光纖通信技術(shù)：Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter1IntroductionVocabularyChapter12SOEI,HUSTNearinfrared近紅外DWDM:densewavelengthdivisionmultiplexing密集波分復用Modulationformat調(diào)制格式Regenerator再生器Repeaterspacing中繼距離Bitrate-distanceproduct比特率距離的乘積Dispersionshiftedfiber色散位移光纖Submarinetransmissionsystem海底傳輸系統(tǒng)Dryfiber無水光纖Opticalsoliton光孤子Binaryrepresentation二進制表示方法Samplingtheorem抽樣定理Nyquistcriterion奈奎斯特準則Quantizationnoise量化噪聲PPM脈沖位置調(diào)制PDM脈沖寬度調(diào)制PCM脈沖編碼調(diào)制TDM時分復用FDM頻分復用Digitalhierarchy數(shù)字體系SONET同步光網(wǎng)絡(luò)SDH同步數(shù)字體系STM同步轉(zhuǎn)移模塊RZ歸零碼NRZ非歸零碼CSRZ載波抑制歸零碼AM/FM/PM幅度/頻率/相位調(diào)制ASK/FSK/PSK幅/頻/相移鍵控OOK：通斷鍵控Free-spaceopticalcommunication自由空間光通信系統(tǒng)Opticaltransmitter光發(fā)射機Launchedpower發(fā)射功率IM/DD強度調(diào)制/直接探測BER誤碼率Receiversensitivity接收機靈敏度Quantumnoise量子噪聲Shotnoise散粒噪聲Thermalnoise熱噪聲1.1 SystemConfiguration&SystemComponents1.2HistoricalEvolutionReview1.3BasicConceptsChap1IntroductionChapter13SOEI,HUST1.1.1GeneralRemarksChapter14SOEI,HUSTCommunicationOpticalCommunicationOpticalFiberCommunicationCarrier:MicrowaveOpticalwaveMedium:FreespaceOpticalfiber

TelegraphTelephoneRadioCableTVWireless….1.WhatIsOpticalFiberCommunicationChapter15SOEI,HUST

Carrierfrequency→BitrateMicrowave→300MHz~3GHz→B~100Mb/sOpticalwave→200THzat→B~10Tb/stimes!2.WhyUsingOpticalCarrier?Chapter16SOEI,HUSTAdvantagesLowlossinvisibleandnearIRspectralregionsSignalwellprotected&immunetoelectricalinterferenceLowcost(silica)Small:125mmouterdiameter(ductspace);lightNoteasytobecorrodedDisadvantagesDifficulttocoupleandsplitDifficulttoconnect:fusedsplicingUnabletobendsharplyEasytobreakLoss→Distance(L)CapacitydefinedasB*L(Bit-ratedistanceproduct)3.WhyUsingOpticalFiber?Chapter17SOEI,HUSTWavelength:μm=10-6m,nm=10-9m,pm=10-12mBandwidth:MHz/GHz/THz,100GHz~0.8nm(1550nmwindow)Decibelpowerunits:1mWcorrespondsto0dBm1μWcorrespondsto-30dBm1Wcorrespondsto30dBm4.ImportantUnits1.1.2SystemConfiguration&SystemComponentsChapter18SOEI,HUSTReamplifyRetimeReshapeRepeaterOpticalReceiverElectricalReceiverData/Audio/VideoO/EOpticalTransmitterElectricalTransmitterData/Audio/VideoE/OO/E/OorO/Ofiberfiber1.SystemConfiguration96x40/100Gbit/sT-bit級光傳輸系統(tǒng)Chapter19SOEI,HUSTBinarytosingleCoding/linecodingModulatorOpticalSource(LDorLED)DrivingCircuitPCMChannelcouplerOpticalsignaloutputLD/LEDLaunchingPowerSpectralLinewidthNarrowLinewidthLaserOpticalTransmitter2.SystemComponentsChapter110SOEI,HUSTFiberLossFiberDispersionFiberNonlinearity&High-orderDispersionFiberspoolOpticalFiberChapter111SOEI,HUSTRepeater3R:ReamplificationRetimingReshapingO/E/O3R:nottransparenttodataformat,speedetc.O/O3R:opticalamplifier,dispersioncompensation

OpticalRepeaterChapter112SOEI,HUST

EDFASOAChirped

Bragggrating??

