-IP網(wǎng)絡的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展

計算機網(wǎng)絡技術的

歷史和新進展主要內(nèi)容Internet的開展和成功經(jīng)驗高速計算機網(wǎng)絡技術開展的現(xiàn)狀國際高速計算機網(wǎng)絡技術研究方案中國計算機網(wǎng)絡技術研究方案高速計算機網(wǎng)絡技術開展戰(zhàn)略時機和挑戰(zhàn)并存，挑戰(zhàn)大于時機WhatisaNetwork?

(fromendsystempointofview)Networkoffersaservice:moveinformationbird,fire,messenger,truck,telegraph,telephone,Internet…anotherexample,transportationservice:moveobjectshorse,train,truck,airplane...Whatdistinguishdifferenttypesofnetworks?TheservicestheyprovideWhatdistinguishtheservices?latencybandwidthlossratenumberofendsystemsserviceinterface(howtoinvoke?)otherdetailsreliability,unicastvs.multicast,real-time,messagevs.byte...WhatisaNetwork?

InfrastructureCentricViewElectronsandphotonsascommunicationmediumLinks:fiber,copper,satellite,…Switches:mechanical/electronic/optical,crossbar/BanyanProtocols:TCP/IP,ATM,MPLS,SONET,Ethernet,PPP,X.25,FrameRelay,AppleTalk,IPX,SNAFunctionalities:routing,errorcontrol,congestioncontrol,QualityofService(QoS)Applications:FTP,WEB,Xwindows,...TypesofNetworksGeographicaldistanceLocalAreaNetworks(LAN):Ethernet,Tokenring,FDDIMetropolitanAreaNetworks(MAN):DQDB,SMDSWideAreaNetworks(WAN):X.25,ATM,framerelayInformationtypedatanetworksvs.telecommunicationnetworksApplicationtypespecialpurposenetworks:airlinereservationnetwork,bankingnetwork,creditcardnetwork,telephonygeneralpurposenetwork:InternetTypesofNetworksRighttouseprivate:enterprisenetworkspublic:telephonynetwork,InternetOwnershipofprotocolsproprietary:SNAopen:IPTechnologiesterrestrialvs.satellitewiredvs.wirelessProtocolsIP,AppleTalk,SNATheInternetGlobalscale,generalpurpose,heterogeneous-technologies,public,computernetworkInternetProtocolopenstandard:InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)asstandardbodytechnicalbasisforothertypesofnetworksIntranet:enterpriseIPnetworkDevelopedbytheresearchcommunityHistoryoftheInternet70’s:startedasaresearchproject,56kbps,<100computers80-83:ARPANETandMILNETsplit,85-86:NSFbuildsNSFNETasbackbone,links6Supercomputercenters,1.5Mbps,10,000computers87-90:linkregionalnetworks,NSI(NASA),ESNet(DOE),Bartnet,100,000computers90-92:NSFNETmovesto45Mbps,16mid-levelnetworks94:NSFbackbonedismantled,multipleprivatebackbonesToday:backbonesrunat2.4Gbps,10smillionscomputersin150countriesGrowthoftheInternetNumberofHostsontheInternet:Aug.1981 213Oct.1984 1,024Dec.198728,174Oct.1990313,000Oct.19932,056,000Apr.19955,706,000Jul.199719,540,000Jul.200093,047,785RecentGrowth(1991-2000)WhoisWhoontheInternet?InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF):

TheIETFistheprotocolengineeringanddevelopmentarmoftheInternet.Subdividedintomanyworkinggroups,whichspecifyRequestForCommentsorRFCs.IRTF(InternetResearchTaskForce):

