中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論(中英文對(duì)照)

中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論（中英文對(duì)照）/index/TCM/index.htmPartOne:RADITIONAL-CHINESEMEDICINEWITHALONGHISTORY第一部分:歷史悠久的中國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)TraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)hasahistoryofseveralyears.Itsorigincanbetracedbacktoremoteantiquity.Inalongcourseofstrugglingagainstdiseases,TCMevolvedintoauniqueandintegratedtheoreticalsystcmofTCM.ItisanimportantpartofChineseculture.Morethan2,000yearsago,cameoutHuangdi'sClassiconMedicine(HuangDiNeijing),whichistheearliestmedicalclassicextantinChina.Itconsistsoftwoparts—BasicQuestions(SuWen)andMiraculousPivot(LingShu),eachcomprising)ninevolumes,eachofwhich,inturn,containsninechapters,totalingupto162chapters.Thebookgivesacompleteandsystematicexpositiontothefollowingvarioussubjects:therelationshipbetweenmanandnature,thephysiologyandpathologyofthehumanbody,andthediagnosis,treatmentandpreventionotdiseases.Italsousesthetheoriesofyin-yangandthefiveelementstodealfullywiththeprinciplesoftreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)accordingtotheclimatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution.Hence(givingexpression)totheholisticconceptoftakingthehumanbodyasanorganicwholeandtakingthehumanbodywiththesurroundingenvironmentastheintegrity.ItlaidapreliminaryfoundationforthetheoreticalformationofTCM.AfterHuangdi'sClassiconMedicineanotherclassicofmedicine,ClassiconMedicalProblems(NanJing),wasgivenbirthtotheworldbeforetheEasternHanDynasty.ThebookdealsmainlywiththebasictheoryofTCM,suchasphysiology,pathology,diagnosisandtreatmentofdiseasesandsoon.ItsupplementedwhatHuangdi'sClassiconMedicinelacked.Fromthenon,manymedicalschoolsandvariousclassicsonmedicinewerebroughtintobeinginsuccession,eachhavingitsownstrongpoints.中醫(yī)有著幾千年的歷史,起源可追溯至遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代。在長期與疾病的斗爭中，中醫(yī)演化200099章，總計(jì)162章。該書對(duì)人和自然的關(guān)系、人體的生理及病理、疾病的預(yù)防和診治等方面進(jìn)行了ShenNong'sHerbal(ShenNongBenCaoJing),alsoknownasClassicontheHerbal(BenCaoJing)orTheHerbal(BenCao),istheearliestbookonmateriamedicainChina,whichappearedinabouttheQin-HanPeriodwithitsauthorshipunknown.Notonlydoesitlist365medicinalitem—amongwhich252areherbs,67areanimals,and46areminerals,butalsodividesthemintothree gradesaccordingtotheirdifferentpropertiesandeffects.Thebookalsogivesabriefaccountofpharmacologicaltheories—principal(jun),adjuvant(chenassistant(zuo)andguide(shi);harmonyinsevenemotions(qiqinghehe),fourpropertiesofmedicinalherbs(siqi)andfivetastesofmedicinalherbs(wuwei).《神農(nóng)本草》(亦稱“本草經(jīng)”或“本草”)是中國最早的藥物學(xué)專著。它出現(xiàn)于秦漢365種藥物(25267種，礦物類46種)本原則(君、臣、佐、使)和七情與藥物的四氣五味相和的原則。IntheHanDynasty(3rdcenturyAD),ZhangZhongjing,anoutstandingphysician,wroteTreatiseonFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases(ShangHanZaBingLun),whichisdividedintotwobooksbylatergenerations,oneisentitled"TreatiseonFebrileDiseases",(ShangHanLun),theotherSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenCabinet(JinKuiYaoLue).ThebookestablishedthepnricipleofTDS(TreatmentofDifferentiationSyndromes；TechnicalDataSystem技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)),therebylayingafoundationforthedevelopmentofclinicalmedicine.