?

llonglshortG.652:PositiveDispersion@1550nmDCM

OpticalAmplifier

DispersionCompensationModule(DCM)Chapter113SOEI,HUSTChannelcouplerPhotodetector(PINorAPD)PreamplifierLinearchannelDecisionSingle-binaryDecodingPCMsignalOpticalsignalinputNosie&sensitivity!2.5Gb/sAPD

10Gb/sPIN

OpticalReceiver1.1 SystemConfiguration&SystemComponents1.2HistoricalEvolutionReview1.3BasicConceptsChap1IntroductionChapter114SOEI,HUST1.2.1HistoricalPerspectiveChapter115SOEI,HUST1.EarlytimeFire，smokesignalsOpticaltelephone(Bell,1880)opticalsource:notstableandreliablemedium:largelossLaserdiode(opticalsource)Fiber(medium)1960Maimanrubylaser1962LD（GaAs870nm)1970sLDatroomtemperature(GaAsAl850nm)1310

,1550nmmultimodeLDsinglelongitudinalmodeLD1951medicalfiber

(1000dB/km)1965E.Millerlenswaveguide1966

Loss<20dB/km(高錕)1970Corningfiber(20dB/km)0.5dB/km@1310nm,0.2dB/km@1550nmSinglemodefiber(SMF)Shorttolongwavelength

multimodetosinglemodeK.C.Kao高錕2.MilestonesChapter117SOEI,HUST1st:LD:multi-longitudinalmode(MLM)Fiber:multimodefiber(MMF)Wavelength:0.85μm(3.5dB/km)2nd:LD:MLMFiber:MMF→singlemodefiber(SMF)Wavelength:1.31μm3rd:LD:MLM→SLMFiber:SMF→DSFWavelength:1.55μm4th:Wavelengths→WDM5th:Multi-levelmodulationformat,S+Lband,Ramanamplification,Coherentdetection,Dispersion&NonlinearityManagement3.SeveralGenerationsChapter118SOEI,HUST196619701980199520012015theoryLDoperateatCW,roomtemp.Singlemode,longwave-lengthLDWDMAdvancedmodulationformatUltra-high

speedUltra-large

capacityUltra-longdistanceLoss/dispersionnonlinearitySpectralefficiencySpectralefficiencynonlinearityLoss/dispersionThreekeyissuesdrivetransmissionsystemrevolutionnonlinearityChapter119SOEI,HUSTFunctionalityYear199420002006opticalamplifierspoint-to-pointWDM&DWDMDWDMpoint-to-multipointStaticOADMsdynamicOADMs

e-g-STM1ondemandColouredsectionringsOXCandDXCco-existencewavelengthconversionWavelengthroutingOpticalpacketswitchingConnectivityCapacityFlexibility4.Point-to-pointtowardsOpticalNetworking20FibersconnecttheworldChapter1SOEI,HUST1.1 SystemConfiguration&SystemComponents1.2HistoricalEvolutionReview1.3BasicConceptsChap1IntroductionChapter121SOEI,HUST1.3.1Analog&DigitalSignals Chapter122SOEI,HUSTAnalogsignals:audio,video(continuous)Digitalsignals:data(discrete,binaryrepresentation)

AnalogSignalDigitalSignalLightwavesystemsusedigitalsignal!1.WhatAreAnalogandDigitalSignals

Chapter123SOEI,HUSTSignalcanberecoveredevenincaseofnoiseanddistortion!2.BenefitsofDigitalSignal

Chapter124SOEI,HUSTThreesteps:SamplingQuantizationCoding3.AnalogtoDigitalConversion(ADC)

Chapter125SOEI,HUST(NyquistCriterion)tominimizeadditionalnoise:M>Amax/AN(quantizedsignallevel)SNR=20log10(Amax/AN)(signal-to-noiseratio)ConsiderBinarycoding:(mbitspersample)Bitrate

