北師大版必修四unit10不定式講解及練習(xí)

一、不定式的句法功能作主語(yǔ)：Toseeistobelieve.Itisquiterightforyoutogiveupsmokingrightaway.作賓語(yǔ)：Hewantedtogo.IfinditinterestingtostudyspokenEnglishbywatchingmovies.作表語(yǔ)：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhimtogether.作定語(yǔ)：Heislookingforaroomtolivein.作狀語(yǔ)：Wewereveryexcitedtoseeyou.（原因）Hehurriedtotheschoolonlytofindnobodythere.（結(jié)果）Tostaywithherforawhile,youwouldfindheraverykindlady.條件）Icameheretoseeyou.（目的）Inordertopasstheexam,heworkedveryhard.（目的）Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime?（結(jié)果）Weranallthewaysoasnottobelatefortheconcert.（目的）作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：Byronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.二、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)被動(dòng)一般todotobedone進(jìn)行tobedoing/完成tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進(jìn)行tohavebeendoing/.一般式表示不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。主動(dòng)：Isawhimentertheroom.Hewasseentoentertheroom.被動(dòng)：Iwasinvitedtothepartytobeheldintheroofgarden..進(jìn)行式表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行。主動(dòng)：Theyseemedtobeeatingsomething.Iamverygladtobeworkingwithyou..完成式表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。主動(dòng)：I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.Iheardyouhavefinishedyourwork.Tomwasheardtohavefinishedhiswork.被動(dòng)：Thesongseemstohavebeensungformanytimes..完成進(jìn)行式表示其動(dòng)詞所代表的動(dòng)作，在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所代表的動(dòng)作之前一直在進(jìn)行主動(dòng)：Thestudentsaresaidtohavebeenstudyingforalmosttwohourswithoutabreak.Theyarequitehappytohavebeenstayingwithustillnow.三、三點(diǎn)注意.不定式用在介詞but,except,besides后面時(shí)，如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，那么這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to。如：Hewantstodonothingbutgoout.Hewantstobelieveanythingbuttotakethemedicine..不定式用在下面動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式不帶to,如：Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.但是這些句子如果為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，則to不可省，如：Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.（get）五看--see/watch/notice/observe/100kat；三使一have/make/let；兩聽(tīng)--hear/listento；一感覺(jué)--feel.不定式做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般要帶to,但若主語(yǔ)部分中含有do的各種形式時(shí)，to可省。如：We’vemissedthelastbus.Allwecoulddonowiswalkhome.四、疑問(wèn)詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如：WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.（主語(yǔ)）Mr.Smithdidn,tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.（賓語(yǔ)）IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.（賓語(yǔ)）Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.（表語(yǔ)）五、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的比較。（一）、不定式作表語(yǔ).不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體的、一次性的或?qū)?lái)的動(dòng)作。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce..如果主語(yǔ)是不定式（表示條件），表語(yǔ)也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。Toseeistobelieve.Toworkmeanstoearnaliving..如果主語(yǔ)是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture.ThefunctionofLouisSullivan'sarchitecturewastoprovidelargeuninterruptedfloorareasandtoallowamplelightintotheinterior.Themostimportantthingistonegotiatewiththemaboutthefutureoftheplant.（二）、動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示習(xí)慣性的、一般的、抽象的或泛指的行為。Ourworkisservingthepeople.Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.（注）動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的。動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或情況。（三）、分詞作表語(yǔ)分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite,interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”“高興”，而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的二“令人高興的”，過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的"。所以，凡表示“令人…的”都是-ing形式；表示“感到…”都用-ed形式。這類(lèi)詞常見(jiàn)的有：delighting-delighteddisappointing-disappointedencouraging-encouragedpleasing-pleasedpuzzling-puzzledsatisfying-satisfiedworrying-worriedshocking-shockedconvincing—convincedboring-boredconfusing—confusedamazing-amazed（四）、要把動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)看成一個(gè)整體。它有四種形式：①形容詞性物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞；②名詞's十動(dòng)名詞；③代詞賓格十動(dòng)名詞；④名詞十動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用③、④兩種形式；無(wú)生命名詞不能用第②種形式，無(wú)論是作主語(yǔ)還是作賓語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)際上是給動(dòng)名詞加了一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)。如：His/Jack'snotgettingtothestationontimemadeallofusworried.Doyoumindmy/me/Jack's/Jackleavingnow?六、不定式的特殊句型“too…to…”too前有否定詞，則意為“不太…”如：It'snevertoolatetomend.too前面有only,all,but,rather時(shí)，意為“非?！?