第1講句子結(jié)構(gòu)

Lecture1

SentenceStructure句子結(jié)構(gòu)

(

p.p.13—21)I.Clauseelements

Subject主語(yǔ)(p.13)Predication謂語(yǔ)(p.13)Predicateverb謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Object賓語(yǔ)(directobject,indirectobject,complexobject)Complement補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(subjectcomplement,objectcomplement)Predicative表語(yǔ)Adverbial狀語(yǔ)Attributive/Attribute定語(yǔ)Appositive同位語(yǔ)e.g.S1:Henryisthemoststudious用功的intheclass.

S4:Jennie’spaintingswerejudgedinferior不如toWanda’s.TheexpertsjudgedJennie’spaintingsinferiortoWanda’s.

Note1:

Singlesubject/predicate

S–V

andCompoundsubject并列主語(yǔ)/predicate并列謂語(yǔ)(p.14)

S1:Theboysandthegirlsareplanningadance.SVS

S4：Leahjumpedonherbikeandrodearoundtheblock.VSV

S7：Herbrotherandhersisterwereveryshyandwerereallyhardpersonstogetknow.SVSV

Note2:DoublePredicate雙重謂語(yǔ)（P14）

S9：Helefthomeamerechildandreturnedquiteadifferentman.S10:Hewasamerechildwhenhelefthome,andhebecamequiteadifferentmanwhenhereturned.

S13:Abirdfelldead猝死totheground.S14:Hediedbeloved,revered尊敬的,andmourned

bymillionsoftheworkingpeople.

S11:--Everyonestoodlisteningintently.S12:--Thedoctorsatreadinganewspaperintheshade.

II.Sentenceanalysis

Subject主語(yǔ)(p.13)Predication謂語(yǔ)(p.13)Predicateverb謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Object賓語(yǔ)(directobject,indirectobject,complexobject)Complement補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(subjectcomplement,object、complement）Predicative表語(yǔ)Adverbial狀語(yǔ)Attributive定語(yǔ)Appositive同位語(yǔ)

DoEx.1A1.2,5,9,and14(p.15)

KeytotherestofEx.1A句子成分定義常用詞類(lèi)或表現(xiàn)形式主要成分主語(yǔ)句子的主體，敘述的中心，表明所說(shuō)的是“誰(shuí)”或“什么”名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的其他詞類(lèi)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分句謂語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的行為、動(dòng)作、特征或所處的狀態(tài)，即“是什么”、“干什么”、“怎么樣”由不及物動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成，表現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)的雙重狀況單個(gè)/并列實(shí)意動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)名詞性復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)（名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、從句）雙重謂語(yǔ)不及物動(dòng)詞come,go,leave,arrive,return,rise,die,live等+名詞、形容詞或分詞次要成分賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)句子成分定義常用形式主要成分主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)次要成分賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)行為、動(dòng)直接對(duì)象（指物）名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞間接賓語(yǔ)作的對(duì)象間接對(duì)象（指人）化的其他詞類(lèi)、不定式、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)或承授者賓語(yǔ)+其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞、分句介詞賓語(yǔ)介詞+其補(bǔ)足成分補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足直接賓語(yǔ)/主語(yǔ)的意義，名詞、形容詞、副詞、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)使其完整，賓語(yǔ)/主語(yǔ)與其補(bǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯主謂關(guān)系分詞、動(dòng)名詞定語(yǔ)修飾或限定名詞、代詞，說(shuō)明人或物的特性、狀態(tài)、數(shù)量等形容詞、名詞、代詞、名詞所有格、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分句同位語(yǔ)一個(gè)名詞或代詞放在另一個(gè)名詞或代詞后，說(shuō)明前者，并與前者同指一個(gè)人或物名詞、代詞、or/of+名詞、that引導(dǎo)的分句，等狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步，等副詞、名詞或名詞詞組、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、分詞、分句句子成分定義常用詞類(lèi)或表現(xiàn)形式主要成分主語(yǔ)句子的主體，敘述的中心，表明所說(shuō)的是“誰(shuí)”或“什么”名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的其他詞類(lèi)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分句謂語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的行為、動(dòng)作、特征或所處的狀態(tài)，即“是什么”、“干什么”、“怎么樣”單個(gè)/并列實(shí)意動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+原形動(dòng)詞名詞性復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)（名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、從句）雙重謂語(yǔ)由不及物動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成，表現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)的雙重狀況不及物動(dòng)詞come,go,leave,arrive,return,rise,die,live等+名詞、形容詞或分詞次要成分賓語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)行為、動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承授者直接對(duì)象（指物）名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的其他詞類(lèi)、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分句間接賓語(yǔ)間接對(duì)象（指人）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)+其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)介詞賓語(yǔ)介詞+其補(bǔ)足成分補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足直接賓語(yǔ)/主語(yǔ)的意義，使其完整，賓語(yǔ)/主語(yǔ)與其補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之間有邏輯主謂關(guān)系名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)修飾或限定名詞、代詞，說(shuō)明人或物的特性、狀態(tài)、數(shù)量等形容詞、代詞、名詞（所有格）、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分句同位語(yǔ)一個(gè)名詞或代詞放在另一個(gè)名詞或代詞后，說(shuō)明前者，并與前者同指一個(gè)人或物名詞、代詞、or/of+名詞、that引導(dǎo)的分句，等

狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步，等副詞、名詞或名詞詞組、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、分詞、分句DoEx.1A:1,2,5,9,14KeytoEx.1A1.A.hishomeworkB.quickly,toplay2.A.ThehugeblackhorseB.therace3.A.havethoughtaboutB.goingintospace4.A.warmsupandcrawlsB.outofthebag5.A.oneofthemostbeautifulplanetstolookatthroughatelescopeB.becauseofthemanyringsthatsurroundit6.A.165yearsB.tocompleteitspath,ororbit,aroundthesun7.A.youandyourbrotherB.Howmanypairsofshorts8.A.themostexpensivemeallistedonthemenuB.What9.A.an“OutdoorCode”B.theirmembers10.A.canblowB.asfastas180miles(290kilometers)anhour11.A.ThespiralofheatedairandmoistairB.totwistandgrowandspin12.A.Thedirectionahurricane’sspiralmovesB.counterclockwise13.A.doesnotshineB.Atthenorthpole,forhalfoftheyear14.A.ThecoldwindsthatblowoffoftheArcticOceanB.averycoldplace15.A.mighthavebeenB.guiltyofmurderIII.Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes

①Basicclausetypes(p.17)

[1]主─動(dòng)─補(bǔ)（SVC）結(jié)構(gòu)[2]主─動(dòng)（SV）結(jié)構(gòu)[3]主─動(dòng)─賓（SVO）結(jié)構(gòu)[4]主─動(dòng)─間接賓─直接賓（SvoO）結(jié)構(gòu)

[5]主─動(dòng)─賓─補(bǔ)（SVOC）結(jié)構(gòu)

[6]存在句（There+VSA）結(jié)構(gòu)Therearelotsofpeopleinthepark.Isthereaseatforme?

②Transformationandexpansionofbasicclausetypes

(p.18)A.Transformation可以轉(zhuǎn)換為疑問(wèn)句、否定句和被動(dòng)句

DoEx.1B(p.19)

B.Expansion變成千變?nèi)f化的句子（1）分句的并列S5,p.18--Hewasahandicappedchild,butheperseveredinhisstudies,andlaterhebecameawell-knownscholar.（2）增加修飾成分S3,p.18--TheAfricanpeoplehavelongbeenourclosefriendsinfightingagainsthegemonism霸權(quán)主義andpowerpolitics強(qiáng)權(quán)政治.（3）使用從屬分句S2,p.19--WhenreportscameintoLondonZoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously,butastheevidencebegantoaccumulate,expertsfromtheZoofeltobligedtoinvestigate,forthedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumawereextraordinarilysimilar.

DoEx.1C1,17,18and20(p.19)

KeytotherestofEx.1C1.WaldenPond,oncepraisedbyThoreauforitsnaturalbeauty,isnowthesiteofmanytouriststands.2.Almosteverysummernightthecoolingnortheastwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,markingairconditioningunnecessaryandalightblanketwelcome./Sweepingthroughourbedroomwindowsalmosteverysummernight,thecoolingnortheastwindmade…3.Thesteepsurroundingslopeswerecappedwithsnow,whichfedtwostreamsplungingdowntojoininthevalleybelow.4.Withtheriverononesideandalargetreeprovidingshade,thisisagoodspotforapicnic,andwecanspreadourblanketonthegrassyknoll.5.Pantingforbreathafterrunningupthestairs,Mrwoodstoodathisneighbour’sdoorandknockedagainandagaintillsomeoneopenedit.6.ThetownfolkenviedHorace,whohadcomeintoasmallfortunewithwhichheboughtabighouseandobtainedapartnershipinthebiggestgroceryintown.7.Standinginfrontofthemirror,Jimlookedathisimage,wonderingatthebigchangethathadcomeoverhiminrecentyears.8.Theideathathisonlydaughterwhomhehadgreatlywrongedmightneverforgivehimalmostdrovehimmad.9.Thestory,writteninplainlanguage,consistsofthreepartswithaninterestingplotcenteringroundanaristocraticfamilylivingin17thcenturyFrance.10.Mud-coveredandshivering,Johnsathunchedoverabowlofhotbrothpreparedbyhisfathertodriveoffthechill.11.FarabovethewatersofabeautifullakeandoverthetopsofthetallpinetreesgrowingonthesteepofahillstandfiveChinese-stylepavilions.12.Fartherdownthestreet,theoldmanstoppedandleanedagainstalamp-post,listeningtoacheerfulsongcomingoutofarestaurantontheoppositesideofthestreet.13.Sarahsankinthenearestchair,completelyexhausted,herlimbsstiffwithcold,hermindapieceofblank.14.ThroughoutthedayMrsRymerbehavedveryproperly,herpleasant,refinedfacewearingagravelook,herelegantfigurewrappedindeepmourningwhileoccasionallysheutteredasighorasob.15.Tonythoughtitnecessarytobreakthenewstohisfamily,thatMrJacob,hisformeremployer,hadpromisedhimahalf-dayjobat20poundsaweek.16.Thethoughtthathemighthavewrongedhisfriendwhohadrenderedhimgoodservicesonmanyoccasionstroubledhismind,a