第七講 船舶碰撞

Chapter7CollisionofShips

1.Concept

Article1ofthe1910BrusselsConvention

Whereacollisionoccursbetweensea-goingvesselsorbetweensea-goingvesselsandvesselsofinlandnavigation,thecompensationduefordamagescausedtothevessels,ortoanythingsorpersonsonboardthereof,shallbesettledinaccordancewiththefollowingprovisions,inwhateverwatersthecollisiontakesplace.

船舶碰撞是指海船與海船或海船與內(nèi)河船在任何水域發(fā)生接觸，致使有關(guān)船舶或船上人身、財物遭受損害的事故。

Article165ofChineseMaritimeLawprovides,“Collisionofshipsmeansanaccidentarisingfromthetouchingofshipsatseaorinothernavigablewatersadjacentthereto.Shipsreferredtointheprecedingparagraphshallincludethosenon-militaryorpublicserviceshipsorcraftthatcollidewiththeshipsmentionedinArticle3ofthisCode.”

《海商法》第165條，船舶碰撞，是指船舶在海上或者與海相通的可航水域發(fā)生接觸造成損害的事故。前款所稱船舶，包括與本法第三條所指船舶碰撞的任何其他非用于軍事的或者政府公務(wù)的船艇。

Article170Whereashiphascauseddamagetoanothershipandpersons,goodsorotherpropertyonboardthatship,eitherbytheexecutionornon-executionofamanoeuvreorbythenon-observanceofnavigationregulations,evenifnocollisionhasactuallyoccurred,theprovisionsofthisChaptershallapply.

《海商法》第170條，船舶因操縱不當(dāng)或者不遵守航行規(guī)章，雖然實際上沒有同其他船舶發(fā)生碰撞，但是使其他船舶以及船上的人員、貨物或者其他財產(chǎn)遭受損失的，適用本章的規(guī)定。

最高人民法院《關(guān)于審理船舶碰撞和觸碰案件財產(chǎn)損害賠償?shù)囊?guī)定》，“船舶碰撞在海上或者與海相通的可航水域，兩艘或者兩艘以上的船舶之間發(fā)生接觸或者沒有直接接觸，造成財產(chǎn)損害的事故?！?/p>

Constitutiverequirements：（1）acollisionmustoccursbetweenvesselsandexpartemustbesea-goingvessels

（2）acollisionmustbearisingfromthetouchingofshipsatseaorinothernavigablewatersadjacentthereto

（3）acollisionmusthaveharmfulconsequences

（4）indirectcollisionmustbecausedbynegligence

2.Threesortsofcollisionofships

2.1

Faultofcrewcollision

cause:

①faultofsteering(or:steeringfault)②illmanagement(or:misadministration;mismanagement)③badnessofmaintenance

Thetypeofthefault:

a.

collisionofunilateralfaultb.collisionofbilateralfaultc.collisionofmultipartitefault

2.2

No-faultofcrewcollision

2.2.1collisionduetovismajor

2.2.2collisionduetocontingency(or:fortuitousaccident;misadventure)2.2.3collisionduetounclearcause2.3

Faultofpilotcollision

[案情簡介]

下列碰撞事故皆與船員過失無關(guān)，那么究竟因何所致呢？設(shè)若1A船為避臺風(fēng)而停泊于港內(nèi)，并加固纜繩及拋錨以做好一切防御準(zhǔn)備，然臺風(fēng)來勢太猛，錨鏈、纜繩均被吹斷而走錨（即被吹走），后與停泊之B船碰撞。設(shè)若2甲船為了避免與乙船相碰而立即倒車，但由于活塞突然失靈而使倒車未能成功，結(jié)果與乙船相撞。后經(jīng)查明，甲船船員已恪盡職責(zé)，即對活塞已進(jìn)行過合理的檢查和維修，但仍未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何缺陷。設(shè)若3在一個風(fēng)平浪靜、能見度極好的白日里，兩船竟莫名其妙地相撞后沉沒，船員全部遇難，究系何方之責(zé)任亦無從查清。[法律規(guī)定]

1.Article167Neitherofthepartiesshallbeliabletotheotherifthecollisioniscausedbyforcemajeureorothercausesnotattributabletothefaultofeitherpartyorifthecausethereofisleftindoubt.

《海商法》第167條船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或者其他不能歸責(zé)于任何一方的原因或者無法查明的原因造成的，碰撞各方互相不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。

2.Article2ofthe1910BrusselsConvention

Ifthecollisionisaccidental,ifitiscausedbyforcemajeure,orifthecauseofthecollisionisleftindoubt,thedamagesarebornebythosewhohavesufferedthem.