TheInternetResearchTaskForceisacomposedofanumberoffocused,long-termandsmallResearchGroups.InternetArchitectureBoard(IAB):TheIABisresponsiblefordefiningtheoverallarchitectureoftheInternet,providingguidanceandbroaddirectiontotheIETF.TheInternetEngineeringSteeringGroup(IESG):TheIESGisresponsiblefortechnicalmanagementofIETFactivitiesandtheInternetstandardsprocess.Standards.ComposedoftheAreaDirectorsoftheIETFworkinggroups.InternetStandardizationProcessServicesProvidedbytheInternetToday’sVisionEverythingisdigital:voice,video,music,pictures,liveeventsEverythingison-line:bankstatement,medicalrecord,books,airlineschedule,weather,highwaytraffic,toaster,refrigerator…Everyoneisconnected:doctor,teacher,broker,mother,son,friends,enemiesWhatisNext?ElectroniccommercevirtualenterpriseInternetentertainmentinteractivesitcomWorldasasmallvillagecommunityorganizedaccordingtointerestsenhancedunderstandingamongdiversegroupsElectronicdemocracylittlepeoplecanvoicetheiropinionstothewholeworldbridgethegapbetweeninformationhavesandhaveno’sElectronicterrorismhackercanbringthewholeworldtoitskneeIndustrialPlayersTelephonecompaniesownlong-haulandaccesscommunicationlinks,customersCablecompaniesownaccesslinksWireless/SatellitecompaniesalternativecommunicationlinksUtilitycompanies:power,water,railwayownrightofwaytolaydownmorewiresMediumcompaniesowncontentInternetServiceProvidersEquipmentcompaniesswitches/routers,chips,optics,computersSoftwarecompaniesCommercialInternetafter1994NSFNetworkRegionalISPAmericaOnLineIBMBartnetCampusNetworkJoe'sCompanyStanfordXeroxParcBerkeleyNSFNetworkInternetMCIUUnetSprintNetModemIBMBackboneISPISPInternetPhysicalInfrastructureResidentialAccessModemDSLCablemodemSatelliteEnterprise/ISPaccess,BackbonetransmissionT1/T3,DS-1DS-3OC-3,OC-12ATMvs.SONET,vs.WDM

CampusnetworkEthernet,ATMInternetServiceProvidersaccess,regional,backbonePointofPresence(POP)NetworkAccessPoint(NAP)LinksforLongHaulTransmissionTypesoflinksT1/DS1:1.544MbpsT3/DS3:44.736MbpsSTS-1/OC-1:51.850MbpsSTS-3/OC-3:155.2MbpsSTS-12/OC-12:622.080MbpsSTS-48/OC-48:2.488GbpsSTS-192/OC-192:9.953GbpsHigherlevelsofservicesofferedcommerciallyFrameRelayATMPossibilitiesIPoverSONETIPoverATMIPoverFrameRelayIPoverWDM計算機網(wǎng)絡開展歷史回憶七十年代的計算機網(wǎng)絡X.25分組交換網(wǎng)：各國的電信部門建設運行各種專用的網(wǎng)絡體系結構：SNA，DNAInternet的前身ARPANET進行實驗運行八十年代的計算機網(wǎng)絡標準化計算機網(wǎng)絡體系結構：OSI局部網(wǎng)絡LAN技術空前開展建成NSFNET，Internet初具規(guī)模九十年代的計算機網(wǎng)絡Internet空前開展Web技術在Internet/Intranet得到廣泛應用計算機網(wǎng)絡與其他網(wǎng)絡的關系電信網(wǎng)絡計算機網(wǎng)絡電視網(wǎng)絡通信基礎傳輸網(wǎng)（光纖、衛(wèi)星、微波等）

電子郵件信息瀏覽IP新聞播送電視節(jié)目Internet開展規(guī)模和趨勢Internet的開展速度是歷史上開展最快的一種技術以商業(yè)化后到達5000萬用戶為例電視用了13年，收音機用了38年，更長Internet從商業(yè)化后到達5000萬用戶用了4年時間Internet正在以超過摩爾定理的速度開展Internet的成功經(jīng)驗有遠見的政府不斷支持：1969－有風險的企業(yè)參與和投入：NSF：MCI、IBMvBNS：MCI；Abilene:Qwest，CISCO聯(lián)合協(xié)作的開放式研究：IETF/RFC教育和科研的示范網(wǎng)絡為起點具有實驗物理學的研究特點ARPAnet、NSF、ANS、vBNS簡單實用的技術路線：TCP/IPResearchandDevelopmentCommercializationPartnershipsPrivatizationNSFNETInternet2,Abilene,vBNSAdvancedUSGovtNetworksARPAnetgigabittestbedsActiveNetswirelessWDMSprintLinkInternetMCIUSGovtNetworksANSInteroperableHighPerformanceResearch&EducationNetworks21stCenturyNetworkingQualityofService(QoS)網(wǎng)絡帶寬與CPU性能光纖容量高水平大容量光纖傳輸試驗系統(tǒng)容量 光纖長度 特點 研制單位3Tb/s 40km 用T-EDFA NTT(160Gb/sX19CHOTDM/WDM) (DSF-0=1535nm) 用DSF光纖 (NZDSF) PD1-11.02Tb/s 1000km 0.4b/s/Hz，用SMF光纖 CNET(20Gb/sx51CHWDM) (SMF環(huán)測) 101km放大器間距 PD4-11Tb/s 342km 用TrueWave光纖 Lucent(40Gb/sx25CH) (TrueWave光纖) 85km放大器間距 PD7-1750Gb/s 2000km 采用C波段和L波段 Tyco(5.3Gb/sx50CH,10Gb/sx8CH)(純Si光纖+NZDSF環(huán)測)純Si光纖 PD16-1640Gb/s 7200km 0.33b/s/Hz Tyco(10Gb/sx64CH) (NZDSF環(huán)測) PD2-1490Gb/s 335.2KM 采用拉曼放大+EDFA混合 Lucent(10Gb/sx49CH) (ZDSF環(huán)測) 0色散光纖(67km)+NZDSF(17km)PD8-1340Gb/s 6380km 實線試驗 Alcatel(10Gb/sx34CHWDM) (NZDSF) 50GHzSpacing PD18-180Gb/s 172km Soliton Chalmer(10Gb/sx8CHOTDM) (DSF0=1547nm) 已敷設的光纖 PD6-1Data(Still)OvertakingVoice0199619971998199920002001200220406080100120140160180Relative

Capacity

(%)VoiceDataSource:MCI(VintCerf)InternationaldatatrafficalreadyexceedsinternationalvoicefromAustraliaandScandinavia.200019981996IP(Still)ConqueringDataAllOtherIPXTCP/IPTrafficRatiosSource:Gartner1997100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%RelativeUserPopulationMultimediaDynamicWWWStaticWWWFTPandTelnetE-MailandNewsOther8%17%39%27%7%2%13%18%23%23%16%7%14%17%12%15%28%14%Internet(Still)GoingInteractive

ToTransactionalPages(Red)and

Audio/VideoContent(Purple)100%80%60%40%20%0%200019981996Source:TheYankeeGroup,1996Apps(Always)DrivingCapacitySimpleVideo,MultimediaBrowsing,PCMVoiceIP,PCS,E-Mail,

FileTransferPagingVideoConferencing,MPEG1NTSCVideoTelnet,VoIPISDN,

FrameRelayATM/POST3/E3T1/E1NewModemWirelessWANOldModem.004.0192.0288.1281.53155Mb/sMinimumBandwidthforApplicationperUserVirtualReality,MedicalImaging0123456789199719981999202220**VoiceTraffic(Rising)overConvergedNetworks13%0%BillionsofMinutes/MonthVoiceTrafficonMultiserviceNetworksFractionofTotalVoiceSource:Frost&Sullivan;BusinessWeek,April6,1998HomeAccess:FasterGettingCheaper1997199819992000202220**US$6050403020100AverageUS

CostperMonthADSLCableDialupISDNSource:ForresterResearch,January1998Data/Voice/VideoTransportConvergenceInternet高速信息網(wǎng)絡的開展方向：