漢朝(3世紀(jì))的張仲景是一位著名的醫(yī)家，著有《傷寒雜病論IntheWesternJinDynasty.HuangFumi,afamousphysician,compiledA-BClassicofAcupunctureandMoxibustion(ZhenJiuJiaYiJing)Thebookconsistsof12volumeswith128chapters,including349acupoints.Itistheearliestextantworkdealingexclusivelywithacupunctureandmoxibustionandoneofthemostinfluentialworksinthehistoryofacupunctureandmoxibustion.12128349穴位。它是現(xiàn)存最早的針灸學(xué)專著，也是針灸史上最具影響力的著作之一。TheSuiandTangDynastiescameintotheirowninfeudaleconomyandculture.In610ChaoYpiledGeneralTreatiseontheEtiologyandSymptomology.Thebookgaveanextensiveandminutedescriptionoftheetiologyandsymptomsofvariousdiseases.ItistheearliestextantclassiconetiologyandsymptomsinChina.In657AD,SuJingtogetherwith20otherscholars,compiledNewly-RevisedMateriaMedica(XinXiuBenCao),whichis the first pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in ancient China, and the earliestpharmacopoeiaintheworldaswell.SunSimiao(581-682AD)devotedallhislifetowritingoutthetwobooks:ValuablePrescriptionsforEmergencies(BeiJiQianJinYaoFang)andSupplementtoValuablePrescriptions(QianJinYiFang).Thehooksdealwithgeneralmedicaltheory,materiamedica,gynecologyandobstetrics,pediatrics,acupunctureandmoxibustion,diet,healthpreservationandprescriptionsforvariousbranchesofmedicine.BothbooksarerecognizedasrepresentativeworksofmedicineintheTangDynasty.SunSimiaowashonoredbylatergenerationsas"thekingofherbalmedicine".610年，巢元方編輯的《諸病源候65720名醫(yī)家學(xué)者編輯了《新修本草581-682年).書中涉及了醫(yī)IntheSongDynasty,moreattentionwaspaidtotheeducationofTCM.Thegovermentsetup"theImperialMedicalBureau"fortrainingandbringingupqualifiedTCMworkers.1057AD,aspecialorgannamed"BureauforRevisingMeidicalBooks"wassetupinordertoproofreadandcorrectthemedicalbooksfromprecedingages,andtopublishthemoneafteranother.ThebooksrevisedhavebeenhandeddowntillnowandarestilltheimportantclassicsforChinaandothercountriestostudyTCM.年，一個(gè)特殊的組織-校正醫(yī)書局成立了，其目的是為了對(duì)從前的醫(yī)書進(jìn)行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改過的醫(yī)書流傳至今并仍是現(xiàn)今中國和全世界學(xué)習(xí)中醫(yī)的重要經(jīng)典著作。IntheJinandYuanDynasties,thereappearedfourmedicalschoolsrepresentedbyLiuWansu(1120-1200AD),ZhangCongzheng(1156-1228AD),LiGao(l180-1251AD)andZhuZhenheng(1281-1358AD).Amongthem,LiuWansubelievedthat"fireandheat"werethemaincausesofavarietyofdiseases, andthatthediseasesshouldbetreatedwithdrugscoldandcoolinnature.Sohewasknownas"theschoolofcoldandcool"bylaterZhangCongzhengbelievedthatalldiseaseswerecausedbyexogenouspathogenicfactorsinvadingthebody,andadvocatedthatpathogenicfactorsshouldbedrivenoutbymethodsofdiaphoresis,emesisandpurgation.Sohewasknownasthe"schoolofpurgation".ThethirdschoolrepresentedbyLiGaoheldthat"Internalinjuriesofthespleenandstomachwillbringaboutvariousdiseases".Therefore,heemphasizeedthatthemostimportantthing,clinically,shouldbetowarmandinvigoratethespleenandstomachbecausethespleenisattributedtotheearthinthefiveelements.Sohewasregardedasthefounderofthe"schoolofreinforcingtheearth".Andthefourthschool wasknownasthe"school ofnourishingyin"byZhuZhenheng.Hebelieved:"Yangisusuallyredundant,whileyiniseverdeficient".Thatiswhythebody"oftenhasenoughyangbutnotenoughyin".Soheusuallyusedthemethodtonourishyinandpurgefireinclinicalpractice.