)控及通訊裝置monitoringsystem防雷接地裝置:groudedsystem一、大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站組成

1.光伏方陣PVarray:光伏方陣分為兩類：固定式和跟蹤式twotypes:fixedandtracking單軸跟蹤系統(tǒng)one-axistracking雙軸跟蹤系統(tǒng):twoaxistracking固定式——鋼管埋地固定式——fixed大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站組成componentofthelargePVplant

光伏組件常見分類PVmodule

單晶硅組件singlecrystal多晶硅組件polycrystalline

非晶硅組件amorphous大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站組成componentofthelargePVplant

不同輻照度下電流和功率與電壓的特性曲線（100%，80%，50%）differentradiation

intensity不同溫度下電流和功率與電壓的特性曲線（25℃，50℃，75℃）Differenttemperaturecharacteristic

curveofaPVmodule:MPPT光伏方陣由光伏組件通過串聯(lián)和并聯(lián)形成。moduleinseriesandparallelformthePVarray光伏組件串聯(lián)示意connected

in

series光伏組件并聯(lián)示意connected

in

parallel大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站組成componentofthelargePVplant:PVarray:2、pvarrayjunctionbox八進(jìn)一出匯流箱十六進(jìn)一出匯流箱大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站組成componentofthelargePVplant:PVarray:

集中式并網(wǎng)逆變器centralizationtype組串式并網(wǎng)逆變器stringtype大型并網(wǎng)光伏電站組成componentofthelargePVplant:inverter

內(nèi)容Contents:光伏系統(tǒng)的工作原理:PrincipleofPVsystem光伏電站的建設(shè)流程:ConstructionProcessofPVplants光伏電站的設(shè)計(jì):theDesignofPVplants光伏電站的驗(yàn)收:AcceptanceofPVplants光伏電站的維護(hù):MaintenanceofthePVplants電站建設(shè)流程

ProjectConstructionProcess項(xiàng)目籌備

ProjectPreparation可利用的地面

Availableground較好的日照條件

Goodsunshinecondition良好的政策環(huán)境

Policyenvironment良好的電網(wǎng)條件

Electricgridconditions投資收益保障

Earningsofinvestor資金實(shí)力

Enoughfunds項(xiàng)目實(shí)施能力

Projectimplementationability

產(chǎn)業(yè)帶動(dòng)能力

Industrydriveability項(xiàng)目籌備

ProjectPreparation可利用的地面

Availableground較好的日照條件

Goodsunshinecondition良好的政策環(huán)境

Policyenvironment良好的電網(wǎng)條件

Electricgridconditions投資收益保障

EarningsofinvestorPreliminaryDesign(Investorjob):overalldesign,gettheapprovalfromlocalgovernment--ticket項(xiàng)目籌備

ProjectPreparationHowtogetthe“ticket”engineeringconsultationorganiztationLocalgovernmentinvestorprovincialgovernment項(xiàng)目籌備

ProjectPreparation“ticket”isok,getapprovalfromrelativeorganizationsPlanningBureauLandandResourcesBureauPowerOfficeEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyWorkSafetySupervisionBureauWaterConservancyBureauForestryBureauCulturalRelicsBureau項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)

ProjectApprovalengineeringconsultationunitProjectApprovalapprovalfromrelativeorganizationsProjectApprovalprojectreportsDevelopmentandReformCommission項(xiàng)目建設(shè)

ProjectConstruction:Step1.ProjectdesignSitesurveyGeographicsurveyWater,powerandtransportationsurveyAdjoiningpowerloadConnecttopowergridPrimarydesignDetaileddesigncoordinate

localelectriccompanytoensurethatthepowerisgotongridsmoothlycoordinatecoordinatelocalelectriccompanytoensurethepowergetsongridsmoothlyTheoverallsystemdesign(size,arrangement,andequipmentselection)Bedesignedinaccordancewiththedevicetype,model,etc.confirmedbythebidding項(xiàng)目建設(shè)

ProjectConstructionDesignforPhotovoltaicPowerPlantsSystemdesignArraydesignElectricaldesignAccessorysystemdesign項(xiàng)目建設(shè)