如果碰撞的發(fā)生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，或者出于碰撞原因不明，其損害應(yīng)由受損方自負(fù)。

Thisprovisionisapplicablenotwithstandingthefactthatthevessels,oranyoneofthem,maybeatanchor(orotherwisemadefast)atthetimeofthecasualty.

即使在發(fā)生碰撞時，有關(guān)的船舶或其中之一是處于錨泊（或以其他方式系泊）狀態(tài)，本條規(guī)定亦得適用。

3.Principlesforliabilitiesofthecollidingvessels

3.1

Principleofself-responsibilityforloss

Article2ofthe1910BrusselsConvention

Ifthecollisionisaccidental,ifitiscausedbyforcemajeure,orifthecauseofthecollisionisleftindoubt,thedamagesarebornebythosewhohavesufferedthem.Thisprovisionisapplicablenotwithstandingthefactthatthevessels,oranyoneofthem,maybeatanchor(orotherwisemadefast)atthetimeofthecasualty.

如果碰撞的發(fā)生是出于意外事故，或者出于不可抗力，或者出于碰撞原因不明，其損害應(yīng)由受損方自負(fù)。即使在發(fā)生碰撞時，有關(guān)的船舶或其中之一是處于錨泊（或以其他方式系泊）狀態(tài)，本條規(guī)定亦得適用。

Article167ofChineseMaritimeLawprovides,“Neitherofthepartiesshallbeliabletotheotherifthecollisioniscausedbyforcemajeureorothercausesnotattributabletothefaultofeitherpartyorifthecausethereofisleftindoubt.”

船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于不可抗力或者其他不能歸責(zé)于任何一方的原因或者無法查明的原因造成的，碰撞各方互相不負(fù)賠償責(zé)任。

3.2

Principleofunilateralliability

Article3ofthe1910BrusselsConventionIfthecollisioniscausedbythefaultofoneofthevessels,liabilitytomakegoodthedamagesattachestotheonewhichhascommittedthefault.

《碰撞公約》第3條規(guī)定：“如果碰撞是由于一艘船舶的過失所引起，損害賠償?shù)呢?zé)任便應(yīng)由該艘過失船舶承擔(dān)?！?/p>

Article168ofChinese

MaritimeLawprovides,“Ifthecollisioniscausedbythefaultofoneoftheships,theoneinfaultshallbeliabletherefor.”

我國《海商法》第168條規(guī)定，“船舶發(fā)生碰撞，是由于一船的過失造成的，由有過失的船舶負(fù)賠償責(zé)任?！?/p>

3.3

Principleofproportionalfault

所謂“比例過失”是指對互有過失的船舶碰撞當(dāng)事方，按各自所犯的過失程度來分擔(dān)碰撞損害。但在各方過失程度相當(dāng)，或過失程度比例無法判定的情況下，則平均分擔(dān)原則仍然適用。

Article169(1)ofChinese

MaritimeLawprovides,“Ifthecollidingshipsareallinfault,eachshipshallbeliableinproportiontotheextentofitsfault;iftherespectivefaultsareequalinproportionoritisimpossibletodeterminetheextentoftheproportionoftherespectivefaults,theliabilityofthecollidingshipsshallbeapportionedequally.”

我國《海商法》第169條第1款規(guī)定：“船舶發(fā)生碰撞，碰撞的船舶互有過失的，各船按照過失程度的比例負(fù)賠償責(zé)任；過失程度相當(dāng)或者過失程度的比例無法判定的，平均負(fù)賠償責(zé)任?！?/p>

3.4

Principleofjointandseveralliability

Article4(2)ofthe1910BrusselsConventionThedamagescaused,eithertothevesselsortotheircargoesortotheeffectsorotherpropertyofthecrews,passengers,orotherpersonsonboard,arebornebythevesselsinfaultintheaboveproportion,andeventothirdpartiesavesselisnotliableformortthansuchproportionofsuchdamage.

Article169(2)ofChinese

MaritimeLawprovides,

“Theshipsinfaultshallbeliableforthedamagetotheship,thegoodsandotherpropertyonboardpursuanttotheproportionsprescribedintheprecedingparagraph.Wheredamageiscausedtothepropertyofathirdparty,theliabilityforcompensationofanyofthecollidingshipsshallnotexceedtheproportionitshallbear.”

互有過失的的船舶，對碰