(1120-1200)(公1156-1228)、李杲(1180-1251)、朱震亨(1281-1358)。他們中，劉完LiShizhen(1518-1593AD),afamousphysicianandpharmacologistintheMingDynasty,wroteTheCompendiumofMateriaMedica(BenCaoGangMu).Thebookconsistsof52volumes with 1,892 medicinal herbs, including over 10,000 prescriptions and 1,000illustrationsofmedicinalitems.Inaddition,hisbookalsodealswithbotany,zoology,mineralogy,physics,astronomy,meteorology,etc.ItisreallyamonumentalworkinMateriaMedica.ItisagreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofpharmacologybothinChinaandallovertheworld.Duringthesameperiod,acupunctureandmoxibustionreachedtheirclimax.Manyliteratureconcerningacupunctureandmoxibustionfortheagesweresummarizedanddeveloped.李時(shí)珍(1518-1593年)是漢朝著名的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生及藥師，撰寫了《本草綱目5218921000了發(fā)展的高潮，許多歷代的涉及針灸的文化得到了總結(jié)和發(fā)展。SincethefoundingofNewChina,ourgovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontoinheritinganddevelopingtheheritageofTCMandMateriaMedica.AseriesofpoliciesandmeasureshavebeentakenfordevelopingTCM.In1986,theStateAdministrativeBureauofTCMandMateriaMedicawasestablished.ThisleadingbodyistheguaranteeofdevelopingTCMandMateriaMedicasmoothly.NeverbeforehasTCMbeenasprosperousasitistoday.TCMhasexperiencedmanyvicissitudesoftimesbutalwaysremainsevergreen.ThereisnodoubtthatTCMwilltakeitsplaceinmedicalcirclesoftheworldasacompletelynewmedicine.1986貌聳立于世界之林。PartTwo:SPECIFICANDPROFOUNDTCM第二部分:中醫(yī)的獨(dú)特性與深刻意義TCM, oneof China's splendid culturalheritages,is the science dealingwith physiology,pathology,diagnosis,treatmentandpreventionofdiseases.TCMsummeduptheexperienceoftheChinesepeopleintheirlongstruggleagainstdiseasesand,underinfluenceofancientnaivematerialismanddialectics,evolvedintoaunique,integralsystemofmedicaltheorythroughlongclinicalpractice.Duringseveralthousandyearsithasmadegreatcontributionstothepromotionofhealth,theproliferationandprosperityoftheChinesenation,andtheenrichmentanddevelopmentofworldmedicineaswell.TheformationofthetheoreticalsystemofTCMwasgreatlyinfluencedbyancientChinesematerialismanddialectics.Thetheoreticalsystemtakesthephysiologyandpathologyofzang-fuorgansandmeridiansasitsbasis,andTDSasitsdiagnosticandtherapeuticfeatures.這套理論系統(tǒng)以臟腑經(jīng)絡(luò)的生理病理為基礎(chǔ)，以辨證論治為其診斷特色。TCM has its own specific understanding both in the physiological functions andpathologicalchangesofthehumanbodyandinthediagnosisandtreatmentofdisease.TCMregardsthehumanbodyitselfasanorganicwholeinterconnectedbyzang-fuorgans,meridiansandcollaterals.AndTCMalsoholdsthatthehumanbodyiscloselyrelatedtotheoutsideworld.Inregardtotheonsetanddevelopmentofadisease,TCMattachesgreatimportancetotheendogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesevenemotion,butitbynomeansexcludestheexogenouspathogenicfactors,namelythesixpathogens.Indiagnosis,TCMtakesthefourdiagnosticmethods(inspection,auscultationantolfaction,inquiry,pulse-takingandpalpationasitsprincipaltcchniques,eightprincipalsyndromesasitsgeneralguideline,anddifferentiationofsyndromeaccordingtothezang