，等于very。如：I'monlytoopleasedtobeabletohelpyou. Hewasbuttooeagertogethome.七、不定式在easy、difficult等形容詞后作狀語(yǔ)，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。如：Oneofthebenefitsofthenewmodelisthatitiseasiertooperatthantheoldone.八、不定式主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況.在“主語(yǔ)+be+形容詞+不定式”句型中，且主語(yǔ)是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。這時(shí)，可以看成是省略了不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)forus,forone,foryou,forme等。例如：①Thatquestionisdifficulttoanswer.②Theproblemisdifficulttoworkout.③Theseapplesaregoodtoeat.當(dāng)上述形容詞在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，后接不定式時(shí)，不定式也用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：①I(mǎi)foundhimeasytogetalongwith.②Theydon,tthinkthegameinterestingtoplay.③Ifindthelecturedifficulttounderstand.但若要強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的受事者，也可用不定式的被動(dòng)式：Thehandwritingisdifficulttoberead.適合此結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞：hard,amusing,interesting,cheap,difficult,dangerous,easy,nice,important,good,pleasant,comfortable,heavy,light等.在too…to…和enoughto結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：①Thepassageistoohardtotranslate.②Theboxistooheavytomove.③Thisbookischeapenoughtobuy.但若要強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的受事者，也可用不定式的被動(dòng)式：Thisboxistooheavytobelifted..不定式短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，且與其邏輯主語(yǔ)間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)。如：①I(mǎi)haveameetingtoattendtoday.②Doyouhaveanythingtosay?③Hegavemesomebookstoread.但如果主語(yǔ)不是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，則需要用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。如：I,mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourparents?.Therebe句型中，用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)的不定式多用主動(dòng)式。如：There,snothingtodonow.(=Wehavenothingtodonow)There,snothingtosee.(Nothingworthseeing)注意：若用不定式的被動(dòng)式，則表示不同的含義。比較：There,snothingtobedone.(=Wecandonothingnow)There7snothingtobeseen.(Nothingthereatall).在下列句型中，tolet,toblame,toseek等用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如：Thehouseistolet.這棟房子要出租。Whoistoblameforit?這得怪誰(shuí)？Thereasonisnotfartoseek.理由不難找到。Alotremainstodo.還剩下許多事情要做。不同的人采用不同的說(shuō)法：房屋的主人會(huì)說(shuō)：Thehouseistolet.而經(jīng)紀(jì)人可能會(huì)說(shuō)：Thehouseistobelet.以下句子表達(dá)不同的概念：Youaretoblame你應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)/這是你的過(guò)錯(cuò)。Youaretobeblamed你該受至U責(zé)備。blameM.責(zé)備；歸咎于兒責(zé)備；責(zé)任；過(guò)失blamesb.指責(zé)，責(zé)備某人。如：Youdon'thavetoblameyourself.Aliceshouldn'tbeblamedbyus.blamesb.forsth./doingsth.為某事責(zé)備某人。如：Heblamedhisfatherforhisfailure.ManychildrenareafraidofbeingblamedformakingmistakesinspeakingEnglish.Hiscompanion,blamedfortheaccident,hadnotbeendrivingcarefully.blamesth.onsb.把某事歸咎于某人。如：Sheblamedthefailureoftheirmarriageonhim.It'snouseblamingourdefeatonhim.ThepoliceblamedthetrafficaccidentonJack'scarelessdriving.betoblame(for)應(yīng)(為…)承擔(dān)責(zé)任；該(為…)受責(zé)備。［注意］此處不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如：Thechildrenwerenottoblamefortheaccident.Iaminnowaytoblame.Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?Heismoretoblamethanyou.練： forthebreakdownoftheschoolcomputernetwork,Alicewasinlowspirit.

Thiscompanywasthefirst_portableradiosaswellascassettetaperecordersintheworld.A.producing B.toproduce C.havingproduced D.producedThepurposeofnewtechnologyistomakelifeeasier,—itmoredifficult.A.notmaking B.notmake C.nottomake D.nortomakeHelenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearC.makingherselfheardA.makingherselfhearC.makingherselfheardB.tomakeherselfhearD.tomakeherselfheardIdon,tknowwhetheryouhappen—,butIamgoingtostudyintheU.S.AthisSeptember.A.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardA.tobeheard.B.tobebearingC.tohearD.tohaveheardThenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.A.totellYouweresillynot一A.tolockTheteacheraskedus,A.don,tmakeB.tobetoldC.tellingD.toldyourcar.tohavelocked_somuchnoise.B.notmakeC.lockingnotmakingA.totellYouweresillynot一A.tolockTheteacheraskedus,A.don,tmakeB.tobetoldC.tellingD.toldyourcar.tohavelocked_somuchnoise.B.notmakeC.lockingnotmaking8.Anarmyspokesmanstressedthatallthesoldiershadbeenorderedfiringanyshots.toissuebeingissuedC.tohaveissuedD.havinglockedD.nottomake—clearwarningsbeforeD.tobeissuedI’drathhavearoomofmyown,howeversmallitis,than_aroomwithsomeoneelse.A.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharingA.toshareB.tohavesharedC.shareD.sharingThebankisreportedinthelocalnewspaper_inbroaddaylightyesterday.A.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbedA.robbedB.tohavebeenrobbedC.beingrobbedD.havingbeenrobbedA.beingdestroyedC.tobedestroyedA.