ProjectConstructionConstructionlicensesFortheconstructionsideLandusecertificateLandusepermitcontractrecordConstructiondrawingsreviewWorksafetylicenseSupervisionplanConstructionfund并網(wǎng)驗(yàn)收ConnecttothePowergridandAcceptanceProjectConstructionisdone,then?ConstructionunitBureauofQualitySupervisionPowerengineeringmanagementdepartmentProjectcompletionacceptancematerialsPowerengineeringmanagementdepartmentPASSProjectcompletionrecord內(nèi)容Contents:光伏系統(tǒng)的工作原理:PrincipleofPVsystem光伏電站的建設(shè)流程:ConstructionProcessofPVplants光伏電站的設(shè)計(jì):theDesignofPVplants光伏電站的驗(yàn)收:AcceptanceofPVplants光伏電站的維護(hù):MaintenanceofthePVplants光伏電站的設(shè)計(jì)

DesignforPhotovoltaicPowerPlants敦煌DunhuangDunhuangCavesCrescentSpringSingingSandsMountain總體技術(shù)方案

“集中安裝建設(shè),多支路上網(wǎng)”

:co-installation,connectedtothegridindependently

.Theinstalledcapacityis8MWp.

●在電氣線路上,分為8個(gè)獨(dú)立的1MWp分系統(tǒng),分別發(fā)電上網(wǎng);

8X1MWpsystem,connecttothegridindependently.

●1MWp分系統(tǒng)包括5個(gè)200kWp的發(fā)電單元、一臺(tái)1000kVA變壓器;

1MPpsystem,consistsof5X200kWpunit，a1000kVAtransformer.

●每個(gè)發(fā)電單元由200kWp組件、200kVA并網(wǎng)逆變器組成,輸出0.4kV三相交流電

200kWpconsistsof200kWpPVmodule,200kVAgrid-connectedinverter,theoutputis0.4KV.

:overalltechnicalprogram總體技術(shù)方案

特點(diǎn)Feature:

●每個(gè)200kWp的發(fā)電單元即是一個(gè)低壓并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)

Each200kWpunitisalowvoltagegrid-connectedPVpowersystem.*直接并網(wǎng)給用戶供電,supplyelectricityforuserstroughthedirectgrid.*經(jīng)變壓器升壓后并入高壓電網(wǎng)Incorporatedintothehighvoltagepowergridafterbeenstepped-upbytransformers.

●8個(gè)獨(dú)立的1MWp并網(wǎng)光伏分系統(tǒng)之間沒有任何電氣聯(lián)系. 8X1MWpsystemsareofnoelectricalconnection.*可分別實(shí)施工程建設(shè)及運(yùn)行與維護(hù)管理;carryoutprojectconstructionandoperation,aswellasthemaintenancemanagementindependently.*局部故障檢修時(shí)不影響整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行.failuremaintenancedoesnotaffecttheoperationoftheentiresystem.

●可靈活地以各種“交鑰匙工程”方式進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目建設(shè):theprojectconstructioncanbecarriedoutbyturn-keyprojectmethodsinflexibalways.

8X1MWpsystemscanbeconstructedbydifferentinvestor/constructor.*整體承包、分系統(tǒng)承包、單個(gè)發(fā)電單元分包等.Overallcontracting,sub-systemscontracting,subcontractingofasinglepowergenerationunit

●便于進(jìn)行各種不同元器件設(shè)備、不同技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)性能評(píng)估.technicalandeconomicevaluationsofdifferentcomponents,equipment

areeasilytobeimplemented.*國產(chǎn)設(shè)備和進(jìn)口設(shè)備;Domesticequipmentandimportedequipment*晶體硅、非晶硅、及其他組件;Crystallinesilicon,amorphoussilicon,andothermodules*不同安裝方式(固定式、單軸跟蹤及全跟蹤等)Differentinstallationmethods(fixed,single-axistrackingandfulltracking,etc.):overalltechnicalprogram圖1.單個(gè)發(fā)電單元原理框圖200kwpPV

unit

圖21MWp并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電分系統(tǒng)原理框圖

1MWPPVsystem

200kPw

PVmodulejunctionboxinverterpowerdistributioncabinettransformeroutputhigh-voltageswitchandlightningpreventing圖38MWp并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)原理總框圖8MWpPVpowerplant二.系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成Systemcomponents