-futheory,differentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothesix-meridiantheory,anddifferentiationofsyndromesaccordingtothetheoryofwei,qi,yingandxueasitsbasictheoriesofthedifferentiationofsyndromes.Italsostressesthepreventionandpreventivetreatmentofdisease,andputsforwardsuchtherapeuticprinciplesas"treatmentaidingattherootcauseofdisease"."strengtheningvitalqianddispellingpathogens,regulatingyinandyangandtreatingdiseasesinaccordancewiththreeconditions"(i.e.theclimaticandseasonalconditiont,geographiclocalitiesandthepatient'sconstitution).中醫(yī)在對(duì)人體的生理功能、病理改變和診治疾病方面有其獨(dú)特的見解。它把人體看作(望、聞、問、切)(因時(shí)、因地、因人制宜)的重要性。Thesecharacteristicts,however,canbegeneralizedastheholisticconceptandtreatmentbydifferentiationofsyndromes(TDS)然而，對(duì)以上的中醫(yī)特點(diǎn)可以用“整體觀念”和“辨證論治”加以概括。l.TheHolisticConcept1.整體觀念By"theholisticconcept"ismeantageneralideaof,ontheonehand,theunity)andintegritywithinthehumanbodyand,ontheother,itscloserelationshipwiththeouterworld.Thehumanbodyiscomposedofvariousorgansandtissues,eachhavingitsowndistinctfunction,whichisacomponentpartofthelifeactivitiesofthewholebody.AndinTCMthehumanbodyisregardedasanorganicwholeinwhichitsconstituentpartsareinseparableinstructure,interrelatedandinterdependentinphysiology,andmutuallyinfluentialinpathology.Meanwhile,manlivesinnature,andnatureprovidestheconditionsindispensibletoman'ssurvival.Soitfollowsthatthehumanbodyisboundtobeaffecteddirectlyorindirectlybythechangesofnature,towhichthehumanbody,inturn,makescorrespondingresponses.TCMsays:"Physicianshavetoknowthelawofnatureandgeographicalconditionswhendiagnosingandtreatingdiseases."That'swhyTCMnotonlystressestheunityofthehumanbodyitselfbutalsoattachesgreatimportancetotheinterrelationshipbetweenthebodyandnatureindiagnosingandtreatingdiseases.整體觀念的總思想是一方面認(rèn)為人體是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的整體，另一方面認(rèn)為人體與其外界環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。人體由不同的臟腑組織組成，每個(gè)臟腑組織都有其獨(dú)特的功能并都是整個(gè)人體進(jìn)行生命活動(dòng)的組成部分。中醫(yī)把人體看作一個(gè)有機(jī)人體認(rèn)為人體的各部分在生理上相互聯(lián)系和相互獨(dú)立，在病理上相互影響。同時(shí)，因?yàn)槿祟惿钤谧匀恢校匀惶峁┙o人類賴以生存的環(huán)境，所以人體就會(huì)直接或間接的受到自然環(huán)境變化的影響并產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的反應(yīng)。中醫(yī)認(rèn)為醫(yī)生在診治疾病時(shí)應(yīng)該熟悉自然規(guī)律和地理環(huán)境。這便是中醫(yī)為何在診治疾病時(shí)既強(qiáng)調(diào)人體為一整體也重視人體與自然環(huán)境相互作用的關(guān)系。2.TreatmentbyDifferentiationofSyndromes2.辨證論治TCM,ontheotherhand,ischaracterizedbyTDS.Differentiationmeanscomprehensiveanalysis,whilesyndromereferetosymptomsandsigns.Sodifferentiationofsyndromesimpliesthatthepatient'ssymptomsandsignscollectedbythefourdiagnosticmethodsareanalyzedandsummarizedsoastoidentifytheetiology,natureandlocationofadisease,andtherelationbetweenvitalqiandpathogens,therebydeterminingwhatsyndromethediseasebelongsto.Bytreatmentismeantselectingthecorrespondingtherapyaccordingtotheoutcomeofdifferentiatingsyndromes.Takenasawhole,TDSmeansdiagnosisandtreatmentbasedonoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns.Asconcernstherelationshipbetween"disease"and"treatment",TCMtakestwodifferentclinicalwaysonthebasisofTDS.Oneis"treatingthesamediseasewithdifferenttherapies",bywhichismeantthatthesamediseasemaymanifestitselfindifferentsyndromesatdifferentstagesorunderdifferentconditions.Therefore,thetherapiesofthesamedieaseshouldbeadoptedtowardsdifferenttherapiesaccordingtothepatient'sconstitution,thegeographicalenvironment,theclimaticandseasonalchanges.Takefluforexample,itmaybecausedbywind-cold，wind-heat,summer-heatanddampnessorotherpathogens.Soisadvisabletoadoptdispersingwind-cold, eliminatingwind-heat,clearingawaysummer-heatanddampnessrespectively.Theotheriscalled"treatingdifferentdiseaseswiththesametherapy",bywhichismeantthatdifferentdiseasesmanifestingthemselvesinthesamesyndromemaybetreatedwiththesametherapy.Forexampleprolapseoftherectumduetoprotracteddiarrheaandhysteroptosisaretwodifferentdiseases.However,iftheyarebothmarkedbythemselvesinthesamesyndromeofqiofsinkingofthemiddleenergizer,theycanbetreatedinthesametherapybyliftingqiofthemiddieenergizer.FromtheaboveitobviousthatTCMdoesnotfocusitsattentiononsimilaritiesordissimilaritiesbetweendiseasesbutonthedifferencesbetweenthesyndromes.Generallyspeaking,thesamesyndromesaretreatedwithbasicallysametherapies,whiledifferentsyndromeswithdifferentones.言之，相同的證候采取相同的治療方法，不同的證候采取不同的治療方法。Tosumup,theprinciplethatdifferent contradictionsinessencearehandledbydifferentmethodsinthecourseofdevelopmentofadiseaseisthecoreofTDS.總之，原則是在疾病的發(fā)展過程中不同的本質(zhì)矛盾應(yīng)采取不同的方法，這就是辨證論治的核心。PartFour:THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEYIN-YANGTHEORY第四部分:陰陽學(xué)說的應(yīng)用Theyin-yangtheorypermeatesallaspectsofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.Thetheoryisusedtoexplaintheorganicstructure,physiologicalfunctionandpathologicalchangesofthehumanbody.Italsoservesasaprincipletoguideclinicaldiagnosis陰陽理論滲透于中醫(yī)理論系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)方面。該理論可用于解釋人體的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、生理功能和病理改變，也是指導(dǎo)臨床診斷的原則之一。l.ExplainingtheTissuesandStructureoftheHumanBody1.解釋人體組織結(jié)構(gòu)Thehumanbodyisanintegratedwhole.Allitstissuesandstructuresareorganicallyconnectedandmaybeclassifiedastwooppositeaspects-yinandyang.ThatiswhySuwenstates,"Man,havingaform,cannotdeviatefromyinandyang."Intermsoftheanatomicallocations,theupperpartofthebodyisyangandthelowerpartisyin;theexteriorisyangandtheinterior,yin;thebackisyangandtheabdomen,yin;thelateralaspectsoftheextremitiesareyangandthemedicalaspects,yin.Concerningthezang-fuorgans,thezang-organsstorebutnotdischargeessence-qiand,therefore,theyareyin;whilethefu-organstransmitandtransformfoodintoessence-qi butnotstore it,and,forthis reason,they are yang.Furthermore,eachofthezang-orfu-organscanberedividedintoyinandyang.Forexample,heart-yinandheart-yang,kidney-yinandkidney-yang,stomach-yinandstomach-yang,etc.Asconcernsyinandyangofthemeridian-collateralsystem,therearetwocategories:yinmeridiansandyangmeridians;yincollateralsandyangcollaterals.Allofthemareoppositepairs.Thus,inlinewiththeyin-yangtheory,theunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyangintheupperandlower, internalandexternal,frontandbackpartsofthehumanbody, andwithinalltheinternalorgansaswell.,論貫穿存在于人體的上下、內(nèi)外、前后部分和內(nèi)部組織之間。ExplainingthePhysiologicalFunctionsoftheHumanBody2.解釋人體的生理功能Theyin-yangtheorybelievesthatthenormallifeactivitiesofthehumanbodyresulttheharmoniousrelationoftheunityofoppositesbetweenyinandyang.Taketherelationshipbetweenfunctionandmatterforexample,functionpertainstoyangwhilematter,toyin.Physiologicalactivitiesofthebodyarebasedonmatter.Withoutmatter,therewouldbenosustentationforfunctionactivities.Andfunctionalactivitiesarethemotivepowerforproducingmatter.Inotherwords,withoutfunctionalactivities,themetabolismofmatterwouldnotbeperformed.Inthisway,yinandyangwithinthehumanbodydependoneachotherforexistence.Ifyinandyangcan'tcomplementeachotherandbecomeseparatedfromeachother,lifewillcometoanend.SoSuWensays:"Theequilibriumofyinandyangmakesthevitalitywell-conserved;thedivorceofyinandyangessence-qiexhausted."陰陽理論認(rèn)為人體的正常生命活動(dòng)來自于陰陽對(duì)立統(tǒng)一關(guān)系的協(xié)調(diào)。以功能和物質(zhì)的關(guān)系為例，功能屬陽，物質(zhì)屬陰。人體的生理活動(dòng)以物質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)。沒有物質(zhì)，功能活動(dòng)就無法維持。功能活動(dòng)是物質(zhì)形成的動(dòng)力。換言之，沒有功能活動(dòng)，物質(zhì)形態(tài)就無法形成。因此，人體陰陽是相互依存的。如果陰陽不能相互補(bǔ)充而是相互分離，生命就將告終。故《素問》曰：陰平陽秘，精神乃治；陰陽離決，精氣乃絕。ExplainingthePathologicalChanges3.解釋病理改變TCMconsidersthattheimbalancebetweenyinandyangisoneofthebasicpathogenesisofadisease.Theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadiseasearerelatedtoboththevital-qiandpathogenic factors. Although the pathologlical changes which occur in diseases complicatedandchangeable,theycanstillbesummarizedasexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang.Tobemoreconcrete,"yangexcessleadstoheatsyndromewhileyinexcesscausescoldsyndrome";"yangdeficiencyresultsincoldsyndromewhileyindeficiencycausesheatsyndromes";"yangdeficiencyaffectsyinwhileyindeficiencyaffectsyang."ServingastheGuidetoDiagnosisandTreatment指導(dǎo)診斷與治療Astheimbalancebetweenyinandyangistherootcausefortheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofadisease,allclinicalmanifestations,nomatterhowcomplicatedandchangeabletheyare,canbeexplainedwiththeaidofyin-yangtheory.SoTCMholds,"Askilleddiagnostician,firstofall,differentiatesbetweenyinandyangwhenobservingthecomplexionandfeelingthepulse."Indifferentiatingsyndromes,althoughtherearetheeightprincipalsyndromes,namely,yin,yang,interior,exterior,cold,heat,deficiencyandexcess.Yinandyangareregardedasthegeneralprinciplesamongtheeightones.Accordingtotheyin-yangtheory,exterior,heatandexcesspertaintoyang;whileinterior,coldanddeficiencypertaintoyin.Whentreatingadisease,TCMfirstdeterminesthetherapeuticprinciples,andthenpreponderanceofyangbelongstoexcess-heatsyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedcold-natureddrugsinordertoinhibitexcessiveyang,i.e,tocooltheheat.Coldsyndromecausedbypreponderanceofyinbelongstocold-excesssyndrome.Itshouldbetreatedwithhot-natureddrugssoastorestrainexcessiveyin,i.e.,toheatthecold.Asbothsyndromesaboveareexcesssyndromes,thistherapeuticprincipleiscalled"treatingexcesssyndromeswiththepurgation".Deficiency-coldsyndromecausedbyyangdeficiency,shouldbetreatedwiththedrugswarmandtonicinnaturetorelieveexcessiveyin.ThisissaidinTCM,"restrainingpredominantyinbyreinforcingyang,"alsoknownas"treatingyangforyindiseases." The interior heat syndrome resulting from yin deficiency belongs toDeficiency-heatsyndrome,whichshouldbetreatedwiththedrugsofnourishingyinandreplenishingfluidssoastorestrictexcessiveyang,thisiswhatisknowninTCM,"restrainingpredominantyangbystrengthening(renal腎)yin,"alsocalled"treatingyinfordiseases."由于陰陽不調(diào)是疾病發(fā)生和發(fā)展的根源，所有的臨床癥狀，無論其有多么變幻復(fù)雜,熱、實(shí)屬于陽，里、寒、虛屬于陰。中醫(yī)治療疾病時(shí)首先確定治療原則。陽盛則產(chǎn)生實(shí)熱證，應(yīng)投以寒性藥以抑亢陽，如熱者寒之。陰盛導(dǎo)致的寒證屬于實(shí)寒證，應(yīng)投以熱性ZhangJingyuethoughtthat,intreatingdeficiencyofyinoryang,drugstonifyingbothyinandyangshouldbeused,becauseyinandyangareinterdependent.Therefore,reducingtheexcessiveandreplenishthedeficientcanadjustexcessordeficiencybetweenyinoryangandrestorethebalancebetweenthem.張景岳認(rèn)為，治療陰虛或陽虛應(yīng)該同時(shí)應(yīng)用滋陰和扶陽的藥物，因?yàn)殛庩柺窍嗷ヒ来娴?。因此，補(bǔ)虛瀉實(shí)適用于陰虛或陽虛之證，從而使陰陽重新建立平衡。Theyin-yangtheoryisusedinnotonlydeterminingdiagnosticprinciplesbutsummarizingthenature,flavorandactionofmedicinalherbs.Thusprovidingatheoreticalbasisfortheclinicalapplicationofherbs.從而為臨床用藥提供理論基礎(chǔ)。Intermsofthemedicinalnature,herbswithcoldnaturebelongtoyinandthosewithwarmandhotnaturepertaintoyang.Asconcernstheflavors,herbsthataresour,bitterandsaltybelongtoyinandthosethatareacrid,sweetandblandpertaintoyang.Intermsofactions,herbswithastringent,descendingandsinkingactionsbelongtoyin,whilethosewithdispersing,ascendingandfloatingactionspertaintoyang.就藥物的性質(zhì)而言，寒性藥屬于陰，溫?zé)崴帉儆陉?。就氣味而言，酸、苦、咸味藥屬具有發(fā)散、升浮功效的藥物屬陽。Tosumup,theprincipleoftreatmentshouldbeestablishedinthelightoftheexcessordeficiencyofyinoryang,andthenrelevant(相關(guān)的)herbsshouldbeselectedaccordingtotheattribution(歸因)ofyinoryangandtheirfunctions.Soandsoonlycanimbalanceofyinandyangbeputright,andeventually,theaimofcuringdiseasesisattained.總而言之，治療原則的確立必須以陰陽虛實(shí)為根據(jù)，相應(yīng)藥物的選擇也必須依其陰陽歸屬及功效而定。所以，只有明確陰陽不調(diào)，才能最終達(dá)到治愈疾病的目的。Specialphrases特殊詞組treating...with...“治法+證名”＝“……者……之”treatingexcesssyndromewithpurgationpurgingexcess實(shí)者泄之treatingdeficiencysyndromewithinvigoration，(orinvigoratingdeficiency)treatingcoldsyndromewithhot-natureddrugs，(orheatingthecold)寒者熱之treatingheatsyndromewithcold-natureddrugs，(orcoolingtheheat)熱者寒之PartFive:THEFIVE－ELEMENTTHEORY—NATURALPHILOSOPHYANCIENTCHINA第五部分:五行學(xué)說-中國古代自然哲學(xué)觀Thefiveelementsrefertowood,fire,earth,metal,andwaterandtheirmotions.ThefiveelementtheoryresultedfromtheobservationsandstudiesofthenaturalworldbytheancientChinesepeopleinthecourseoftheirlivesandproductivelabor.Sinceancienttime,wood,earth,metalandwaterhavebeenconsideredasbasicsubstancestoconstitutetheuniverseandtheyarealsoindispensableforlife.Zuo'sInterpretationoftheSpringandAutumnAnnals(ZuoZhuan)says:"Thefivekindsofmaterialsinnatureareallusedbypeople.Noneofthemcannotbedispensedwith".AnotherclassicalworkShangshustates:"waterandfireareusedforcooking,metalandwoodareusedforcultivatingandearthgivesbirthtoallthings,whichareusedbypeople."Thesefivekindsofsubstancesareoftherelationshipsofgenerationandrestrictionandareinconstantmotionandchange.InTCMthefive-elementtheory,asatheoreticaltool,isusedtoexplainandexpounddifferentkindsofmedicalproblemsbyanalogizinganddeducingtheirpropertiesandinterrelations.Italsousedtoguideclinicaldiagnosisandtreatment.Thetheory,likethetheoryofyin-yang,hasbecomeanimportantcomponentofthetheoreticalsystemofTCM.