RequirementoftransmissionbitrateSampling:Quantization:Coding:Amax:themaximumamplitudeofthegivensignalAN:theroot-mean-squarenoiseamplitudeoftheanalogsignalChapter126SOEI,HUSTDigitalAudioSignal?f=3.1kHz(300Hz~3.4kHz),SNR=30dBB>31kbit/sInpractice,fs=8kHz,m=8bits/sampleB=64kbit/sDigitalVideoSignal?f=4MHz,SNR=50dB(HDTV)B>66Mbit/sInpractice,fs=10MHz,m=10bits/sampleB=100Mbit/sExamplesChapter127SOEI,HUSTRZ(return-to-zero)clockforretimingrequirelargebandwidthNRZ(non-return-to-zero)smallbandwidthbit-pattern-dependenteffectDigitalbitstream010110…codedbyusing(a)RZand(b)NRZformats.4.DigitalDataFormat:RZandNRZ1.3.2ModulationandMultiplexingChapter128SOEI,HUST1.RepresentationoftheElectricalFieldofOpticalSignalPolarizationSpatialdistributionAmplitudeFrequencyPhaseTimeChapter129SOEI,HUSTAMFMPM,,areanalogsignals,correspondingtoAM,FMandPMmodulation(carrier)×AMsignal=2.ModulationFormatsAnalogmodulationChapter130SOEI,HUST,,aredigitalsignals,correspondingtoASK,FSKandPSKmodulationASKPSKFSKASKFSKPSKElectricalbinarydataOpticalsignalBasicdigitalmodulationtechniquesChapter131SOEI,HUSTPolSKQAM:QuadratureAmplitudeModulationMoredigitalmodulationtechniquestx-pol.y-pol.OOK(ASK)BPSKDPSKQPSKDQPSKMulti-levelQPSK16QAMChapter132SOEI,HUSTtotalnumberofsymbolscontainedbymodulationformatsymbolratebitrateBit:measureofinformationcapacityOOK:BPSK/DPSK:QPSK/DQPSK:16QAM:(Equalprobability)Bitrate(bit/s)andSymbolrate(Baud=Symbol/s)Frequency(wavelength)divisionmultiplexing(FDMorWDM)Chapter133OEI,HUSTTDMFDMorWDM10101Channel1Channel210101101011010112t12Channel210101Channel1

110011001110101t1Timedivisionmultiplexing(TDM)3.ChannelMultiplexingChapter134SOEI,HUSTETDM:electricaltimedivisionmultiplexingOTDM:opticaltimedivisionmultiplexing(moredetailsinchapter6)Formultiplexing24digitalvoicechannelsintoaframe,eachvoicechannelis64Kbit/s(8KHz*8bits/sample),theaggregatebitrateis:24*64KHz=1.536Mbit/sFrame(8000Framesper1second~8kHz)1242channelETDManditsdigitalhierarchyChapter135SOEI,HUST64Kb/s1544Kb/s2048Kb/s6312Kb/s32064Kb/s97728Kb/s397200Kb/s44736Kb/s274176Kb/s8448Kb/s34368Kb/s139264Kb/s564992Kb/s24304753464444JapanUSAEurope,ChinaExtracontrolbitaddedto1.536Mbit/s

PDH:Pseudo-synchronousDigitalHierarchyChapter136SOEI,HUSTSONET(US)Linerate(Mb/s)SDH(ITU-T)OC-1929953.28STM-64OC-964976.64OC-482488.32STM-16OC-361866.24OC-241244.16OC-18933.12OC-12622.08STM-4OC-9466.56OC-3155.52STM-1OC-151.84

SDH:SynchronousDigitalHierarchyChapter137SOEI,HUSTPDM:polarizationdivisionmultiplexingMDM:modedivisionmultiplexingf

MoremultiplexingtechniquesfABCEGIDFHJx-pol.y-pol.WDMchannelsWDMchannelsChapter138SOEI,HUSTPolarizationSpaceT