Unit2 Lesson 7 The future of abortion 美英報(bào)刊選讀

Lesson7TheFutureofAbortion

美英報(bào)刊閱讀教程（第三版）Lesson7StructureAnalysisKeytoQuestions

Photos&Diagrams

AdditionalNotes

BackgroundInformationContentsBackgroundInformation1.TheSupremeCourt

最高法院

ThejudicialbranchofthefederalgovernmentisheadedbytheU.S.SupremeCourt,whichinterpretsthemeaningoftheConstitutionandoffederallaws.聯(lián)邦政府的最高級司法機(jī)構(gòu)是最高法院，擁有對憲法和聯(lián)邦政府的解釋權(quán)。Lesson7Itconsistsofninejustices(includingthechiefjustice)appointedforlifebythepresidentwiththeconsentoftheSenate.經(jīng)參議院的批準(zhǔn)，由總統(tǒng)任命九個(gè)法官（終身制），包括大法官IthastheauthoritytoactincasesarisingundertheConstitution,laws,ortreatiesoftheUnitedStates;incontroversiestowhichtheUnitedStatesisaparty;incontroversiesbetweenstatesorbetweencitizensofdifferentstates;incasesofadmiraltyandmaritimejurisdiction;andincasesaffectingambassadors,otherpublicministers,andconsuls.最高法院有權(quán)判決美國憲法，法律，條約等管轄下的案子。

BackgroundInformationLesson7

2.Roevs.WadeCase

In1973theU.S.SupremeCourtruledinRoeVs.Wadethatunduly過度地restrictivestateregulationofabortionwasunconstitutional,ineffectlegalizingabortionondemandforwomeninthefirstthreemonthsofpregnancy.Acounter-movementfortherestorationofstrictcontroloverthecircumstancesunderwhichabortionsmightbepermittedsoonsprangup,andtheissuebecameentangledinsocialandpoliticalconflict.1973年的RoeVs.Wade案件，最高法院裁定對墮胎過于嚴(yán)格的州法律是違反憲法的，并裁定妊娠前三個(gè)月的墮胎是合法的。一場反對嚴(yán)格控制墮胎的運(yùn)動(dòng)隨之迅速發(fā)展，墮胎議題卷入社會(huì)和政治沖突。BackgroundInformationLesson7

3．AbortionintheUnitedStates

Itisahighly-chargedissueinvolvingsignificantpoliticalandethicaldebate.在美國，墮胎是一個(gè)能引起激烈反響的政治和道德的議題。Abortionreferstoanypregnancythatdoesnotendinalivebirthandthereforecanrefertoamiscarriageoraprematurebirththatdoesnotresultinaliveinfant.Sucheventsareoftencalledspontaneousabortionsiftheyoccurbefore20weeksofgestation孕期.Incommonparlance,however,abortionisusedtomean“inducedabortion”ofanembryo胚胎orfetus胎兒atanypointinpregnancy,andthisisalsohowthetermisusedinalegalsense.BackgroundInformationLesson7NumberofabortionsinUnitedStates:AccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),therewere854,122legalinducedabortionsintheUSin2003.Therearelotsofreasonsforpregnantwomentochooseanabortion,forexample,somewanttopostponechildbearing

,othershaverelationshipproblemsorthepartnerdoesnotwantpregnancy,ect.Variousreasonscontributingtotheirhavingalateabortionarereported,thatis,somedidn’trecognizetheywerepregnantormisjudgedgestation,somefoundithardtomakearrangementsforabortion,otherswereafraidtotelltheirpartnersorparents,etc.BackgroundInformationLesson7

