中英政府機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)比

China

BritainVSBritain

VSChina

FormofGovernment政體

LegislativeBranch立法機(jī)構(gòu)

ExecutiveBranch行政機(jī)構(gòu)

JudicialBranch司法機(jī)構(gòu)Ⅰ.FormofGovernment政體1.ElizabethII,hertitleintheUnitedKingdomis“ElizabeththeSecond,bytheGraceofGodoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandHerOtherRealmsandTerritories,Queen,HeadoftheCommonwealth,DefenderoftheFaith.伊莉莎白二世，她的全稱是“上帝神佑，大布列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國以及她的其他領(lǐng)土和領(lǐng)地的女王，英聯(lián)邦元首，國教保護(hù)者伊莉莎白二世。”

TheConstitutionalMonarchy

君主立憲制2.TheQueenisthesymbolofthewholenation.Inlaw,Sheisheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartofthelegislature,headofthejudiciary,thecommander-in-chiefofallthearmedforcesandthe“supremegovernor”oftheChurchofEngland.ShegivesRoyalAssenttoBillspassedbyparliament.A女王是國家的象征。從法律上講，她是行政首腦，立法機(jī)構(gòu)的組成部分，司法首腦，全國武裝部隊(duì)總司令。BA3.Themonarchactuallyhasnorealpower.Themonarch’spowerarelimitedbylawandParliament.ConstitutionalmonarchybeganaftertheGloriousRevolutionin1688.B君主政體實(shí)際已無實(shí)權(quán)。它的權(quán)力受限于法律和議會(huì)。君主立憲制是從1688年的光榮革命后開始。Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipisicingelit,seddoeiusmodtemporincididuntutlaboreetdoloremagnaaliqua.Utenimadminimveniam,quisnostrudexercitationullamcolaborisnisiutaliquipexeacommodoconsequat.TheSystemofPeople'sCongress人民代表大會(huì)制度Thesystemofpeople'scongressistheformofpoliticalorganizationoftheChinesepeople'sdemocraticdictatorship.ItisthefundamentalpoliticalsystemofChina.人民代表大會(huì)制度是中國人民民主專政的政權(quán)組織形式，是中國的根本政治制度。AAllpowerinthePeople'sRepublicofChinabelongstothepeople.PeopleexercisestatepoweraretheNationalPeople'sCongressandlocalpeople'scongresses.TheNationalPeople'sCongressandlocalpeople'scongressesareelectedbypeopledemocratically.Responsibletothepeople,bythepeople'ssupervision.B中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于人民。人民行使國家權(quán)力的機(jī)關(guān)是全國人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)。全國人民代表大會(huì)和地方各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)都由民主選舉產(chǎn)生，對(duì)人民負(fù)責(zé)，受人民監(jiān)督。Ⅱ.

LegislativeBranch

立法機(jī)構(gòu)Parliament

議會(huì)1.TheUnitedKingdomisaunitary,notafederal,state.ParliamentconsistsoftheSovereign,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.英國是中央集權(quán)國家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國家。議會(huì)由君主，上議院和下議院組成。威斯敏斯特宮NewPalaceofWestminster

英國議會(huì)大廈2.ThemainfunctionsofParliamentnt(1)topasslaws;(2)toprovide,byvotingfortaxation,themeansofcarryingontheworkofgovernment;(3)toexaminegovernmentPolicyandadministrations,includingproposalforexpenditure;(4)todebatethemajorissuesoftheday.議會(huì)的主要作用是：（1）通過立法；（2）投票批準(zhǔn)稅為政府工作提供資金；（3）檢查政府政策和行政管理，包括撥款提議；（4）當(dāng)天的議題辯論。TheHouseofLords(上議院）TheHouseofLordsismadeupoftheLordsSpiritual,includingarchbishopsandprominentbishops,andtheLordsTemporal,includinghereditarypeersandlifepeers.貴族院（上議院）由上議院神職議員和世俗議員組成。

ThemainfunctionoftheHouseofLordsistobringthewideexperienceofitsmembersintotheprocessoflawmaking.Inotherwords,thenon-electedHouseistoactasachamberofrevision,complementingbutnotrivalingtheelectHouse.

上議院的主要作用是用議員的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)幫助立法。換而言之，非選舉的上議院是修正議院，補(bǔ)充而非反對(duì)由選舉產(chǎn)生的下議院。12TheHouseofCommoniselectedbyuniversaladultsuffrageandconsistsof646MembersofParliament(MPs).ItisintheHouseofCommonsthattheultimateauthority.ThepartywhichholdsthemajorityofseatsintheHouseofCommonsformthegovernment,itsleaderactingasthePrimeMinister.下議院（平民院）由成人普選產(chǎn)生，由646名議員組成。下議院擁有最終立法權(quán)。TheHouseofCommon（下議院）NationalPeople'sCongress

全國人民代表大會(huì)NationalPeople‘sCongressisthehigheststatebodyandtheonlylegislativehouseinthePeople’sRepublicofChina.TheNationalPeople‘sCongressisheldintheGreatHallofthePeople(人民大會(huì)堂),Beijing,capitalofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.TheNPCgatherseachyearalongwiththeChinese

People‘sPoliticalConsultativeConference(中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議)whosemembersrepresentvariousdefinedgroupsofsociety.NPCandCPPCCtogetherareoftencalledtheLianghui(兩會(huì)TwoMeetings),makingimportantnationallevelpoliticaldecisions.全國人民代表大會(huì)全國人民代表大會(huì)是最高國家機(jī)關(guān)以及中華人民共和國唯一立法機(jī)構(gòu)。全國人民代表大會(huì)在中華人民共和國的首都——北京的人民大會(huì)堂舉行。全國人大每年聚集的中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議成員代表社會(huì)的各階層。人大和政協(xié)通常被稱為兩會(huì),決策重要的國家政治事件。ThemainfunctionsofNationalPeople'sCongress

全國人民代表大會(huì)的主要職權(quán)

(1)legislativepower.立法權(quán)(2)powerofappointmentandremoval任免權(quán)(3)powertomakedecisions

決定權(quán)(4)powerofsupervision監(jiān)督權(quán)*Ⅲ.ExecutiveBranch

行政機(jī)構(gòu)1.ThePrimeMinisterpresidesover

theCabinet,isresponsiblefortheallocationoffunctionsamongministersandinformstheQueenatregularmeetingsofgeneralbusinessoftheGovernment.CabinetmembersholdmeetingsunderthechairmanshipofthePrimeMinisterforafewhourseachweektodecideGovernmentpolicyonmajorissues.首相主持內(nèi)閣，負(fù)責(zé)分配大臣們的職能，在定期會(huì)見女王時(shí)向女王報(bào)告政府事務(wù)。內(nèi)閣在首相的主持下，每周開會(huì)幾小時(shí)，以決定在重大問題上政府的政策。TheCabinet(內(nèi)閣）DavidCameron內(nèi)閣的所有決定由大臣集體向議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)，各大臣又為各自部門的工作向議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。2.MinistersareresponsiblecollectivelytoParliamentforallCabinetdecisions;individualMinistersareresponsibletoParliamentfortheworkoftheirdepartment.theStateCouncilofthePeople'sRepublicofChina

中華人民共和國國務(wù)院ThestatecouncilofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,namelythecentralpeople'sgovernment,Itisthehighestorganofstatepoweroftheenforcementauthoritiesandthehigheststateadministrativeorgan.中華人民共和國國務(wù)院，即中央人民政府，是最高國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的執(zhí)行機(jī)關(guān)，是最高國家行政機(jī)關(guān)。TheStateCounciliscomposedbythePrimeMinister,ministers,vicepremiers,statecouncilors,commissions,theAuditor-General,theSecretary-General,theprimeministertakesresponsibilityforthestatecouncil.TheSecretary-GeneraloftheStateCouncilundertheleadershipofthePrimeMinisterisresponsibleforthedailyworkoftheStateCouncil.TheStateCouncilandNationalPeople'sCongressisresponsibleforreporting.國務(wù)院由總理、副總理、國務(wù)委員、各部部長(zhǎng)、各委員會(huì)主任、審計(jì)長(zhǎng)、國務(wù)院秘書長(zhǎng)組成，國務(wù)院實(shí)行總理負(fù)責(zé)制。國務(wù)院秘書長(zhǎng)在總理領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，負(fù)責(zé)處理國務(wù)院的日常工作。國務(wù)院對(duì)全國人民代表大會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)并報(bào)告工作。Ⅳ.JudicialBranch

司法機(jī)構(gòu)MinistryofJustice

英國司法部

MinistryofJusticeisabranchofBritishgovernment,ItwasestablishedonMay9,2007,Itmergedtheconstitutionalaffairs(previouslycalledtheMinistryofJustice)andtheinteriorresponsibleforEnglandandwalescriminalJusticepolicy,judgment,parole,prisonandpreventthebackpartofthecrimeoftheMinistry.ThedepartmentislocatedatNo.102ofWestminsterlittleFrench.司法部是英國一個(gè)政府部門，成立于2007年5月9日，合并了憲法事務(wù)部(過去被稱為大法官部)和內(nèi)政部負(fù)責(zé)英格蘭和威爾士的刑事司法政策、判決政策、假釋、監(jiān)獄和防止重新犯罪的部分。該部位于倫敦威斯敏斯特小法蘭西102號(hào)。ThejudicialbranchoftheBritishgovernmentisrathercomplicatedinthatEnglandandWales,ScotlandandNorthernIrelandallhavetheirownlegalsystems,withminordifferencesinlaw,organizationandpractice.

The

judicialsystemisdisunity.。英格蘭和威爾士的司法部門是相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的,蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭都有自己的法律體系,二者的法律體系相似，只在法律、組織、和實(shí)踐上有細(xì)微的差別。司法系統(tǒng)不統(tǒng)一。Criminalcases（刑事案件）:TheMagistrates’Court（治安法院）TheCrownCourt(刑事法庭)TheHighCourt(高等法庭)TheCourtofAppeal（上訴法院）TheSupremeCourt(最高法院)Civilcases(民事案件）:TheMagistrates’CourtTheCountyCourt(郡法院)TheHighCourtTheCourtofAppealDifferenttypesofcasesaredealtwithinspecificcourts.InBritishcriminaltrials,theaccusedispresumedinnocentuntilprovenguilty.Trialsareinopencourtandtheaccusedisrepresentedbyalawyer.Mostcasesaretriedwithoutajury.Moreseriouscasesaretriedinhighercourtsbeforeajuryof12(15inScotland),whichdecideswhethertheaccusedisinnocentorguilty.在英國刑事審判中,如果不能證明有罪那么被告無罪。審判是在公開法庭中進(jìn)行，被告有一名代理律師。大多數(shù)情況下都沒有陪審團(tuán)。在高等法院中，更嚴(yán)重的案子會(huì)有由12人構(gòu)成的陪審團(tuán)（在蘇格蘭是15人），決定是否被告無罪或有罪。Criminaltrials英國刑事審判TheSupremePeople'sCourt

最高人民法院

TheSupreme