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceA.beingdestroyedC.tobedestroyedA.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplaceAnumberofpaintingsinthecastlearebelieved_inafire.B.havingbeendestroyedD.tohavebeendestroyedThemeeting-nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed_myworkintime.A.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinishedA.andfinishedB.tofinishC.andfinishingD.tofinishedIamsorry_writtenyoualetteratthetime.A.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothavingA.tohavenotB.tonothaveC.nottohaveD.nothavingWillyoulendhimamagazine—?A.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.hereadA.tobereadB.forreadingC.toreadD.hereadHecoulddonothingbut_forthebusA.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;cameA.wait,tocomeB.wait;comeC.waiting;comingD.waited;cameItisaproblemthatdoesn,tneed-rightnow.A.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolvingA.tosolveB.solvingC.beingsolvedD.tobesolvingC.tohavemadeD.havingmadeThere,samanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeans_trouble.C.tohavemadeD.havingmadeA.making B.tomakeIrememberhimthebikeneededA.hearing,saying,torepair B.tohear,say,torepairC.hearing,say,repairing D.tohear,saying,toberepairedRobertissaidto_abroad,butIdon,tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.A.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.tobestudyingD.tohavebeenstudying

--Youshouldhavethankedherbeforeyouleft.--Imeant—,butwhenIwasleavingIcouldn,tfindheranywhere.A.todo B.to C.doing D.doingsoI,mgoingtoXi,annextweek.Haveyouanything_toyourparents?A.totake B.tobetaken C.tobeboughtto D.tobuyWhenarethey-intheirplan?A.hand B.handed C.tohand D.handingInsuchdryweather,theflowerswillhavetobewateredifthey—.A.havesurvived B.aretosurvive C.wouldsurvived D.willsurviveWhenwehurriedtothestation,therehappened_nobusatthattime.A.tohave B.tobe C.having D.beingIlostmywayincompletedarknessand,—mattersworse,itbegantorain.A.made B.havingmadeC.making D.tomakeAt_timedoesthesalesgirlgetuplateinthemorning,thoughsheisalwaystoobusy—agoodrest.A.no,totake B.no,takingC.any,totakeD.one,taking--Areyouastudent?--No,butIused—.A.tobeB.towasC.todoD.tobeaIstoppedtolisten,andmysonseemed_himself_inthelivingroom.A.toenjoy,toshut B.tobeenjoying,shuttingC.tobeenjoying,shut D.tohaveenjoyed,havingshutWithalotofdifficultproblems—,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settled B.settling C.tosettle D.beingsettledWe,releavingatsixo,clock,andhope_mostofthejourneybylunchtime.A.todo B.tohavedoneC.tomake D.tohavemadeThestudyofthewildworldmayhelptomaketheworldeasier_.A.understood B.tobeunderstood C. tounderstand D.understandWhowillyouget-theprojectforus?A.design B.todesign C. designed D. designingItissaidinAustraliathereismorelandthan the governmentknow—.A.itwhattodowith B.whattodoitwith C. whattodowith it D.todowhatwithitWearenotallowed_outdoorswithsomeotherchildren.A.playing B.tobeplayingC.toplay D.beplayingAllenhadtocallataxibecausetheboxwas_tocarryallthewayhome.A.muchtooheavyB.toomuchheavyC.heavytoomuchD.tooheavymuchShefeelssostronglythateachofusshouldhavearole_inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolivein.A.tohaveplayedB.toplay C.tobeplayedD.tobeplayingWhenIhandedthereporttoJohn,hesaidthatGeorgewastheperson—.A.tosend B.forsendingitC.tosenditto D.forsendingittoDoletyourmotherknowallthetruth,sheappears_everything.A.totell B.tobetold C.tobetelling D.tohavebeentoldTherearefivepairs—,butI'matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefrom41.Theproblemis_A.tobechosenB.tochoosefrom41.Theproblemis_difficultforus—so;workoutC.rathertoo,toworkoutC.tochoose D.forchoosingverytoo;tobeworkedoutD.quitetoo,toworkitoutA.send;tosendit---WhereshouldI_myapplication?---Thepersonnelofficeistheplace—.A.send;tosenditB.sendfor;tosendittoC.sendfor;forsendingit D.send;tosendittoI,veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat_inmynewjob.D.tobeexpectingA.expected B.toexpect C.expectsD.tobeexpectingIfeelitisyourhusbandwho-forthespoiledchild.A.istoblame B.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblamed D.shouldblame—thiscake,you,llneed2eggs,175gsugar,and175gflour.A.Havingmade B.Make C.Tomake D.MakingIfeelitanhonor_tospeakhere.C.havingaskedD.askedA.tobeaskedB.toaskC.havingaskedD.asked---What,sthematterwithJohn? ---Hedidn,tpassthetestbuthestill—.A.hopesso B.hopesto C.hopeit D.hopethatMuchattentionshouldbepaid_people,slivingconditions.A.inimproving B.toimprove C.improving D.toimproving—thateveningwasduetohisillness.A.Hefailedtocome B.ThathefailedtocomingC.Hisfailuretocome D.HisfailureincomingIwouldlove_tothepartylast