RoevWade[1973]羅伊訴韋德Fact：Roe,aTexasresident,soughttoterminateherpregnancybyabortion.Texaslawprohibitedabortionsexcepttosavethepregnantwoman'slife.Conclusion

dissentdissent三、美國：

判決理由法律應(yīng)該保護(hù)正在承受肉體和精神折磨而又不愿意生育的婦女，而不是法律地位不清的胎兒。"從一切情形看，聯(lián)邦憲法所指的'人'都是特指出生后的人"自由墮胎權(quán)是個(gè)人隱私權(quán)的重要組成部分應(yīng)該對于妊娠期的不同階段區(qū)別對待。最初三個(gè)月，胎兒沒有成形，墮胎一般不會(huì)對于婦女造成危害，可以允許婦女有充分的選擇自由；中間三個(gè)月期間可以加以一些管理，但僅限于規(guī)范墮胎程序安全，以切實(shí)保護(hù)孕婦身體安全健康，墮胎的決定應(yīng)由孕婦與醫(yī)生協(xié)商做出；最后三個(gè)月，胎兒基本發(fā)育成熟，墮胎對于孕婦風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大，州政府的禁止墮胎"有邏輯學(xué)和生物學(xué)上的合理性"

影響

美國政府最終頒布了著名的羅伊.威德法案，該法案頒布于1973年——內(nèi)容為美國聯(lián)邦法院賦予婦女墮胎權(quán)。在美國200多年歷史中，從來沒有一個(gè)判例象聯(lián)邦最高法院1973年的Roev.Wade案那樣，在整個(gè)社會(huì)引起如此廣泛和持久對立。

現(xiàn)在美國：各州對墮胎的法律規(guī)定不同Lesson7AdditionalNotesForanother,thecourtclearlyinvitedstatelegislaturestoexperimentwithnewlawsdesignedtolimitaccesstoabortion—anattempttoforceabortionpolicyoutofthecourtsandintothepoliticalarena

(Line6-7,Para.2)—另外，最高法院明顯慫恿州立法機(jī)構(gòu)嘗試旨在限制墮胎的新法律——這是一種迫使墮胎政策從法院領(lǐng)域走向政治領(lǐng)域的嘗試

（accesstoabortion：allowtoabortion

）Thepost-Roeeramayliveuptothesenightmarepredictions,oritmaynot

(Line1,Para.3)—所預(yù)測的這些可怕情況在羅案后時(shí)代或許會(huì)出現(xiàn)，或許不會(huì)出現(xiàn)

(liveupto:todoaswhatisexpected

)

Lesson7AdditionalNotes3.Andinwordsthatchilledabortionadvocateseverywhere,headded,“wedonotseewhy…butprohibitingitbeforeviability…”

(Line7-11,Para.4)—他在講那些讓各地?fù)碜o(hù)墮胎者感到無比失望的話時(shí)補(bǔ)充說道，“我們不明白為什麼只是在胎兒具有可存活性時(shí)，國家才對保護(hù)胎兒生命表現(xiàn)關(guān)心，因而要?jiǎng)澮粭l僵硬的界線允許對有存活性胎兒墮胎加以限制，而對未達(dá)到存活性階段胎兒的墮胎則禁止限制?！?/p>

（whythestate’s…和thatthereshould…是并列賓語從句，作see的賓語

）4.Theresult…foeofabortion

(Line5-7,Para.5)—結(jié)果是按憲法精神新的裁決措辭謹(jǐn)慎、模糊不清。這結(jié)果導(dǎo)致極力反對墮胎的安東尼奧·斯卡利亞法官的激烈批評(muddle:astateofconfusionanddisorder)

Lesson7AdditionalNotes5.TheWebstercase"preservesachaosthatisevidenttoanyonewhocanreadandcount,"Scaliawrote."Wecannowlookforwardtoatleastanothertermwithcartsfullofmail…andstreetsfullofdemonstratorsurgingus…tofollowthepopularwill…"

(Line7-10,Para.5)—“韋伯斯特案將造成思想上的混亂，對這一點(diǎn)任何有點(diǎn)知識(shí)的人都可以看得出來。”Scalia寫道，“等著瞧，至少下一階段將會(huì)有成堆的來信和滿街的示威者要求我們按照民意行事?！?/p>

（cartsfullofmail:alotofmailexpressingdifferentopinionsonthecase

）

Lesson7AdditionalNotes6.Indismissingthetrimestersystemandtheconceptoffetalviability,Rehnquistleftavacuumthatwillbeveryhardtofill