●光伏陣列PVarray:

包括太陽電池組件、支承結(jié)構(gòu)(支架及基礎(chǔ)等)、接線箱、電纜電線等;Includingsolarmodules,supportstructure(supportandthebase,etc.),junctionboxes,cables,wires,etc.;

●直流-交流逆變?cè)O(shè)備DC-ACinverter:

包括直流屏、配電柜、并網(wǎng)逆變器等;IncludingtheDCpanel,powerdistributioncabinets,grid-connectedinverter;

●升壓并網(wǎng)設(shè)施boostertransformer:

包括升壓變壓器、戶外真空斷路器、高壓避雷器等;Includingboostertransformer,outdoorvacuumcircuitbreakers,highvoltagesurgearresters

●控制檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)Control&monitorsystem:

包括系統(tǒng)控制裝置、數(shù)據(jù)檢測(cè)及處理與顯示系統(tǒng)、遠(yuǎn)程信息交換設(shè)備等;

Includingthesystemcontroldevice,datachecking,andprocessinganddisplaysystem,remoteswitchingequipment,etc.;●附屬設(shè)施Affiliated

facilities:

防雷及接地裝置、清潔設(shè)備、廠房及辦公室、圍欄、通道及道路等.Lightningprotectionandgroundingequipment,cleaningequipment,plantandoffice,fence,channelsandroadsetc.三.發(fā)電量預(yù)測(cè)EnergyProductionCalculation

1.

氣象資料Meteorologicaldata表1.敦煌地區(qū)太陽輻射數(shù)據(jù)表MeteorologicaldataofDunhuangmonthradiationintensitytemperature

2.并網(wǎng)光伏系統(tǒng)的效率分析efficiencyofgrid-connectedPVsystem

1).光伏陣列效率efficiencyofPVarray,η1:

◆

光伏陣列在1000W/㎡太陽輻射強(qiáng)度下,實(shí)際的直流輸出功率與標(biāo)稱功率之比.

光伏陣列在能量轉(zhuǎn)換與傳輸過程中的損失包括:Photovoltaicarrayundersolarradiationintensityof1000W/㎡,theratiooftheactualDCoutputpowerandnominalpower.Thephotovoltaicarraylossesinenergyconversionandtransferprocess,includes:▂組件匹配損失:對(duì)于精心設(shè)計(jì)、精心施工的系統(tǒng),約有4%的損失;Dis-matchinglosses:Forwell-designed,well-constructedsystem,thelossisabout4%;

▃

太陽輻射損失:包括組件表面塵埃遮擋及不可利用的低、弱太陽輻射損失,取值5%;Lossofsolarradiation:duethedustonthecell ▅偏離最大功率點(diǎn)損失:如溫度的影響、最大功率點(diǎn)跟蹤(MPPT)精度等.取值4%;becauseofdeviationfromthemaximumpowerpoint:suchastheinfluenceoftemperature,maximumpowerpointtracking(MPPT)accuracyandsoon.thelossis4%

█

直流線路損失:按有關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定,應(yīng)小于3%.DClinelosses:accordingtotheregulationsofrelevantstandards,thevalueshouldbelessthan3%.

得:η1=96%×95%×96%×97%=85%2).逆變器的轉(zhuǎn)換效率efficiencyofinverter,η2:◆

逆變器輸出的交流電功率與直流輸入功率之比.ratioofInverteroutputACpowerandDCinputpower.

對(duì)于大型并網(wǎng)逆變器,可取η1=95%.Forlarge-scalegrid-connectedinverter,thevaluecanbe95%3).交流并網(wǎng)效率efficiencyoftransformer,η3:

◆

從逆變器輸出至高壓電網(wǎng)的傳輸效率,其中最主要的是變壓器的效率.可取η3=5%.fromtheinverteroutputtothehighvoltagepowertransmissionefficiency,theefficiencyofthetransformeristhemostimportantone.theefficiencycanbe5%●系統(tǒng)的總效率等于上述各部分效率的乘積,overallefficiencyofthesystemisequaltotheproductoftheefficiencyfordifferentparts

:η=η1×η2×η3=85%×95%×95%=77%3.敦煌8MWp并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)發(fā)電量測(cè)算

Generatingcapacityofthe8MWpgrid-connectedPVsysteminDunhuang:

●依據(jù):◆敦煌地區(qū)太陽輻射量radiationintensityofDunhuang

◆系統(tǒng)組件總功率8MWptheModuleoverallpoweris8MWp

◆

系統(tǒng)效率77%overallefficiency

is77%

●光伏陣列傾角等于40°,固定式安裝:Angleofinstallationis40°.