通信與計算聚合通信和計算技術的聚合改變了各自的原有特征高速信息網(wǎng)絡體系結構的開展趨勢分層結構；分布控制、管理和平安機制分層結構比特路層效勞層應用層高速信息網(wǎng)絡的體系結構比特路層主干網(wǎng)傳輸技術：SDH/SONET，光纖主干網(wǎng)交換技術：IPoverSDH或光纖，GbE，支持IPv6端系統(tǒng)接入技術：LAN；ADSL、FTTC、FTTH、HFC效勞層〔支撐技術〕全球統(tǒng)一的地址、域名；平安的系統(tǒng)管理和訪問控制Browser/Server計算模式，支持Data,Voice,Video以Java為代表的網(wǎng)絡編程語言應用層〔用戶功能〕用戶－用戶〔立即響應，可適當延遲〕用戶－效勞器〔立即響應，可適當延遲〕ATMSDH/SONETIPOpticalIPTransportAlternativesB-ISDNIPoverATMIPoverSDH/SONETIPoverOpticalLong-TermWinnersIPATMOpticalIPSDH/SONETOpticalIPOpticalMultiplexing,Protection,andManagementatEveryLayer.EliminatingLayersLowersCosts.國際高速信息網(wǎng)絡技術研究方案1992年美國政府的“國家信息根底設施NII〞1993年西方七國的“全球信息根底設施GII〞美國NII組成局部“高性能計算和通信HPCC〞NGI和vBNSInternet2和AbileneTransPAC、APAN、STARTAPCANARIE和CA*net3NGI：美國下一代Internet研究方案NGI目標1：先進網(wǎng)絡技術的實驗研究網(wǎng)絡工程規(guī)劃和模擬；監(jiān)視；集成；數(shù)據(jù)傳遞；網(wǎng)絡管理；動態(tài)和自適應的網(wǎng)絡效勞質(zhì)量〔端到端〕效勞質(zhì)量體系結構；允許控制，計費和優(yōu)先權；可觀察和控制的API；DrillDown技術平安用戶用平安和公平的方法效勞網(wǎng)絡資源；優(yōu)越的網(wǎng)絡管理；網(wǎng)絡內(nèi)部的監(jiān)視；游動/遠程訪問；公鑰根底設施NGI目標2：下一代網(wǎng)絡測試床開發(fā)下一代網(wǎng)絡測試床，用比現(xiàn)在Internet快100倍以上的速度連接至少100個大學和國家研究實驗室以1997年1.54Mbps計，10個連接點速度到達比現(xiàn)在Internet快1000倍端到端連接速度到達100Mbps~1GbpsNGI目標2包括高性能連接：開發(fā)廣域網(wǎng)結構，用100+Mbps速度連接100個廣域點下一代網(wǎng)絡技術和超高性能連接：開發(fā)超高速交換和傳輸技術，用1+Gbps速度連接10個以上的局域點主要策略：協(xié)調(diào)建立一個高性能的協(xié)作網(wǎng)絡利用現(xiàn)有的網(wǎng)絡試驗床：vBNS,ESnet,NREN評價標準：連接點的數(shù)量，端到端的性能支持目標1的研究，支持目標3的應用NGI目標3：革命性的網(wǎng)絡應用開發(fā)今天Internet沒有，對國家重要的網(wǎng)絡應用健康保健：遠程醫(yī)療、緊急醫(yī)療響應支持教育：遠程教育、數(shù)字圖書館科學研究：能源、地理系統(tǒng)、氣象、生物國家平安：高性能全球通信、先進的信息傳播環(huán)境：監(jiān)測、預測、警告、響應政府：傳遞政府效勞和信息給公民和企業(yè)突發(fā)事件：災難響應、危機管理設計和制造：制造工程主要策略：重點研究根底性應用分布式計算應用、協(xié)同性應用vBNSCooperativeAgreementCompetitivelyawardedinApril1995EstablishedbytheNSFinordertoensuretheavailabilityofhighperformancenetworkingresourcesfortheUSResearch&EducationcommunityfostertheadvancementofnetworkingtechnologyNSFcontributes:programmanagementandfundingMCIcontributes:bandwidth,equipment,andengineeringSanFranciscoNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchSanDiegoSupercomputerCenterHoustonDenverAmeritechNAPChicagoNationalCenterforSupercomputingApplicationsClevelandPerryman,MDSprintNAPMFSNAPPittsburghSupercomputingCenterLosAngelesAAtlantaANewYorkCityvBNSBackboneNetworkMapBostonWashington,DCSeattleAACCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCJJAscendGRF400Cisco7507JuniperM40FOREASX-1000NAPACDS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48JSanFranciscoNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchSanDiegoSupercomputerCenterHoustonDenverChicagoNationalCenterforSupercomputingApplicationsClevelandPerryman,MDPittsburghSupercomputingCenterLosAngelesAtlantaNewYorkCityvBNSBackbone3Q99BostonWashington,DCSeattlevBNSPOPDS-3OC-3COC-12COC-48Internet2UCAID〔120多個大學會員〕的一項研究方案 UniversityCorporationforAdvancedInternetDevelopment形成大學試驗網(wǎng)，開發(fā)下一代Internet技術和應用IPv6，Multicasting，QOS以競爭方式得到NGI方案的經(jīng)費支持NGI是政府方案，Internet2是大學合作方案相互補充，相互依靠Internet2和NGI的合作范圍NSF支持的vBNSInternet2將建立用于地區(qū)連接的gigaPoPInternet2的許多網(wǎng)絡應用開發(fā)由NGI支持AdvancedInternetBenefitsRichercontentthroughhigherbandwidthVideo,audioVirtualrealityDynamicnotstaticMoreinteractivityviaminimaldelayReliablecontentdeliverythroughqualityofservicemodelInternet2ApplicationsDeliverqualitativeandquantitativeimprovementsintheconductof:ResearchTeachingLearningRequireadvancednetworkingManyDisciplinesandContextsSciencesArtsHumanitiesHealthcareBusiness/LawAdministration…InstructionCollaborationStreamingvideoDistributedcomputationDataminingVirtualrealityDigitallibraries…VirtualLaboratoriesInteractiveresearchandinstructionReal-timeaccesstoremotescientificinstruments

