希臘羅馬神話

ParisandHelenTheFirstGatheringatAulisTheSecondGatheringatAulisNineYearsofWarTheWrathofAchillesTheDeathofAchillesTheMadnessofAjaxTheOraclesofTroyTheWoodenHorsesTheSackofTroyTheReturns2AjaxAjaxAjax(Aias)theGreatisdescribedassecondonlytoAchillesinHomer'sandheistheonlyoneofthegreatheroeswhodoesnotreceiveassistancefromanyofthegods.Thegreat-grandsonofZeus,heis,basically,onhisownandyetmanagestoexcelinawaythatputshimfarabovealltheotherGreeks.AjaxandAchilleswereclosefriends,withAjaxgoingouttofightinAchilles‘stead（代替）whenAchilleswassulking（生氣）inhistentoverhisargumentwithAgamemnon（阿伽門農(nóng)，特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭中希臘軍隊的統(tǒng)帥）.AjaxalsopersonallyrescuedthearmorandbodyofAchillesafterthelatterwaskilledbyParis.Hedidnot,however,faresowellinhiscompetitionwithOdysseusoverthatarmor-atthebehestofAthena（命令，吩咐）,AgamemnonawardedtheprizetoOdysseus.AjaxIncensedattheinjustice,Ajaxwasmadandproceededtoslaughterthesheep,thinkingthattheywereactuallytheGreekleaders.AfterhecametohissensehekilledhimselfwiththeswordgiventohimbyHector(赫克特和帕里斯是為建立特洛伊的和平外交才漂洋過海到了斯巴達(dá))inordertomakeupforhisshame.GreeklegendssaythathelivesonwithAchillesontheislandofLeuke.AjaxwasveneratedontheislandofSalamis(薩拉米斯，塞島東部法馬古斯塔以北，在古代為特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭中的英雄所建）wherethepeoplebuiltatempleinhishonor.Canyoulistsomecausesofwar?ReligionEconomyTerritoryPoliticsDoyouknowthefollowingpictures?TrojanHorse(Reconstruction)

ParisstealsHelen

Doyouknowthefollowingpictures?SiteofTroyTrojanruins

HomerwasaGreekPoetoftwoepics,TheIliad,thestoryofsiegetheTroy.And

theOdyssey,thetaleofUlysses’wandering.FirstrecorderofancientGreekepicpoemsChangingthepoemsfromacompletelyoraltraditiontoanactualwrittenscript.

TheIliadisjustonepartoftheTroy,whichhasitsrootsinthejudgmentofParis,theprinceofTroy,alongwithhisabductionofHelen,themostbeautifulwomanintheworld.HerhusbandMenelauscallsontheGreektogoonajourneyofwartofighttheTrojans.

TheoriginsoftheWarAppleoftheDiscordHelenofSpartaParisofTroyTheTrojanWarThegodswereatabanquettocelebratetheweddingofKingPeleusandthesea-nymphThetis.AppleofDiscord

TheAppleofDiscordHelenofSpartaZeus

and

LedaParisofTroyParisvisitedMenelausandHelenatSparta,seducedHelen(helpedbytheirresistiblepowerofAphrodite),andcarriedheroffwithhimtoTroy.ParisandHelenTheLoveofHelenandParisByJacques-LouisDavid,FrenchPainterAtthemarriageofPeleus（珀琉斯）andThetis（忒提斯）,Eris（厄里斯）,goddessofDiscord,wasnotinvited.However,sheappeared,andshethrewintotheroomwherethegodsweregatheredanappleonwhichwaswritten“Tothefairest”,i.e.tothemostbeautiful.ThiscausedargumentbetweenthethreegoddessesHera,AthenaandAphrodite.HencetheappleiscalledtheAppleofDiscord.ThesearetheirGreeknames.InLatintheywereJuno,MinervaandVenus.

Inordertoresolvethedisputebetweenthethreegoddesses,thegodZeussentthemtoMountIda,whereParis,sonofKingPriam（普里阿摩斯）ofTroy,amortal,woulddecidewhichgoddesswasthefairest.WhentheyreachedMountIda,HeraofferedParisallofAsia（亞細(xì)亞）ifhewouldchooseher;Athenaofferedhimwealth,possessionsandfameinwar;butAphroditeofferedhimthemostbeautifulwomanintheworld,Helen.ParischoseAphrodite.