◆年發(fā)電量約1,392萬千瓦小時(shí);annualenergyoutput13,920,000KWh

◆25年的總發(fā)電量約為3.2億千瓦小時(shí),年平均發(fā)電1,280萬千瓦小時(shí)

(按25年輸出衰減15%計(jì)算).totalpowergenerationof25yearsisabout320millionkilowattshours,theaverageannualpowergenerationis12.8millionkilowatt-hours(outputattenuation[?,tenju'ei??n]of25yearsiscountedas15%).

●有關(guān)資料表明relavantdatashows:

◆單軸跟蹤陣列比固定傾角安裝的年發(fā)電量增加約20%,

theannualpowergenerationamountofThesingle-axistis20%higherthanthenumberofthefixedinstalledgeneratingcapacity

◆

雙軸跟蹤比固定傾角安裝年發(fā)電量增加30%以上.

theannualpowergenerationamountofDoubleaxestrackingsystemis30%higherthanthenumberofthefixedinstalledgeneratingcapacity

表5.敦煌8MWp并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)發(fā)電量測(cè)算表(單位:萬kWh)Table5.calculationofenergyproductionfor

TheDunhuang8MWpPVplant(Unit:millionkWh)說明:1.此表根據(jù)敦煌地區(qū)的氣象資料,按系統(tǒng)效率77%計(jì)算.Note:(1)ThistableisbasedonthemeteorologicaldataoftheDunhuangregion,systemefficiencyiscalculatedby77%2.根據(jù)有關(guān)資料,單軸跟蹤比固定傾角增加約20%,雙軸跟蹤比固定傾角增加30%以上.(2)Basedonthedata,singleaxistrackinghas20%greaterincreasethanthefixedinclinationinstalledones,andthenumberfordual-axistrackingsystemismorethan30%.monthFixed0°Fixed40°angleadjustinganglemonthlysingleaxisDoubleaxes1.

主要設(shè)備選項(xiàng)

EquipmentSelection

1).太陽電池組件PVmoudle:

國產(chǎn)160Wp多晶硅太陽電池組件.Domestic160Wppolysilicon

solarcellmoudle2).并網(wǎng)逆變器inverter:

性能可靠、效率高、可進(jìn)行多機(jī)并聯(lián)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品，額定容量為200kW.itisanimportedproductwhichisreliable,highlyefficientandisabletobeconnectedwithmultimachines.3).交流升壓變壓器boostertransformer:

國產(chǎn)(0.4)KV/(35-38.5)KV電力變壓器,容量1000KVA.domesticpowertransformer,thecapacityis1000（kilovolt-ampere）4).避雷裝置lightningarrester:

裝設(shè)避雷設(shè)施防直接雷擊,并需有良好的接地.lightingarresterisinstalledtopreventdirectlightningstrokeandagoodgroundingisneeded.表6.太陽電池組件性能參數(shù)表Table6.parametertableof

PVarray表7.并網(wǎng)逆變器性能參數(shù)表inverterparemetersofPVarrayPeakvoltage:160 Peakcurrent:5.08 Ratedworktemperature:43.6 Windresistanceorsurfacepressure:2400Pa,130km/h insulatingstrength: DC3500V,1min,currentleakagelessthanorequalto50microampere impactstrength: Steelballwithweightof227gramfreefallsfromaheightof1meter,nodamagewillcausedonthesurface contourdimension:1587*790 weight:15.00 paremetersofinverterRatedcapacity:200KW Maximuminputpower:245KWp Maximuminputvoltage:880V RangeofMPPTinputvoltage:450V-800V Maximuminputcurrent：472A OutputACvoltage：three-phase415V(10%error) Outputfrequencyandrange:50Hz(1%error) waveformdistortion:lessthan3% Powercoefficient:100% Conversionefficiency(resistiveload):morethan90%dependondifferentResistiveloadcontourdimension:2000*2100*800 weight:1400kg

2.太陽能電池方陣設(shè)計(jì)DesignofPVarray

1).200kWp發(fā)電單元的光伏方陣設(shè)計(jì):Designof200kWpPVarray●18塊組件串聯(lián)得到逆變器所要求的電壓

18PVmodulesconnectedinserieswillgettherequiredvoltageoftheinverter.