ImagescourtesyoftheUniversityofMichiganVirtualLaboratoriesReal-timeaccesstoremoteinstruments

UniversityofPittsburgh,

PittsburghSupercomputingCenter

3-DBrainMappingDigitalLibrariesVideoandaudio

IndianaUniversity

VariationsProjectDistributedComputationMulti-sitedatabases

OldDominionUniversity

ChesapeakeBaySimulationImagecourtesyofOldDominionUniversityTeleimmersionSharedvirtualrealityUniversityofIllinoisatChicago

Virtual

Temporal

BoneImagescourtesyUnivofIllinois-ChicagoAbileneProjectannounced14April1998byVPGoreMostadvancedandfarreachingresearchandeducationnetworkintheworldsupportadvancedresearchapplicationsintegratedadvancednetworkservicesDevelopedbyUCAIDQwest,NortelandCiscocorporatepartnersAdvancednativeIPbackbonenetworkavailabletouniversitiesparticipatinginUCAID’sInternet2projectAbileneCharacteristics2.4Gbps(OC48)amonggigaPoPs,increasingto9.6Gbps(OC192)Connectionsat622Mbps(OC12)or155Mbps(OC3)IPoverSonettechnologyAccessPoPsveryclosetoalmostalloftheanticipateduniversitygigaPoPsAbileneScheduleFall1998:Demonstratednetworkatmembermeeting,inpre-productionatseveraluniversities,connectedtoChicagoswitchforSTARTAPJanurary1999:AbileneinserviceByDecember1999:around65institutionsconnectedTheTransPACNetworkThenetworkisbasedona70MbpsVBR-nrtATMinternationalconnectionbetweentheSTARTAPinChicagoandtheAPANTokyoexchangepoint.TheunderlyingATMserviceprovidedbyAT&T/KDD.TransPACprovidesATMandIP-layeruserservices.APAN-TransPAC-vBNS/Canarieprovidesoneoftheworld’slargesthigh-performanceresearchnetworksandconstitutesthepremierglobaltestbedfordevelopingnextgenerationnetworkprotocolsandservices.STARTAPSTARTAP

CommonInterconnectforNGI,Internet2,InternationalHigh-PerformanceNetworks“Canada’sNationalOpticalInternet〞GigaPOPCA*net3NationalOpticalNetworkVancouverCalgaryReginaWinnipegOttawaMontrealTorontoHalifaxSt.John’sFrederictonCharlottetownRANBCnetWURCnetSRnetMRnetONetRISQACORNOC3OC3DS3OC12OC48ChicagoSTARTAPCA*net3OC12Teleglobe中國的Internet中國科學技術計算機網(wǎng)〔CSTNET〕NCFC〔APT〕，CASnet，CERnetCSTnet：信息效勞、超級計算、CNNIC1999/12/312000/06/302022/0110M10M55M

中國公用計算機互聯(lián)網(wǎng)〔CHINANET〕郵電部主管，依托CHANAPAC、CHANADDN、PSTN，1995年6月完成1999/12/312000/06/302022/01291M711M1953M〔北京170M、上海214M、廣州327M〕〔北京721M、上海661M、廣州571M〕

中國教育和科研計算機網(wǎng)〔CERNET〕教育部主管，10主結點，完全采用TCP/IP技術，1995年12月完成1999/12/312000/06/302022/018M12M117M中國金橋信息網(wǎng)〔CHINAGBN〕電子部建設、1996年9月完成，政府機關、文教單位、大型企業(yè)1999/12/312000/06/302022/0122M69M148M〔北京49M、上海12M、廣州8M〕〔北京53M、上海59M、廣州36M〕中國聯(lián)通互聯(lián)網(wǎng)〔UNINET〕1999/12/312000/06/302022/0120M55M55M〔上海47M、廣州8M〕〔上海47M、廣州8M〕中國網(wǎng)通(CNCNET)由中國科學院、鐵道部、上海市政府及播送電影電視總局四家股東聯(lián)合出資成立的中國網(wǎng)通公司致力于新一代全光纖純IP高速骨干網(wǎng)絡CNCnet的建設1999/12/312000/06/302022/01377M377M〔北京4M、上海365M、廣州8M〕〔北京4M、上海365M、廣州8M〕中國國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易互聯(lián)網(wǎng)〔CIETNET〕1999/12/312000/06/302022/014M中國移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)〔CMNET〕1999/12/312000/06/302022/01