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Sentences
SentencetypesoutlinewritingWhereShouldStudentsLive?DomitoryorApartment?1.2(1)(2)(3)3.I.BasicSentenceStructuresWhatisasentence?
Asentenceisagroupofwordsthatformsastatement,command,exclamationorquestion,usuallycontainsasubjectandaverb,andinwritingbeginswithacapitalletterandendswithoneofthemarks
“.”
“?”
or“!”RequirementsofCorrectSentences1)Itshouldbestructurallycomplete;2)Itshouldbeginwithacapitalletter;3)Itshouldendwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;4)Itshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea.
TherearesevenbasicelementsinEnglishsentences:
subject,predicate,predicative(subject
complement),object,objectcomplement,attributive,andadverbial
人治PK法治就句子結(jié)構(gòu)而言,英語句子是法治的,而漢語是人治的。無主語:下雨了。無動詞:我二十歲。無賓語:詞典來了,快去買吧。無邏輯:曬衣服/曬太陽吃蘋果/吃食堂救國/救火ClassificationofEnglishSentencesFromafunctionalangle
---declarativesentence,interrogativesentence,imperativesentence,andexclamatorysentenceFromastructuralangle---simplesentence,compoundsentence,complexsentence,andcompound-complexsentenceFromarhetoricalangle
---loosesentence,periodicsentence,parallelsentence,andbalancedsentenceFromaformalangle
---shortsentenceandlongsentenceFromafunctionalangleAdeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.Animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.
Accordingtotheiruse:Declarative,Interrogative,Imperative,andExclamatorySentences
Adeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.(positive/negative)Howtofinancetheireducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.general/special/alternative/tagquestionAnimperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.Howfortunatewearetobethestudentsofthenewcentury!e.g.1)Anidealteacherisalearnedandrestrictone.2)Ishonestythebestpolicy?3)Neverthrowstonesinglasshouses.4)WhattheAncientGreatWallcouldtellus!1.Simplesentences
Asimplesentenceincludesonlyoneindependentclausealthoughsometimesitcanbequitelong.Forexample:
Thishasmadeitnecessaryforagricultureandindustrytodevelopveryquickly.
Sometimesthesimplesentencemayhavetwoormoresubjectswithonepredicate.Forexample:
FastserviceandlowcostareimportantintheUnitedStates.Sometimesinasimplesentence,asubjectmayhavetwoormorepredicates.Forexample:
Ivisitedmuseumsandsatinpublicgardens.
Sometimesasentencemayhavetwosubjectsandtwopredicates.Forexample:
RoseandCameronwenttotheforestandcollectedalotofinsectspecimens.Thebasicsentencestructures1.Subject+verb
Thetelephonerang.
2.Subject+verb+complementWearestudents./Milkturnssour.3.Subject+verb+object
Laborcreatedman.4.Subject+verb+IO+DO
Isenthimaletter.
5.Subject+verb+object+complementWeelectedhimourmonitor.2.Compoundsentences
Acompoundsentencehastwoormoremainclauses,eachcontainingasubjectandapredicate,eachdescribinganactioncompleteinitself.1)Withacommaandacoordinatingconjunctionfor,and,nor,but,or,yet,sofanboysnotonly…butalso…,either…or…,neither…norReadingaclassicismorechallengingthanreadingathriller,butitisalsomuchmorerewarding.Eitheryoucomeinperson,oryouentrustsomeonewiththematter.2)WithasemicolonorcolonandnocoordinatingconjunctionColumbussetouttofindashorterroutetoIndiaandChina;heendedupdiscoveringanewworld.Thereisonlyonesolution:drunkendriversmustgotojail.3)Withasemicolonandaconjunctiveadverbfollowedbyacomma.Hefailedinthisyear’scollegeentranceexamination;therefore,hedecidedhissecondattemptthenextsummer.Thesalesvolumesoaredthisyear;accordingly,itsnetprofitincreased.therefore,consequently,thus,accordingly,hence,otherwise,furthermore,besides,moreover3.Complexsentences
Acomplexsentencecontainsonemain/principalclauseandoneormoredependent/subordinateclauses,withaconnectiveworddenotingtherelationbetweenthetwoparts.(1)Sheisespeciallyinterestedinherdinnerbecausesheisusinganewkindofcooker.(2)Whatisgoodmannersinonecountrymaynotbeappropriatebehaviorinanother.(3)Theywantedtomanagearestaurant,althoughtheyhadnocookingskillsandmanagementexperience.ComplextsentenceMainclause+SubordinateclauseSubordinateclauses
Adverbialclauses
Nominalclauses(Nounclauses)