驗(yàn)算checkingcomputations:▲maximumoutputvoltage最高輸出電壓=792V;▲最大功率點(diǎn)電壓voltageatthemaximumpowerpoint=640.8V;▲組件結(jié)溫比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀態(tài)升高70℃時(shí),最大功率點(diǎn)電壓=461V.

whenmodualejunctionstemperatureincreasesby70centigrade,thevoltageatmaximumpowerpointequalsto461volt

inputvoltageofinverter逆變器輸入電壓(450-800V),maximuminputvoltage,itwillmeettheoperatingrequirementoftheinverter最大輸入電壓(880V),滿足逆變器使用要求?！?0路并聯(lián)組成200kWp發(fā)電單元70connectedinparallelwillcomposeageneratingunitof200kWp

▲單個(gè)發(fā)電單元的容量為capacityofeachgeneratingunitis：70×18×160Wp=201,600Wp=201.6kWp

2)40個(gè)發(fā)電單元組成8MWp并網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)

,40X

200kWpunitbuildthe8MWsystem

▲系統(tǒng)總?cè)萘縯hetotalcapacityofthesystem:P=40×201.6=8,064kWp

▲需用

160Wp太陽能電池組件總數(shù)量totalrequirednumberof160Wpsolarmodules:M=40×70×18＝50,400（塊）200kWp發(fā)電單元的光伏陣列布置圖(左)

Layoutof200kwPVarrayforgeneratingunit(left)1MWpPVarray分系統(tǒng)的光伏陣列排布圖

(下)

Layoutof1MWPVarrayforsubsystem(right)forageneratingunitof200KW,thereareintotal35holdersand70modulesconnectedinseries8MWp并網(wǎng)光伏系統(tǒng)光電場(chǎng)平面布置全圖planofPVpowerplant說明:

光電場(chǎng)占地總面積atotalareaofPVpowerplant558×552=308,016㎡

房屋建筑總占地面積totalareaofhousingconstrcution:3,000㎡

圖中inthepicture:1-南大門southgate2-機(jī)房控制室及辦公室computercontrolroomandoffice3-升壓變電站Step-upsubstation4-東大門eastgate內(nèi)容Contents:光伏系統(tǒng)的工作原理:PrincipleofPVsystem光伏電站的建設(shè)流程:ConstructionProcessofPVplants光伏電站的設(shè)計(jì):theDesignofPVplants光伏電站的驗(yàn)收:AcceptanceofPVplants光伏電站的維護(hù):MaintenanceofthePVplants1、光伏電站常見問題:thefailureofPVplantFailurereason:?設(shè)計(jì)10%?施工和安裝9%

?關(guān)鍵設(shè)備46%（組件、逆變器等）?運(yùn)行和維護(hù)35%1、光伏電站常見問題-設(shè)計(jì)問題thefailureofPVplant:design設(shè)計(jì)階段現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘探不足Failurecausedbysurvey傾角設(shè)計(jì)問題angles

problem1、光伏電站常見問題-設(shè)計(jì)問題thefailureofPVplant:design布線不規(guī)范cabling

problem1、光伏電站常見問題-施工問題thefailureofPVplant:construction等電位連接焊接不規(guī)范equipotential

groundedconnecting1、光伏電站常見問題-施工問題thefailureofPVplant:construction絕緣電阻過低insulation

resistanceistoolow1、光伏電站常見問題-施工問題thefailureofPVplant:construction接線處置不當(dāng)wiring

problem1、光伏電站常見問題-施工問題thefailureofPVplant:construction支架選型不當(dāng)mounting/support

systemproblem?材質(zhì)不防腐Corrosion

?強(qiáng)度選擇不夠strength

?跟蹤支架可靠性差Reliabilityofthetracker

1、光伏電站常見問題-施工問題thefailureofPVplant:construction標(biāo)示不符合要求Markerproblem?現(xiàn)場(chǎng)編號(hào)與圖紙不符:number