ItwasaboutHelenthattheplaywrightMarlowe(acontemporaryofShakespeare)wrotethefamouslines:WasthisthefacethatsankathousandshipsAndburnedthetoplesstowersofIlium?

[Ilium=Troy]WesawthisinthepaintingbyRubenscalled‘TheJudgmentofParis’.ApolloandPoseidon,duringatimewhentheywerebeingpunishedbyZeus,wanderedontheearth.WhentheyidledaroundTroy,theyhelpedLaomedon（拉俄墨冬，希臘神話中特洛伊的創(chuàng)建人）tobuildthecity.ButLaomedonatehiswordsofpayingthem.ApolloandPoseidongotangryandsworetodestroythecity.

Whennewlyconstructed,TroywasonceattackedandcapturedbyHercules,Telamon（忒拉蒙，希臘神話中最勇猛的英雄之一）,Peleus.BecauseLaomedonhadnotgivenHerculesapromisedrewardofimmortalhorsesforrescuingLaomedon‘sdaughterHesione（赫西俄涅，特洛伊王拉俄墨冬之女）.TelamonkilledLaomedonandtookHesioneasaconcubine（情婦）.Notes:Peleus珀琉斯(Peleus)：阿耳戈英雄之一，忒提絲的丈夫，阿喀琉斯之父。Notes:Thetis海洋女神，海神涅柔斯(Nereus)和海洋女神多麗斯(Doris)的女兒，是他們的女兒之中最賢慧者。在提坦之戰(zhàn)（Titanomachy）時曾召來百臂巨人（Hekatonchires）幫助宙斯反抗提坦(泰坦)神們。Notes:ErisEris:NotoriousGoddessofStrifeandDiscordSheisthesisterofAREStheWarGodandcouldcertainlyteachhimathingortwoaboutconflict.Inoneofhermostfamousexploits,shestoleoneoftheGoldenApplesofImmortality,giventoHERAasaweddingpresentbyGAIA,andturneditintotheSourAppleofDiscord.Notes:ErisWhatcausedtheTrojanWar?ThankstoERISandherapple,itwaschaos,confusionandtopqualitybitching!Miffedatnotbeinginvitedtotheall-starOLYMPUSweddingofKingPeleusofThessaly,andTHETIS,thefuturemotherofACHILLES,ERISsneakedinanyway.There’salwaysabitofbitchinessamongthetopGreekGoddesses,butATHENAandHERAwereswanningaroundquitehappilyuntilERIStossedtheGoldenAppleamongthem,bearingthelabel‘ForTheFairest’.Well,thatupsettheapplecart.Forgetthewedding—thiswasfarmoreimportant.Whowasthefairestofthemall?TheglamorousGoddessesclamoredaroundZEUS,askingwhoitshouldbe.Notes:ErisAshewasalreadymarriedtoinsanelyjealousHERA,hewasn’tgoingtofallforthatone.Insteadhepassedthebuck."Thisquestionmustbedecidedbyamortal,"hesaid.Andthatreallystartedtheapplerolling.AdishyguynamedPariswaschosen.SpeedymessengerboyHERMESwhiskedthemallofftoMountIda.Paris,good-lookingbutcrafty,suggestedtheappleshouldbeshared.HERMESwashavingnoneofit.Flythemallthatwayforabitoffunandhaveitfizzleout?Noway."Lookherechummy,therehastobeafirmchoice,oryou’llgetathunderboltupyourwhatsit.Doyourselfafavor,yougreatmortalidiot.Goforbribes."Notes:ErisSothegorgeouscontestantslinedupintheirOlympicbathingcostumesandParisjudgedthem,onebyone.NoneoftheGoddesseswantedtotraveltheworldandworkforcharity,sohewentforthebriberyoption.ATHENAofferedhimWisdom.HERAofferedhimRoyalPower.ButAPHRODITEofferedhimthemostbeautifulwomaninthewholeworld,thedaughterofZEUSandLEDA,whosenamehappenedtobeHelen.You’vefigureditout,haven’tyou?HechoseAPHRODITE.ATHENAandHERAwerefurious.ButwhatAPHRODITEdidn’ttellhimwasthatHelenwasalreadymarried.TononeotherthantheincrediblybutchGreekrulerMenelaus.AndParis,whowasaTroyboy,wasthereforeobligedtoabducther.This,ofcourse,startedtheTrojanWar,whichlastedfortenlong-sufferingyearsandcausedaseveredrainontheworld’ssupplyofspears.Andallbecauseofasimplepieceoffruit!Notes:ErisMeanwhileERISlaughedlikeadrain."ThatTrojanHorsething—whatacackle!"sheshriekedasshesharedthejokewithhersisters.Who,wehavereasontobelieve,justhappenedtobeNEMESISandtheFATES.NowadaysERISisheldinthehighestesteembyDiscordians,Prankstersandthosewholiketosetthecatamongstthepigeons.Littlewonderthatthesolarsystem’s‘tenthplanet’—discoveredin2005andthecauseofmuchastronomicaldiscordandargument—hasbeennamedafterher.Laomedon拉俄墨冬ThefounderandfirstkingofTroyandfatherofPriam.Priam皮安姆ThefatherofParis,Hector,andCassandraandkingofTroy,whowaskilledwhenhiscityfelltotheGreeks.HiswifewasHecuba.Hector赫克托耳ATrojanprince,thesonofPriamandHecuba,killedbyAchilles.