AttributiveclausesAdverbialclausesAdverbialclausesoftimeAdverbialclausesofplaceAdverbialclausesofconditionAdverbialclausesofpurposeAdverbialclausesofresultAdverbialclausesofmannerAdverbialclausesofcomparisonAdverbialclausesofreasonAdverbialclausesofconcessionAdverbialclausesoftimeSubordinatingconjuctions
after,before,when,whenever,while,once,since,till,until,as,assoonas,etc.Examples1)I’lldoitnowbeforeIforgetit.2)Whenthetreefalls,themonkeysscatter.AdverbialclausesofplaceSubordinatingconjuctions
where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere,etc.Examples1)Youcangoanywhereyouwant.2)Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.AdverbialclausesofconditionSubordinatingconjuctions
if,unless,as(so)longas,onconditionalthat,incase,providedthat,providingthat,suppose,supposingetc.Examples1)IfIwereyou,I’dgoshoppingwiththem.2)Hewillgothereunlessitrains.AdverbialclausesofpurposeSubordinatingconjuctions
that,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,etc.Examples1)Helookedovertheenginecarefullylestitshouldgowrongontheway.2)HespokeinsimpleEnglishsothateveryonepresentcouldunderstandhim.AdverbialclausesofresultSubordinatingconjuctions
that,sothat,so...that,such...that,etc.Examples1)Hewassoillthathehadtoaskforsickleave.2)Theteacherworkedveryhard,sothathegotgoodresults.AdverbialclausesofmannerSubordinatingconjuctions
as,asif,asthough,etc.Examples1)Ididasyouasked.2)SmithspeaksChineseasifhewereaChinese.AdverbialclausesofcomparisonSubordinatingconjuctions
as,than,as...as,notso(as)...as,the(-er/more)...the(-er/more)...,etc.Examples1)ItismuchbetterthanIexpected.2)Sheisasbeautifulasamodel(is).AdverbialclausesofreasonSubordinatingconjuctions
as,because,since,now(that),inthat,considering(that),seeing(that),etc.Examples1)Hefailedtheexambecausehewasnotwellprepared.2)Ashewasnotwell,shehadtogowithouthim.AdverbialclausesofconcessionSubordinatingconjuctions
as,though,although,eventhough,whatever,whoever,however,evenif,nomatterwhat[when/how],etc.Examples1)Evenifwewintremendoussuccessesinourwork,weshouldnotbeconceited.2)Nomatterwhathappens,wewillgoondoinglikethat.NominalclausesSubjectclausesObjectclausesPredicativeclausesAppositiveclausesSubjectclauses1)Whoknowshimselfknowsothers.2)Whatyoudidisbeyondreproach.3)Thatherfatherisaheroisknowntoall.4)Itisafactthatheworksinasmallcompany.5)Itisimportantthatweshouldtakedrasticmeasurestokeepairpollutionundercontrol.6)Itissaidthattheyhavealreadydivorced.7)IthappenedthatthemanagerhadleftforU.S.A..Objectclauses1)Whocanguaranteethatshe’llkeepherword?2)Astrawshowswhichwaythewindblows.3)Iwassurprisedatwhatshesaid.Predicativeclauses1)That’snotwhatImeant.2)That’swhyIwaslateforthemeeting.Appositiveclauses1)Therewasnodoubtthathewillsucceed.2)Ihavenoideathatyoucamesoearly.Attributiveclauses1)Thisisthephotowhich/thatshowsmyoffice.2)IsthereanyoneherewhosenameisLiLin?3)Hehasason,whoteachesEnglishinacollege.4)Aswasusualwiththem,theytookawalkaroundhereaftersupper.1)Heandhiswife,thoughtheywerebitterlycold,remainedtocheerthevictorywiththethousandsthathadgatheredinfrontoftheschoolgate.2)Theproblemisthatyouconsiderimpossiblewhatcanreallybedoneifeffortsaremade.3)Richard,thoughhehadnotpreviouslyansweredanyquestionswhentheteacheraskedhim,nowsaidthatheknewtheanswertothisonebecauseitwasinthelessonthathehadjustread.ComplexsentencesCompound-complexclausesWhentheearthquaketookplace,Jackwaslisteningtothestereo,andLindawasreadinginbed.AfterIreturnedtoschoolfollowingalongillness,themathteachergavememake-upwork,butthehistoryteachermademedrophercourse.Iwantedtoconductmyowndefenseincourt,butassoonasmyfatherfoundoutwhathadhappened,hehiredaverygoodsolicitor.(Iteachbecauseteachingisaprofessionbuiltonchange.)Whenthematerialisthesame,Ichange---andmoreimportant,mystudentschange.4.Compound-complexsentences
Frequentlywecombinecompoundandcomplexsentences,usingatleasttwomainclausesandonesubordinateclause.Forexample:
Theworldisfullofremarkablemenandwomen,butevenifwehadtimetogoallovertheearthtovisitthem,weshouldstillnotbeabletomeetmorethanasmallfractionofthem.題型判斷WillCreditCardsBringHarmtotheStudents?
Recently,inordertoextendbusinesstouniversitycampus,somebanksoffercreditcardstocollegestudents.Manypeopleworrythatcreditcardsmaydoharmtostudents,whileothersdon'tthinkso.
