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RobertFrostI.BiographicalIntroductionborninSanFranciscoin1874.hismotherbroughthimtoNewEnglandathiseleven,withwhichhispoetryhasalwaysbeenassociated.Aftergraduatingfromhighschoolin1892,FrostenteredDartmouthCollegebutsoonlefttoworkatoldjobsandtowritepoetry.In1897,hewasacceptedasaspecialstudentbyHarvardbutwithdrewaftertwoyearsbecauseofhisincreasingdislikeforacademicconvention.Forthenexttwelveyears,Frostmadeaminimallivingbyteachingandfarmingwhilecontinuingtowritehispoems.In1912,heandhisfamilymovedtoEngland,wherehefoundapublisherforhisfirstbookofverse,Aboy’swill(1913).Determinedtowinrecognitioninhisnativeland,FrostreturnedtotheUSandsettledonafarminhisnativeland.
Bytheendofhislifehehadbecomeanationalpoet;hereceivedhonorarydegreesfromforty-fourcollegesanduniversitiesandwonfourPulitzerPrizes;theUnitedStatessenatepassedresolutionshonoringhisbirthdaysandwhenhewaseighty-sevenhereadhispoetryattheinaugurationofPresidentJohnF.Kennedy.II.MainWorksABoy’sWill1913<<一個(gè)男孩的意愿>>
NorthofBoston,1914<<波士頓的北部>>MountainInterval,1916<<山間>>NewHampshire1923<<新罕布什爾>>CollectedPoems1930<<詩(shī)集>>AFurtherRange1936<<又一片牧場(chǎng)>>AWitnessTree1942<<見證樹>>III.Frost’sViewandThemeHispoetryconcernsNewEngland’snature.Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol,sohisconcernwithnaturereflecteddeepmoraluncertainties.Hispoetryoftenprobesmysteriousofdarknessandirrationalityinthebleakandchaoticlandscapesofanindifferentuniverse.ThequestofthesolitarypersontomakesenseoftheworldhasbecomethecentralthemeofallFrost’scollectionsandmadehispoetryamongthemostaccessibleofmodernwriters.ThepoetryofRobertFrostcombinedpastoralimagerywithsolitaryphilosophicalthemes.IV.Frost’sStylerejectedtherevolutionarypoeticprinciplesofhiscontemporaries,usedtraditionalformssuchastheblankverse,plainlanguageofruralNewEnglanders,andagracefulstyle.thereisasteadytoneofwryhumor,andavirtuallyinexhaustibleverbalgrace.Heusedsymbolsfromeverydaycountrylifetoexpresshisdeepideas.Asawhole,Frost’sartisanactofclarification,which,withoutsimplifyingthetruth,rendersitinsomedegreeaccessibletoeveryone.FireandIce(火與冰)Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.FromwhatI'vetastedofdesireIholdwiththosewhofavorfire.Butifithadtoperishtwice,IthinkIknowenoughofhateToknowthatfordestructioniceIsalsogreatAndwouldsuffice.有人說世界將結(jié)束于熊熊烈焰,有人則說結(jié)束于凜凜寒冰。欲望如火,體會(huì)其烈,則知世之歸于火為我所愿。但若其必兩度遭逢毀滅,我知恨之極至,必然明了,毀滅之冰,同樣魁偉,同樣順人心意。Publication"FireandIce"firstappearedintheDecember1920issueofHarper's.In1923,itappearedinNewHampshire,acollectionofFrost'spoemspublishedinNewYork.FiguresofSpeechAlliteration
Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.Iholdwiththosewhofavorfire.Anaphora(首語重復(fù))Somesaytheworldwillendinfire,Somesayinice.Paradox
ButifithadtoperishtwiceThemeThecentralthemeof"FireandIce"isthathumanemotionsaredestructivewhenallowedtorunamok.Theycandestroyapersonmorally,mentallyandphysically.Notfrequently,unbridledemotions—suchasthoseofAdolfHitler—candestroyentirecountriesandeventhreatentodestroycivilizationitself.
StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEveningWhosewoodstheseareIthinkIknow.Hishouseisinthevillagethough;HewillnotseemestoppinghereTowatchhiswoodsfillupwithsnow.