(Line2-3,Para.7)—由于摒棄了原先妊娠劃為三個(gè)階段的方法和胎兒可生存性的觀念，倫奎斯特所寫的裁決留下了一個(gè)無法填補(bǔ)的真空

(trimester:theusualAmericanwordforaTERMataschoolorcollege[美式]三個(gè)月的一個(gè)學(xué)期

)

Lesson7Photos&DiagramsPro-life要生命權(quán)反對墮胎Pro-choice選擇權(quán)支持墮胎（婦女對自己的身體有選擇權(quán)）Lesson7KeytoQuestions1.WhattheMissourilawsharplyrestrictedwas____.A. abortionservicesofallkindsB. women’srighttoabortionC. PubliclyfundedabortionservicesD. women’srighttoworkLesson7KeytoQuestions2.ElectedofficialsfeelworriedabouttheMissouricaseverdictbecause____.A.itisharmfultopublicinterestsB.Women’srightstoabortionwillbelimitedC.itwillcausedisunityD.ItwillcausethelossofvotesofaconstituencydividedontheabortionissueLesson73.WhichofthefollowingSupremeCourt’sjusticesisthemostliberalontheabortion____.A.WilliamRehnquistB.HarryBlackmumC.SandraDayO’ConnorD.AntoninScaliaKeytoQuestionsLesson74.WhichofthefollowinggroupsfeelhappyabouttheSupremeCourt’sverdictontheMissouricase?A. right-to-lifersB. pro-choicersC. pro-abortionistsD. women’s-rightactivistsKeytoQuestionsLesson75.Theauthor’soverallattitudetowardstheMissouricaseverdictis____.A. criticalB. positiveC. objectiveD. unknownKeytoQuestionsLesson71.Whatrightdidthe1973SupremeCourtdecisionestablishforAmericanwomen?

The1973SupremeCourtdecisionestablishedAmericanwomen’srighttoabortion.KeytoQuestionsLesson72.Whowastheauthorofthe1973Courtdecision?

JusticeHarryBlackmunistheauthorofthe1973Courtdecision.

KeytoQuestionsLesson73.Whatwasthegistofthe1989SupremeCourtdecisiondraftedbyRehnquist?

ThisdecisionupheldtheconstitutionalityofaMissourilawthatsharplyrestrictedtheavailabilityofpubliclyfundedabortionservicesandrequireddoctorstotestfortheviabilityoffetusat20weeks.

KeytoQuestionsLesson74.Howdidthe1989decisionaffectthe1973decision?The1989decisionnarrowedthe1973decision.ItrepresentedthefirstrealcrackinthelegalfoundationofRoe.KeytoQuestionsLesson75.HowdoestheAmericanpublicfeelabouttheabortionissueaccordingtotherecentNewsweekpoll?MostAmericanpublicsupporttheideaofcompromise.Thepollshowsanincreaseinpublicsupportforlegalizingabortionunderallcircumstances.Butdetailedquestionsonproposalstorestrictabortiontelladifferentstory.Thepublicbacksmandatorytestsoffetalviabilityandopposestheuseofpublicmoneyorpublicfacilitiestoterminateapregnancyunlessthemother’slifeisendangered.

KeytoQuestionsLesson76.TothemindofJusticeAntoninScalia,whatresultwouldtheWebstercasecreate?

TothemindofJusticeAntoninScalia,theWebstercasewouldcreatechaosandcontroversyandthepublicmightexpressdifferentopinionsonthiscaseandevenholddemonstrations.

KeytoQuestionsLesson77.HowdoesJusticeHenryBlackmumfeelabouttheRehnquistdecision?

HeisagainsttheRehnquistdecision.Hechargedthatthedecisionis“deceptive”andisintendedtodoawaywiththe1973decision.

KeytoQuestionsLesson78.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofBlackmum’sdecision?

TheauthorthinksBlackmun’sdecisionwasanattempttobalancetherightofwomenagainsttherightsoftheunborn.