Inmyopinion,creditcardsaregoodforstudentsiftheyareusedappropriately.分論點一
First,whenastudentusescreditcards,heneedn'tbringmuchcashwithhimeveryday.Andthelesscashhebrings,thelessheneedstoworryaboutbeingstolen.分論點二
Second,usingcreditcardscanminimizethechancesofreceivingforgednotes.Studentsarenotquitegoodatdistinguishingforgednotes,andthusoftenbecomevictimsofcoiners.(原因解釋)Iftheyusecreditcards,itwillbeverypossibleforthemtoavoidreceivingforgednotesbecausetheydon'tneedtogetthechanges.(情景假設(shè))分論點三
Third,usingcreditcardscanhelpstudentstoknowmoreabout"credit".Iftheydon'trepaytheircreditaccountintime,theywillhavetopaymoreinterestsandwhat'sworse,theywillgetabadcreditrecordwhichwillbringinconveniencetotheminthefuture.(情景假設(shè)-如果沒有你)結(jié)尾重申主題
Therefore,creditcardswillnotbringharmtostudentsifusedreasonably.專四作文技巧之開頭法Loose:Readtheletteragainifyouhavetime.Periodic:Ifyouhavetime,readtheletteragain.Loose:Hemissedthelecturealthoughhehaddoneallhecouldtocomeearly.Periodic:Althoughhehaddoneallhecouldtocomeearly,hemissedthelecture.Accordingtorhetoric:Looseandperiodicsentence
Accordingtorhetoric:Looseandperiodicsentence
LoosesentenceisthemostcommonkindofsentencesusedinEnglish.Itbeginswithamainclausethatmaybefollowedbywords,phrasesoradditionalclauses,thatexpandordevelopthemainclause.e.g.Itwasanimmensecrowd.Itwasanimmensecrowd,twothousandatleast.Itwasanimmensecrowd,thoughitwasanunrulyone.Itwasanimmensecrowd,twothousandatleastandgrowingeveryminute.Itwasanimmensecrowd,lookingupintothesky.Hewassittinginalargearmchairbeforethefirewhenweenteredtheroom.Loosesentencegivesprominencetoemphasesandcomesstraighttothepoint.Periodicsentencepresentsmodifiersfirst,followedbythemainclause.It’snotgrammaticalcompleteuntiltheendisreached.Theeffectisgradualbuildingupofintensity,sometimesofsuspense,untiltheclimaxinthemainclauseisreached.E.g.IfyouthinkIamfromthecountryside,ifyouthinkIamweakerthanyouandwanttobullyme,youarewrong.Theoneabsolute,unselfishfriendamanmayhaveinthisselfishworld,theonethatneverdesertshim,theonethatneverprovesungratefulortreacherous,ishisdog.2.IalwaystakemyraincoatwheneverIgooutthesedays.(periodic)WheneverIgooutthesedays,Ialwaystakemyraincoat.3.Theywereonholiday.Theirhousewasbrokeninto.Somevaluablepaintingswerestolen.(compound–complex)Whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsomevaluablepaintingswerestolen.4.Thefiremenfoughtforthreehours.Theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.(complex)Afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthefire.5.Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect.Weallhavesomefaults.(compound)Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect;weallhavesomefaults.Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect,forweallhavesomefaults.6.ThetrainisgoingtoDalian.Thetrainleavesat20:15.(simple)ThetraintoDalianleavesat20:15.7.Inspiteoftheinterruption,hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasover.(loose)Hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasoverinspiteoftheinterruption.Exercise1.Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue.Heletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.(compound)Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue,soheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue;heletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalueandheletmehaveitforonlytenpounds.II.CommonErrorsofSentenceStructureSentenceFragmentsA.SentenceFragmentsAsentencefragmentisaphraseoradependentclausethatispunctuatedasifitwereacompletesentence.Usu.(1)itlacksapredicateorbothasubjectandapredicate.Or(2)itisonlyasubordinateclause.Forexample:Intenseconds,Imadeadecision.Adecisionthatchangedthenexttenyearsofmylife.Correctthesentencefragment:
1.Attachthemissingpredicateand/orsubjecttothefragment.Fragment:FlorencewasthecenterofRenaissance(r?‘neis?ns)life.Inthefifteenthcentury.Revised:FlorencewasthecenterofRenaissancelifeinthefifteenthcentury.2.Deletethesubordinatingconjunctionorrelativepronoun.Fragment:Intenseconds,Imadeadecision.Adecisionthatchangedthenexttenyearsinmylife.Revised:Intenseconds,Imadeadecision.Thedecisionchangedthenexttenyearsinmylife.subordinateconjunctions:after,before,because,eventhough,what,when,whenever,where,while,whetherrelativepronoun:that,which,who,whoever,whichever,whose,whomthat,who,which,whoevercanbethesubjectofthedependentclause3.Addanindependentclausetosomefragmenttoformacomplexsentence.Fragment:Copernicus(哥白尼)whofirstsuggestedthatthesun,nottheearth,wasthecente
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