這是誰家的林子,我想我知道,
雖說他的農(nóng)舍在村子那一頭,
他不會(huì)卻看到我停留在這兒,
望著他的林子積雪有多厚。StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening
雪夜林邊小駐MylittlehorsemustthinkitqueerTostopwithoutafarmhousenearBetweenthewoodsandfrozenlakeThedarkesteveningoftheyear.
我那小馬一定會(huì)感到奇怪:
停留在這兒?又沒村舍在鄰近
夾在一座森林和一片冰湖之間,
在這一年中最昏暗的黃昏。
HegiveshisharnessbellsashakeToaskifthereissomemistake.Theonlyothersound’sthesweepOfeasywindanddownyflake.
他把他胸前的掛鈴一搖,
想問問到底有沒有弄錯(cuò)路線。
此外只聽得一陣微風(fēng)吹過,
和一陣鵝毛似的雪片卷過。Thewoodsarelovely,darkanddeep,ButIhavepromisestokeep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.
樹林真可愛,幽暗而深遠(yuǎn)。
可是我還得趕赴約會(huì),
還得趕好幾里路才能安睡,
還得趕好幾里路才能安睡。BackgroundThispoemwaswrittenin1922byRobertFrost,andpublishedin1923inhisNewHampshirevolume.FrostwrotethispoemaboutwinterinJune,1922.Hehadbeenuptheentirenightwritingthelongpoem"NewHampshire"andhadfinallyfinishedwhenherealizedmorninghadcome.Hewentouttoviewthesunriseandsuddenlygottheideafor"StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening."Hewrotethenewpoeminjustafewminutesandlaterstatedthat"ItwasasifI'dhadahallucination."ThiswasFrost'sfavoriteofhisownpoemsandinalettertoLouisUntermeyerhecalledit"mybestbidforremembrance".Symbols
Promises
–ourresponsibilitiesthatwemustfulfill.Miles-experiencewemusttravelthroughbeforedeathSleep-deathVillage-humanworldTheowner-humanorderfromwhichthespeakerisshortlyseparatedThemeThepoemisprimarilyorientedtowardsthepleasureofthesceneandtheresponsibilitiesoflife.
Thestrangeattractionofdeathtomanissymbolizedbythedarkwoodssilentlyfilledupwiththecoldnessofsnow.Thepoemrepresentsamomentofrelaxationfromtheburdensomejourneyoflife,analmostaestheticenjoymentandappreciationofnaturalbeautywhichiswholesomeandrestorativeagainstthechaoticexistenceofmodernpeople.TheRoadNotTaken
Two
roads
diverged
in
a
yellow
wood
And
sorry
I
could
not
travel
both
And
be
one
traveler,
long
I
stood
And
looked
down
one
as
far
as
I
could
To
where
it
bent
in
the
undergrowth
Then
took
the
other,
as
just
as
fair
And
having
perhaps
the
better
claim
Because
it
was
grassy
and
wanted
wear
Though
as
for
that
the
passing
there
Had
worn
them
really
about
the
same
黃色的樹林里分出兩條路
可惜我不能同時(shí)去涉足
我在那路口久久佇立
我向著一條路極目望去
但我卻選擇了另外一條路
它荒草萋萋,十分幽寂
顯得更誘人,更美麗
雖然在這兩條小路上
都很少留下旅人的足跡
雖然那天清晨落葉滿地
And
both
that
morning
equally
lay
In
leaves
no
step
had
trodden
black
Oh,
I
kept
the
first
for
another
day
Yet
knowing
how
way
leads
on
to
way
I
doubted
if
I
should
ever
come
back
//
I
shall
be
telling
this
with
a
sigh
Somewhere
ages
and
ages
hence
Two
roads
diverged
in
a
wood
and
I—I
took
the
one
less
traveled
by
And
that
has
made
all
the
difference
兩條路都未經(jīng)腳印污染
呵,留下一條路等改日再見
但我知道路徑延綿無盡頭
恐怕我難以再回返
也許多少年后在某一個(gè)地方
我將輕聲嘆息把往事回顧
一片森林里分出兩條路
而我卻選擇了人跡更少的一條
從此決定了我一生的道路.