KeytoQuestionsStructureAnalysisReadingSkillPartI(1)DecisionbytheSupremeCourt

PartIIPartIII(2)Significanceofthedecision

(3)Publicsentimentontheabortion

StructureAnalysisReadingSkillPart

IV(4)IntentionoftheSupremeCourt:torollbackRoeVs.WadePartⅤPartⅥ(5-6)Criticismofthedecisionbythetwosides(7)Author’sview:AvacuumoflogicalbasisforrevisingtheRoecaseLesson7(1)DecisionbytheSupremeCourt

Question：WhatisthedecisionofSupremeCourt?Ina5-4decisionwrittenbyChiefJusticeWilliamRehnquist,thecourtupheldtheconstitutionalityofaMissourilawthatsharplyrestricttheavailabilityofpubliclyfundedabortionservicesandrequireddoctorstotesttheviabilityofafetusat20weeks,ortwothirdsofthewaysthroughthesecondtrimesterofpregnancy.最高法院以5票對4票通過了大法官WilliamRehnquist起草的的決定中，確認(rèn)密蘇里州的一項(xiàng)法律是合乎憲法精神的。StructureAnalysis1989年8月，最高法院以5比4的微弱多數(shù)把1986年密蘇里州的墮胎法判決為合憲。這次判決給各州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)開了綠燈，使其得以在墮胎問題上設(shè)置各種障礙或附加條件。RoeV.Wade,thelandmark1973decisionthatestablishedawoman’srighttoabortion,wasstillthelawoftheland,butithadbeennarrowed.它的效應(yīng)縮小了。II.(2)

Significanceofthedecision

Hadasignificancefarbeyondthespecificofthedecision這個(gè)裁決的影響比它本身具體的決定有更廣泛的影響。

1.CrackinthelegalfoundationofRoe有人認(rèn)為高等法院此舉是為了鏟除當(dāng)年的1973Roevs.Wade的判決結(jié)果，讓各個(gè)州政府來決定，使得墮胎這個(gè)問題從高等法院走進(jìn)各州的立法機(jī)構(gòu)。此舉，使得保守派，反對墮胎者雀躍不已---delight女權(quán)主義者氣餒---dismay候選人緊張萬分，---terrify選舉的派系斗爭會(huì)讓墮胎問題成為對候選人的試驗(yàn)，對于自己的選民分布在兩派的政客而言，這是一個(gè)無法取勝的事。

2.Encouragementforotherstatelegislaturestoexperimentwithnewlawslimitingaccesstoabortion

最高法院鼓勵(lì)其他州立法限制墮胎。Lesson7(3)Publicsentimentontheabortion

公眾的反應(yīng)Broadlysupporttheideaofcompromise妥協(xié)

1.Broadly:increaseofabortionadvocates21%-29%decreaseofabortionopponents22%-17%2.Specifically:Supportforviabilitytestandmorestringentmedicalstandards;oppositiontouseofpublicmoneyorpublicfacilitiesforabortion公眾以21%的差額多數(shù)支持強(qiáng)制性的胎兒存活試驗(yàn)（限制墮胎的舉措還是很嚴(yán)格），絕大多數(shù)反對使用公家設(shè)備或公款墮胎，除非孕婦的生命受到威脅。StructureAnalysisButdetailedquestionsonproposalstorestrictabortiontelladifferentstory.限制墮胎的舉措（嚴(yán)格）IV.(4)

IntentionoftheSupremeCourt:torollbackRoeVs.Wade

Rollback廢除密蘇里案進(jìn)一步證實(shí)最高法院打算廢棄RoeVsWade案Thequestionnowishowtodevise設(shè)計(jì)alegalstandardforpoliticalcompromise---butthereislittleinlastweek’sdecisiontogivepoliticiansorlower-courtjudgesclearguidance.TherigidRoeframeworkishardlyconsistentwiththenotionofaconstitutioncase.羅案僵硬的條款和憲法是相違背的。Chillabortionadvocate讓墮胎的支持者寒心Wedonotseewhythestate’sinterestinprotectinglifeshouldcomeintoexistenceonlyatthepointof(fetal)viability,andthatthereforethereshou