?標(biāo)識(shí)難持久保持nopersistent

?無安全警告標(biāo)識(shí)nosecurity

identity1、光伏電站常見問題-施工問題thefailureofPVplant:construction1、文件資料documentation

s：立項(xiàng)審批、用地許可、并網(wǎng)協(xié)議、采購及承包合同、設(shè)計(jì)方案及工程圖紙、關(guān)鍵部件技術(shù)手冊(cè)和認(rèn)證證書、竣工報(bào)告、系統(tǒng)維護(hù)手冊(cè)project

approval,Permission

forlanduse,contractfromGridcompany,design

plan,

engineering

drawings,accepting

report

for

construction

projects,andsoon…2、并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)工程驗(yàn)收要求AcceptanceofthePVproject2、電站設(shè)備的合同符合性conformancewiththecontract：組件、逆變器、匯流箱、支架、交直流配電系統(tǒng)、監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)等module,inverter,junctionbox,mountingsystem,AC/DCcabinet,monitoringsystem。3、系統(tǒng)電氣設(shè)備檢查checking

on

all

theelectrical

equipments.部件質(zhì)量、電氣接線、觸電保護(hù)和接地、標(biāo)簽和標(biāo)識(shí)quality

,wiring,groundedconnection,label..2、并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)工程驗(yàn)收要求AcceptanceofthePVproject?4、土建和支架結(jié)構(gòu)檢查

civil

worksandmountingsystemcheck土建和支架滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求、環(huán)境要求、相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和法規(guī)的要求；系統(tǒng)應(yīng)配備相應(yīng)的消防設(shè)施。?5、電站電氣建設(shè)與設(shè)計(jì)一致性

electrical

construction2、并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)工程驗(yàn)收要求AcceptanceofthePVproject?1、關(guān)鍵部件在實(shí)際運(yùn)行條件下的性能測(cè)試performancetesting?2、絕緣電阻測(cè)試insulation

resistancetesting?3、接地連接電阻測(cè)試

grounding

resistancetesting

?4、電氣安裝一致性electrical

installation?5、系統(tǒng)電氣效率electricalperformance?6、電能質(zhì)量測(cè)試power

quality?7、跟蹤系統(tǒng)測(cè)試trackingsystem2、并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)工程驗(yàn)收要求AcceptanceofthePVproject:testingperformancetestingforthemoduleorarray目的：通過I-V方陣測(cè)試儀測(cè)試各個(gè)支路的I-V特性曲線，從而得到該支路在實(shí)際運(yùn)行條件下的最大輸出功率。GettheperformanceofPVarraybyaI-Vtester測(cè)試設(shè)備：PV-8150型光伏陣列I-V特性分析測(cè)試儀2、并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)工程驗(yàn)收要求AcceptanceofthePVproject:testingperformancetestingfortheinverter目的：通過功率分析儀設(shè)備測(cè)試，確定逆變器在實(shí)際運(yùn)行條件下的轉(zhuǎn)換效率。GettheConversion

efficiencyoftheinverterbyapower

analyzer測(cè)試設(shè)備：功率分析儀2、并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)工程驗(yàn)收要求AcceptanceofthePVproject:testing絕緣電阻測(cè)試insulation

resistancetesting目的：檢查光伏方陣場(chǎng)的電氣安全性能符合要求；從而保證方陣場(chǎng)中人員和設(shè)施的安全。Reachtherequirementof

electrical

safetytesting

standards測(cè)試設(shè)備：絕緣耐壓檢測(cè)儀

2、并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)工程驗(yàn)收要求AcceptanceofthePVproject:testing接地連接電阻測(cè)試grounding

resistancetesting

byearth

resistance

tester目的：通過接地電阻測(cè)試，判斷方陣接地連續(xù)性是否符合要求，排查接地?cái)嗦非闆r。測(cè)試設(shè)備：接地電阻測(cè)試儀

2、并網(wǎng)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)工程驗(yàn)收要求AcceptanceofthePVproject: