U1美國(guó)國(guó)家概況

DoYouKnow?FocusIn1GetReady-mainDoYouKnow?Basedonthefollowingvideo,whatimpressiondoyouhaveonAustralia?1.1DoYouKnow?1.1-videoII■HaveageneralideaofthegeographicalfeaturesofAustraliaBefamiliarwiththeclimaticpatternsinAustraliaHaveageneralideaofthestatesandterritoriesinAustraliaHaveageneralideaoftheethnicalcompositionoftheAustraliansBeinformedofthestatisticsabouttheAustralianpopulationFocusIn1.2WhereisAustralialocated?2text-mainWhatarethestatesandterritoriesinAustralia?WhataretheuniqueplantsandanimalsinAustralia?WhatdoyouneedtoknowaboutAustralia?WhatarethetypesofclimateinAustralia?WhatarethegeographicalregionsinAustralia?HowisthepopulationdistributedinAustralia?WhatarethemajorethnicgroupsinAustralia?1.NationalflagofAustraliaThenationalflagofAustraliaisadefacedBlueEnsign:abluefieldwiththeUnionFlaginthecanton(upperhoistquarter),andalargewhiteseven-pointedstarknownastheCommonwealthStarinthelowerhoistquarter.TheflycontainsarepresentationoftheSouthernCrossconstellation,madeupoffivewhitestars—onesmallfive-pointedstarandfour,larger,seven-pointedstars.Theflag’soriginaldesignwaschosenin1901fromentriesinaworldwidecompetitionheldfollowingFederation.ItwasfirstflowninMelbourneon3September1901.AslightlydifferentdesignwasapprovedbyKingEdwardVIIin190NamesforBritainOverthenextfewyears,theexactspecificationsoftheflagwerechangedseveraltimes.Thecurrentspecificationswereformallygazettedin1934,andin1954theflagbecamerecognisedby,andlegallydefinedin,theFlagsAct1953,asthe“AustralianNationalFlag”.2.1.11.NationalflagofAustraliaFlagofAustralia2.NationalanthemofAustralia“AdvanceAustraliaFair”istheofficialnationalanthemofAustralia.CreatedbytheScottish-borncomposer,PeterDoddsMcCormick,thesongwasfirstperformedin1878,butdidnotgainitsstatusastheofficialanthemuntil1984.Untilthen,thesongbecameapatrioticsong.2.1.2WhereisAustralialocated?TheCommonwealthofAustraliaisthesixth-largestcountryintheworldafterRussia,Canada,China,BrazilandtheU.S.A.Itincludesthemainlandandanumberofislands,thelargestofwhichisTasmania.MainlandAustralia,withanareaof7.69millionsquarekilometres,istheEarth’slargestislandbutsmallestcontinent.Itstretchesabout3,700kilometresfromnorthtosouthandabout4,000kilometresfromeasttowest.LyingsoutheastofAsia,itisboundbythePacificOceantotheeast,theCoralSeatothenortheast,theTimorSeatothenorthwest,theIndianOceantothewestandthe2.2WhereisAustralialocatedTasmanSeatothesoutheast.Australia’sneighboringcountriesincludeIndonesia,EastTimor,andPapuaNewGuineatothenorth,SolomonIslandsandVanuatutothenortheast,andNewZealandtothesoutheast.2.WhereisAustralialocated?MapofAustraliaWhatarethegeographicalregionsinAustralia?Geographically,theAustraliancontinentcanbedividedintothreeregions:theWesternPlateau,theCentralLowlands,andtheEasternHighlands.2.3WhatarethegeographicalregionsinAustraliaWesternPlateauAustraliansoftenusetheterm“Outback”fortheinteriorandthecentreoftheWesternPlateauanditsnorthernplains.TheWesternPlateauisavastdesertandsemi-desertregionthatcoversabout60%ofthelandareaandcomprisesancientrockssimilartothoseofAfrica.Locatedontheplateauarethecountry’sfourmajordeserts—theGibson,GreatSandy,GreatVictoriaandSimpsonaswellasamassivemonolithknownasAyersRockwhichrisesover335metres(1,100feet).Avast,dry,treelessplain,theNullarbor,whichderivedfromtheLatinfor“notrees”,extendsforover600kmalongthesouthernedgeofthe2.2WesternPlateau2.3region.AlthoughhigherthantheCentralLowlands,mostofthelandisalsoflat.Therearefewmajorrivers,themostimportantbeingtheFitzroy,Ashburton,Gascoyne,Murchison,andSwanRivers.WesternPlateauAyersRock2.3CentralLowlandsTheCentralLowlandsstretchfromtheGulfofCarpentariainthenorthtoWesternVictoriainthesouth.Thelandisgenerallyflatwithanaverageelevationofonly152metres.Theclimateishot;rainfallisinfrequent;muchofthelandisdryordesert,andmanyoftheriversflowonlyintermittently.Thewest-centralpartoftheregionisabarren,sandydesert.LakeEyre,thelowestpointinAustralia,lies16metresbelowsealevelalongthesouthernedgeofthedesert.Itisagreatsaltlakemorethan9,000squarekilometresinareaandisdryforlengthyperiods.TheGreatArtesianBasinbeneaththeCentralCentralLowlands2.3EasternLowlandsisthelargestanddeepestartesianbasinintheworldandaccountsforapproximately20%ofthecontinent.LakeEyreCentralLowlands2.3EasternHighlandsTheEasternHighlandsextendfromtheCapeYorkPeninsulainnortheasternAustraliatothesoutherncoastofTasmania.Thehighlandsconsistmainlyofhighplateauswithmanygorges,hills,andlowmountainranges.Thesehighlandsarealsocalled“theGreatDividingRange”,becauseriversthatflowdowntheeasternslopesemptyintotheoceanandriversthatrundownthewesternslopesflowtotheCentralLowlands.ThemostimportantriversflowingtowardtheeastcoastaretheBurdekin,FitzroyandHunter,whiletheMurray,DarlingandMurrumbidgeearethemoreimportantonesflowinginland.TheMurrayandEasternHighlands2.3Darlingrivers,thetwolongestriversystemsinAustralia,togetherformtheMurray-DarlingBasin,whichcoversmorethanonemillionsquarekilometres—14%ofthemainland.GreatDividingRangeEasternHighlandsWhatarethetypesofclimateinAustralia?2.3WhatarethetypesofclimateinAustralia?AustraliaisadrycontinentwhererainfallisunreliablecomparedwithEuropeandNorthAmerica.Recurringdroughtsandfloodsareanaturalfeatureofthelandscape.TheAustraliancontinenthasanumberofdistinctclimaticzones:thesummerdominanttropicsandsubtropicstothenorth;theMediterraneanclimatestothesouth;thearidandsemi-aridregionsinthemiddleofthecontinent;andareasofhighrainfalloncoastalfringesandintherangesoftheeastofAustralia.ClimateofAustralia1.Uniqueplants2.4WhataretheuniqueplantsandanimalsinAustraliaDuetothewiderangeofdifferentenvironmentsandplantcommunities,thenativefloraofAustraliaisthemostdiverseandvariedintheworld,growingintropical,rainforest,stonyinlanddeserts,alpinemeadowsandsandyheathlands.Ithasbeenestimatedthereareabout20,000to25,000differentplantsnativetoAustralia.MostAustralianplantspeciesareevergreenandmanyareadaptedtofireanddrought,includingtheeucalyptsandacacias.Eucalypts2.Uniqueanimals2.4TheanimalsofAustraliaareparticularlyinterestingbecausemanyofthemaredistinctlyprimitive.Therearegroupsofanimalswhoserelativeshavelongsincedisappearedfromotherpartsoftheworld.Manyoftheanimalsfoundinthiscountryareunique.Australiaishometoavarietyofnativemammalsbothonlandandinthesurroundingoceans.Theyconsistmainlyofmarsupialsandmonotremes.Almosthalfofthemammalsarethemarsupials,whichincludethekangaroo,koalaandwombat.Theword“marsupial”isderivedfromtheLatinmarsupium,whichmeanspouch.Thepouchgives2.4protectiontotheveryyounganimalandcontainstheteatsfromwhichitfeeds.Nourishedonitsmother’smilk,itgrowsinthepouchtoawell-developedstagebeforeitleavesthepouch.2.UniqueanimalsKoalaandkangarooWhatarethestatesandterritoriesinAustralia?2.5WhatarethestatesandterritoriesinAustraliaPolitically,Australiaisdividedintosixstatesandtwoterritories,eachofwhichhastheirownphysicalandculturalfeatures.Theyare,fromWestCoasttoEastCoast,WesternAustralia,NorthernTerritory,SouthAustralia,Queensland,NewSouthWales,AustralianCapitalTerritory,VictoriaandTasmania.AustraliastatesandterritoriesWesternAustralia2.5WesternAustraliaWesternAustraliacoversathirdofAustraliaandisthelargeststateinAustralia.Separatedfromtheeasternstatesbyvaststretchesofscrubanddesert,WesternAustraliahasadistinctiveindividualitythatsetsitapartfromtheotherstates.Itisasparselypopulatedareawithapopulationofjustover1.8million;around80%oftheentirepopulationliveinPerth,itscapitalcityontheSouthwestCoast,ortheareasimmediatelyaroundit.WesternAustraliaisknownas“thestateofexcitement”asitsvastexpanseofreddustanddesertcontainsmostofthecountry’smineralwealth.PerthNorthernTerritory2.5NorthernTerritoryTheNorthernTerritoryformstheessenceoftheAustralianOutback.Itcomprisesalmostone-sixthofAustralia’slandmassandcanbedividedintotwoareas—theTopEndandtheRedCentre.Itspansfromlush,greentropicalrainforestamongthesavannahwoodlandsattheTopEnd,spectacularwaterfalls,andbillabongs,tothedryandaridlandscapesoftheRedCentreandtheSimpsonDesert.Additionally,NorthernTerritoryisalsoknownas“thelandofaborigines”,asaboriginesformalargerproportionofthepopulationherethanelsewhere.ThecapitaloftheNorthernTerritoryisDarwin,amainportonthenorthwestcoast.DarwinSouthAustralia2.5SouthAustraliaSouthAustraliaisthecountry’sdrieststate,with60%ofitbeingdesert.Itisalandrichinmineralresourceswheremostoftheworld’sopals(theAustraliannationalgemstone)aremined.ThevineyardsandwineriesofSouthAustraliaarenotedforproducingwinesofinternationalqualityandreputation.Andthewine-producingareas,mostnotablytheBarossaValley,aremajortouristattractions.Adelaide,thecapital,wasaplannedcitythatretainsmuchofitsearlyarchitecture.Itissurroundedbynumerousparklandsandgardens,openspacesandwideroads.TheAdelaideFestivalisaninternationallyrenownedartsfestival.AdelaideQueensland2.5QueenslandQueensland,locatedinnortheastAustralia,isthesecondlargeststate.Knownas“thesunshinestate”,ithas7.5hoursofsunshinedaily.Withitsmagnificentcoastline,endlesssandybeaches,nationalparkforests,vastplains,lushtropicalrainforestsrainforestsinthefarnorth,forestedmountainsandmassivewildernessareas,QueenslandranksasAustralia’sNo.1touristdestination.AndthecoraloftheGreatBarrierReeffringestheeasterncoastlineformorethan2,000kilometres,formingoneoftheworld’sgreatestnaturalwonders.GreatBarrierReefNewSouthWales2.5NewSouthWalesNewSouthWalesisthefirstwhitesettlementinAustraliaknownas“thepremierstate”.Itleadsthecountryinindustry,shippingandagriculture.Asthemostpopulousareaofthecountry,itishometonearly6.5millionpeople,mostofwholivealongthetemperatecoastlineandinSydney,thestatecapital.Infact,Sydneyisthecountry’slargestandmostcosmopolitancitywithethniccommunitiesfrommorethan100countriesandisthecountry’slargestseaportandmajorinternationalgateway.Thecity’siconsincludetheHarbourBridgeandtheSydneyOperaHouse.SydneyAustralianCapitalTerritory2.5AustralianCapitalTerritoryTheAustralianCapitalTerritorywasestablishedin1911withinthebordersofNewSouthWalesasthesiteforthefuturenationalcapital,Canberra.CanberraissituatedbetweenSydneyandMelbourne.Awell-plannedcity,itislaidoutaroundanartificiallake.TheTerritorybecameself-governingin1989.Nationalgovernmentremainsitsmainindustry,butprivatesectoremploymenthasexpandedandincludesproductionofsophisticatedscientificandcommunicationsequipment,andcomputersoftware.CanberraVictoria2.5VictoriaInthesoutheasterncornerofAustralia,Victoriaisthesmallestmainlandstatebutthemostdenselypopulatedandhighlyurbanizedofallthestates.Alsoenjoyingthefameof“thegardenstate”,Victoriaisalandoftouristattractions,withspectacularcoastalspectacularcoastalformationsandhistoricalheritagesettlements,wherethelifestyleandatmosphereofcolonialtimeshasbeenreproduced.Itscapital,Melbourne,sprangupastheprimarycityoftheVictorianGoldRushinthemiddleofthe19thcentury.AfterFederationitservedasthenationalcapitaluntilCanberrawasestablished.MelbourneTasmania2.5Tasmania-----SeparatedfromthecontinentbythewatersoftheBassStrait,TasmaniaanditsmanycompanionislandsformthesmallestAustralianstate.Tasmaniahassubstantialfarming,forestry,hydroelectric,miningandfisheryindustries.Despitetremendousdevelopmentandindustrialexpansion,theislandstillretainsmuchofthebeautyofitsoriginalcolonialarchitecture,villages,oldcoachhousesandroadsideinns.Thecolonialerabuildingsalongwiththeuniquewildernesslandscapearemajortouristattractions,whichbringTasmaniathefameofthe“HolidayIsle”.ThecapitalHobart,locatedatthefootoftheMountWellington,isarenownedtouristcity.Everyyear,yachtracesfromSydneyandMelbournebringoceanracersfromaroundtheworldtoHobart.TasmaniaHowisthepopulationdistributedinAustralia?2.5HowisthepopulationdistributedinAustralia

Comparedwithothercountries,Australia’spopulationissmallrelativetoitssize.Foreverysquarekilometreofland,thereareapproximatelytwoAustralians.MostofAustralia’spopulation,however,isconcentratedintwocoastalregions—thesoutheastregionandthesouthwestpartsofthecontinent.Inbothcoastalregions,thepopulationisheavilyconcentratedinurbancentres,particularlycentres,particularlythestateandterritorycapitalcities,whichmakesAustraliaoneofthemosturbanizedcountriesintheworld.Thissettlementpatternislargelyinfluencedbytheclimateandenvironmentalfactors.AsthenorthernandcentralpartsofAustraliancontinentaregenerallyhotanddryandunabletosupportalargepopulation,morethan80%ofAustralianssettleinthecoolercoastalregions.Populationdensity1.Immigrants2.6WhatarethemajorethnicgroupsinAustraliaFromthetimeofEuropeansettlementwhichbeganin1788,migrationcontinuedatasteadypacepeakingat50,000ayearduringtheGoldRushperiodofthe1850suntilthepopulationreachedover7millioninthe1940s.MostearlysettlerswerefromaBritishorIrishbackground.AftertheSecondWorldWar,however,theAustralianGovernmentbeganaformalmigrationprogramthathasbroughtmorethan6millionmigrantstoAustralia.Sincethen,peoplefromsome200differentcountrieshavemadeAustraliatheirhome.Overthepast40years,therehasbeenasignificantchangeinthesourcecountriesforpeoplewhochoosetosettleinAustralia.Inthe1960s,46%ofallsettlerarrivalswerebornintheUnitedKingdomandIreland.2.6Bythe1990s,only13%wereborninthesetwocountries.Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,lessthan10%oftheAustralianpopulationhadbeenborninnorthwestEurope,three-quartersofwhomwerebornintheUnitedKingdom.AndtherehasbeenanincreasingproportionofAsianimmigrantstoAustralia.Ethniccomposition1.Immigrants2.Indigenouspopulation2.6IndigenouspopulationAustralia’sindigenouspopulationcomprisesAboriginalpeopleandTorresStraitIslanders,whoareethnicallyandculturallydifferentfromoneanother.Historically,AboriginalpeoplearefrommainlandAustraliaandTasmania.Thename“aborigine”derivesfromLatin,meaning“originalinhabitants”.TorresStraitIslanderscomefromtheislandsbetweenthetipofQueenslandandPapuaNewGuinea,andtheysharemanyculturalsimilaritieswiththepeopleofPapuaNewGuineaandotherPacificislands.Itisestimatedthereweresome750,000AboriginalpeopleandTorresStraitIslandersinAustraliaatthestartofEuropeansettlementin1788.Thispopulationdeclineddramaticallyduringthe19thandearly20thcenturiesduetoa2.Indigenouspopulation2.6numberoffactors,includingtheremovalofpeoplefromtheirtraditionallandandtheimpactofnewdiseases.AnincreasingnumberofAustraliansarenowidentifyingthemselvesasAboriginalorTorresStraitIslanderdescendants.Australia’sIndigenouspopulationin2006reached500,000.Aborigines3.1TrueorFalseMultipleChoiceDiscussion1.Australiaissometimescalled“theLandDownUnder”becauseitliessouthoftheequator.2.Australiaistheonlycontinentoccupiedentirelybyasinglenation.3.Australia’ssoutherncoastsarewashedbytheCoralSea,theArafuraSeaandtheTimorSea.4.AlthoughAustraliaisasmallcontinent,itisalargecountry:onlyRussia,CanadaandChinahavelargerareas.5.TheEasternHighlandstendtobelowandbroadinthenorthandgethigherinthesouth.

T()T()F()F()T()TrueorFalse3.16.LakeEyre,Australia’slargestlake,isknownasapart-timelake,becausemostofthetimeithasnowateratall.7.Australiaishotanddry,becauseitliesintheSouthernHemisphere.8.

NewSouthWalesiscalled“thepremierstate”,becauseithasthelargestpopulation.9.Thoughthesmalleststate,Victoriahasanimportanceinthecountry’seconomyfargreaterthanitssizemightindicate.10.ThenorthernareaofWesternAustraliaiscalledtheRedCenterofAustralia.T()F()F()F()F()3.1TrueorFalse1.Withregardtoitssize,Australiais

_____________countryintheworld.

A.thethirdlargest

B.thefourthlargest

C.thefifthlargest

D.thesixthlargestMultipleChoice3.22.MostAustraliansliveonthecool,wet,forested________________. A.southeastcoastland B.southwestcoastland C.northeastcoastland D.northwestcoastlandMultipleChoice3.23.Australiaispoliticallydividedinto_____________statesand______________territories. A.four/threeB.five/twoC.six/threeD.six/twoMultipleChoice3.24.Theonlycityonthewesterncoastwhichhasapopulationofmorethanonemillionis____________. A.DarwinB.PerthC.theGoldCoastD.BrisbaneMultipleChoice3.25.Adelaide,thecapitalofSouthAustralia,isinternationallyknownforits_______________. A.wine B.beautifulscenery C.valuableminerals D.artsfestivalMultipleChoice3.26.TasmaniaisanislandwhichliesoftheAustralianmainland.A.northofthenortheasterncornerB.southofthesoutheasterncornerC.eastofthenortheasterncornerD.westofthesoutheasterncornerMultipleChoice3.2___________________7._________________formstheessenceoftheAustralianOutback.

A.TheNorthernTerritory

B.WesternAustralia

C.SouthAustralia

D.QueenslandMultipleChoice3.28.ThecoraloftheGreatBarrierReeffringesthecoastlineof____________formorethan2,000kilometres.

A.SouthAustralia

B.WesternAustralia

C.Queensland

D.TasmaniaMultipleChoice3.29.TorresStraitIslanderscomefrom_______________. A.mainlandAustralia B.Tasmania C.theislandsbetweenthetipofQueenslandand

PapuaNewGuinea D.thecoralislandsoftheGreatBarrierReefMultipleChoice3.210.Australianaboriginesheldatraditionalbeliefthatthelandtheylivedonwascreatedduringthe

___________.

A.GoldenAge

B.Genesis

C.Dreamtime

D.FiveSuns

MultipleChoice3.2DiscusstherelationshipbetweengeographyandeconomicactivitiesinAustralia,noting,inparticular,thedifferenteconomicpursuitsinvariousstatesandterritories.Discussion3.3WesternAustraliahasavastexpanseofreddustanddesertwhichcontainsmostofthecountry’smineralwealth.TheNorthernTerritoryissuitedtotheproductionoffruitandvegetablesattheTopEnd.SouthAustraliaisalandrichinmineralresources.QueenslandranksasAustralia’spremiertouristattraction.Hints:Discussion3.3NewSouthWalesleadsthecountryinindustryandshippingwithitsgeographicallocation.Knownas“thegardenstate”,Victoriaisalandoftouristattractions.TheuniquewildernesslandscapeofTasmaniaenhancesitsreputationasthe“HolidayIsle”.Australia’sAboriginalCulture4FURTHERREADINGAustralia’sAboriginalcultureprobablyrepresentstheoldestsurvivingcultureintheworld,withtheuseofstonetooltechnologyandpaintingwithredochrepigmentdatingbackover60,000years.Australiansneverdevelopedan“ironage”,“bronzeage”,orpottery,andtheterms“Paleolithic”(oldstoneage)and“Neolithic”(newstoneage)arenotusedinAustralia,becausestonetechnologydidnotprogressinthesamewayastherestoftheworld.ThelongestcontinuingreligionintheworldbelongstoAustralia’sAborigines,withtheRainbowSerpentmythologyrecordedinrockshelterpaintingsbelievedtobe7,000yearsoldintheKakaduNationalParkregion,wherethisAncestralBeingisstillimportanttolocalpeople.OtherancientrockartshowsthemanycustomsandAncestralBeings(deitiesorgods)importantinAboriginalreligiontensofthousandsofyearsago.4-1 Althoughlackingaformalwrittenlanguage,forthousandsofyearsAborigineshaverecordedtheircultureasrockart.Theirartshowsimagesoftheenvironment,suchastheplantsandanimals,includingimagesofanimalsbelievedtohavebecomeextinct20,000to40,000yearsago.Thisrockarttradition,mainlyaspaintingsinrocksheltersandasengravingsonexposedrocks,hascontinuedtothepresent.Someofthemostancientpaintings,inrocksheltersinnorthernAustralia,depictpeopledressedforceremonyanddancing,withsimilarbodydecorationandaccoutrementstothoseworninceremoniestothisday,againrevealingthegreatageofAboriginalculture.4-24-3Aboriginesdidnotbuildlargestonemonuments,didnotfarmanimalsorcultivatethesoilforcrops.Becausetheydidnotformcities,theircultureisnotdescribedasa“civilization”,yetitcontainsalltheelementsofacivilisedworld.Thearts—greatpaintings,lengthysongsanddanceswithaccompanyingstoriesthatcontinuefordayslikegreatoperas,areallpresent.Lawandorderwasstrictandreligionisofgreatestimportance.4-4Onemightthinkabouthowwedefine“advanced”and“primitive”whenoneconsidersthatourmodernculturesareonlyseveralhundredstothousandsofyearsold,whileAboriginalculturewas60,000yearsoldwhenEuropeansstumbleduponit.Someoftheimportantissuesfacingourworldtodayandinthefuture,suchasmaintainingsocialcohesion,avoidingmajorwars,dealingwithoverpopulation,preventingthedegradationanddestructionofourenvironment,andtheuseofnon-renewableresources,hadbeenovercomebyAboriginesandtheirancientcultureastheyfilledeverypartoftheAustraliancontinent.Intheseareas,perhapsweshouldregardWesterncultureas“developing”andAboriginalcultureas“advanced”.4-5Australiaistheworld’slargestislandanditssmallestcontinent.Itisthedriestlandmassoverall,withmuchofthecentrebeingdesert,yethasrainforestsalongitscoasts,andthenorthistropical,withbountifulriversandvegetation.AboriginesoccupiedallofAustralia,adaptingincrediblytotheharshnessofthedesertinteriorbydiggingsmallwellsandmemorisingtheirlocations,alongwithothernaturalwaterholesandsoaks,throughfolkloreandritual.Inthesedesertareas,wherenosignificanttreescouldbefound,theylearnedtomaketheirlong,straightspearsbydiggingoutstraightrootshiddendeepintheground,reachingoutfromlowdesertshrubs.4-6WhileEuropeaninfluencecommencedin1788intheSydneyregionofsoutheastAustralia,itdidnotreachcentralAustraliauntilthe1880s.ManyAboriginalgroupsintheseremoterareaswerevirtuallyunchangedbyEuropeaninfluenceuntilthe1940’sandthelasttraditionalnomadicfamiliesmovedfromthedesertregionstosettlementsinthe1960’s.ManycustomsandactivitieshaveceasedorchangedfollowingEuropeancontact,andasthesenewwaysbecomepasseddownthroughthegenerations,theybecomeconsideredas“traditional”.Inotherwords,newcustomstodaymaybecomeentrenchedandbecalled4-7“traditional”bythoseinthefuture.TherewerechangesinAboriginalcultureoverthepastthousandsofyears,revealedbyarchaeologicalstudies,especiallythestudyofrockpaintings,showingchangesindeities,thedevelopmentofthespear-thrower,andnewstonetooltechnology.So,inmanyways,thereisnosingleAboriginal“traditional”culture,