五行指的是木、火、土、金、水和它們的運(yùn)動(dòng)。五行理論來自于古代中國人民在生活和生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)中對(duì)自然界的觀察和學(xué)習(xí)。自古代以來，木、火、土、金《左傳》曰：天生五材，民并用之，廢一不可。另一部經(jīng)典著作《尚書》曰：水火用于炊煮，金木用于耕耘，土壤用于孕育萬物，一切皆為民所用。這五種物質(zhì)存在相生相克的關(guān)系，并處于持續(xù)的運(yùn)動(dòng)變化之中。中醫(yī)的五行理論，作為一種理論工具，通過分析和推理用于詳細(xì)說明五種不同醫(yī)學(xué)問題的性質(zhì)和它們之間的關(guān)系。它也用于指導(dǎo)臨床的診斷與治療。該理論如陰陽理論一般已稱為中醫(yī)理論系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分。ClassificationofThingsinLightoftheFive-ElementTheory.根據(jù)五行理論進(jìn)行歸類InancientChina,thefive-elementtheorywasunceasinglydevelopedandgraduallybecameperfected.Intimeitcametorecognizethateverythinginnaturemightberespectivelyattributedtooneofthefiveelements.Forinstance,woodhasthenatureofgrowingfreelyandunfolding.So,anythingthatissimilartothecharacteristicsisattributedtothecategoryofwood.Firehasthenatureofflaringup.Therebythethingssimilartothenatureoffireareclassifiedintotheattributeoffire.Earthhasthenatureofgivingbirthtoallthings.Thus,thosethatpossessthenatureofearthareattributedtoearth.Metalhasthenatureofpurifyinganddescending.Hence,thosewiththenatureofmetalcanbeattributedtometalcategory.Waterhasthenatureofmoisteningandflowingdownwards.Forthisreason,thethingsthathavemoistening,downwardmovementandcoldnesscorrespondtowater.Thefollowingtableshowstheclassificationofpartialthingsaccordingtothefive-elementtheory.(SeeTab.1) 在古代中國，五行理論不斷發(fā)展?jié)u致完善。后來，人們認(rèn)識(shí)到自然界中的所有事物都能歸屬于五行中的一種。例如，木有生發(fā)伸展的性質(zhì)，所以，任何有相似特性的物質(zhì)都?xì)w屬于木。火性炎上，因此，任何有相似特性的物質(zhì)都?xì)w屬于火。土有孕育萬物的性質(zhì)，因此，具有該性質(zhì)的物質(zhì)都屬于土。金有凈化和沉降的性質(zhì)，因此，有金的性質(zhì)的物質(zhì)都?xì)w于金。水曰潤下，因此，具有濕潤、向下、寒冷性質(zhì)的物質(zhì)都屬于水。以下的表格根據(jù)五行理論將部分物質(zhì)進(jìn)行了歸類。(見表1)Amongthefive-elements,thereexisttherelationshipsofgeneration,subjugationandcounterrestriction,andmutualaffectionbetweenmother-organchild-organ.Generationimpliesthatonekindofthingcanpromote,aidorbringforthanother,e.,woodgeneratesfire,firegeneratesearth,earthgeneratesmetal,metalgenerateswater,andwater,inturn,generateswood.Eachofthefiveelementscontainsthedualnature-"beinggenerated" and "generating". This relationship of the five elements is called the"mother-child"relationship.Theelementthatgeneratesiscalledthe"mother",whiletheelementthatisgeneratediscalledthe"child".Takewoodforexample,becausewoodproducesfire,itisthemotheroffire;butitisproducedbywater,soit'swater'schild. 五行當(dāng)我生者為“子”。以木為例，因?yàn)槟旧穑誓緸榛鹬?；但是它由水所生，故又為水之子。Tab.1theClassificationofThingsAccordingtotheFiveElements1.事物的五行歸類Restrictionmeansbringingundercontrolorrestraint.Theorderofrestrictiongoesfollows:woodrestrictsearth,earthdoeswater,waterdoesfire,firedoesmetal,andmetal,inturn,doeswood.Anyoneofthefiveelementshastwoaspects-beingrestrictedandForexample,theelementrestrictingwoodismetal,andtheelementthatisrestrictedbywoodisearth.金克木。五行中的任何之一都有克我和我克兩方面性質(zhì)。例如，克木者為金，被木克者為土。Generationandrestrictionhavethecorrelationsinseparableinthefiveelements.Andtheyopposeeachotherandyetalsocomplementeachother.Withoutgeneration,therewouldbenogrowthanddevelopmentofthings;withoutinterrestrictio