Background"TheRoadNotTaken"isapoembyRobertFrost,publishedin1916inthecollectionMountainInterval;itisthefirstpoeminthevolumeandisprintedinitalics.Thetitleisoftenmistakenlygivenas"TheRoadLessTraveled",fromthepenultimateline:"Itooktheonelesstraveledby".RhymeThispoemconsistsoffourstanzasoffivelines.TherhymeschemeisABAAB.therhymesarestrictandmasculine,withnotableexceptionofthelastline.Therearefourstressedsyllableseachline,varyingoniambic(抑揚(yáng)格,指由一短一長(zhǎng)或一輕一重的兩音節(jié)組成的音步)tetrameter(四步抑揚(yáng)格)base.TwoDifferentInterpretationsThepoemhastworecognizedinterpretations;oneisamoreliteralinterpretation,whiletheotherismoreironic.LiteralinterpretationAccordingtotheliteral(andmorecommon)interpretation,thepoemisinspirational,apaean(贊美歌)toindividualismandnon-conformism(不墨守成規(guī)).IronicinterpretationTheironicinterpretation,widelyheldbycritics,isthatthepoemisinsteadaboutregretandpersonalmyth-making,rationalizingourdecisions.LiteraryDevicesMetaphor
Thepoemrevolvesaroundthemetaphorcomparingthedecisionswemakeonthejourneyoflifetoaforkintheroad.Justaswemustdecidewhichroadtotakewhentravelinginordertoarriveatalocation,wemustmakedecisionsinlifethatwillgreatlyimpactourdestination.
LiteraryDevicesSymbolism
“Yellow”-Theyellowcoloringofthewoodsisrepresentativeofthelight,hope,andpromisethatthespeakerisstandingbefore.Hisfutureisbrightandstretchesbeforehim.Thoughbothpathsareequallylit,hemustchooseonlyone.“Woods”-Thepoemissetinthewoodsbecausewegetanimageofaquiet,desertedplacewherethespeakerisleftalonetodecide.Therearenoroadsignsorpeopletostopandaskfordirections.Similarly,therearenosignsinlifedesignedtohelppeoplechoosetheirpath.“Roads”-Theroadsaresymbolicofthepathswetakeinlife.Everyroadleadstoaspecificplaceandthenatureofone’sdestinationdependsentirelyonthedecisionsthataremade.Wedon’tjustarriveatalocation;wemakeaseriesofchoicesthatleadusthere.ThemeThepoemhasbeenandcontinuestobeusedasaninspirationalpoem,onethattotheundiscerningeyeseemstobeencouragingself-reliance,notfollowingwhereothershaveled.Butaclosereadingofthepoemprovesotherwise.Itdoesnotmoralizeaboutchoice;itsimplysaysthatchoiceisinevitable,butyouneverknowwhatyourchoicewillmeanuntilyouhavelivedit.ATrickyPoemFrostclaimsthathewrotethispoemabouthisfriendEdwardThomas,withwhomhehadwalkedmanytimesinthewoodsnearLondon.Frosthassaidthatwhilewalkingtheywouldcometodifferentpathsandafterchoosingone,Thomaswouldalwaysfretwonderingwhattheymighthavemissedbynottakingtheotherpath.Aboutthepoem,Frostasserted,"Youhavetobecarefulofthatone;it'satrickypoem-verytricky."FirstStanza–DescribesSituationThepoemconsistsoffourstanzas.Inthefirststanza,thespeakerdescribeshisposition.Hehasbeenoutwalkingthewoodsandcomestotworoads,andhestandslookingasfardowneachoneashecansee.Hewouldliketotryoutboth,butdoubtshecouldtothat,sothereforehecontinuestolookdowntheroadsforalongtimetryingtomakehisdecisionaboutwhichroadtotake.SecondStanza–DecidestoTakeLess-TraveledRoadThespeakerhadlookeddownthefirstone“towhereitbentintheundergrowth,”andinthesecondstanza,hereportsthathedecidedtotaketheotherpath,becauseitseemedtohavelesstrafficthanthefirst.Butthenhegoesontosaythattheyactuallywereverysimilarlyworn.Thesecondonethathetookseemslesstraveled,butashethinksaboutit,herealizesthattheywere“reallyaboutthesame.”ThirdStanza–ContinuesDescriptionofRoadsThethirdstanzacontinueswiththecogitation(深思)aboutthepossiblediffer
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