Paris帕里斯

TheprinceofTroywhoseabductionofHelenprovokedtheTrojanWarCassandra卡桑德拉

AdaughterofPriam,ShewasendowedwiththegiftofprophecyHelenus(aseer預(yù)言家)Menelaus墨涅勞斯ThekingofSparta,husbandofHelen.AndbrotherofAgamemnonAgamemnon阿伽門農(nóng)ThekingofMycenae（邁錫尼，希臘南部古城）

andleaderoftheGreeksintheTrojanWar.HewaskilledbyhiswifeClytemnestra(克呂泰涅斯特拉).HeofferedhisdaughterIphigenia(依菲琴尼亞)asasacrificetoArtemis．Achilles阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯SonofPeleus(珀琉斯)andThetis(忒提斯)HewaskilledbyParis.HeisthegreatestwarriorofGreeks.Odysseus奧德修斯ThekingofIthaca（伊薩卡島，希臘西部愛奧尼亞海中群島之一）,aleaderoftheGreeksintheTrojanWar,whoreachedhomeaftertenyearsofwandering.GreekTrojanHeraThetisAthenaPoseidonHephaestusAphroditeApolloArtemisLetoXanthusTheriverGodwhofightsAchillesLetoLeto勒托(Leto)是希臘神話中的暗夜女神，三位夜之女神之一。提坦之女，宙斯的堂、表姐，宙斯第六任妻子，提坦十二神之一的科俄斯(Coeus)與月神女神福柏(Phoebe)的女兒，星夜女神阿斯忒瑞亞(Asteria)的姐姐。雙生姐弟阿耳忒彌斯以及阿波羅的母親。代表著無星無月的夜。ParisandHelenTheFirstGatheringatAulisTheSecondGatheringatAulisNineYearsofWarTheWrathofAchillesTheDeathofAchillesTheMadnessofAjaxTheOraclesofTroyInTheOraclesofTroyAchillesandAjaxaredeadandthehopeoftheGreekshasdiedwiththem,leavingthearmyrestlessfortheirhomesandthreateningrebellion.Thenaseriesoforaclesappears,utterancesfromthegodsthatmustbefulfilledifTroyistobedefeatedandthewarbroughttoanend.Agamemnon,leaderoftheGreeks,knowsthatonlyonemanhasthecourageandintelligencetocompletethetaskssetbytheOlympians:Odysseus,kingofIthacaFromanislandhauntedbyavengefulmadmantoaforsakentombanditsdeadlyguardian,fromthepalaceofahostilekingtothesacredheartofTroyitself,OdysseusandhisfriendEperitusmustfollowthetrailtowardthegreatestdeceptionofalltime.TheTrojanhorseAchilleswasdead,andtheGreekshadbeguntodespai.CalchasnowprophesiedthatTroycouldnotbetakenexceptwiththehelpofHeracles'sbowandarrows.OdysseusandDiomedeswerethereforedeputedtosailforLemnosndfetchthemfromPhiloctetes,theirpresentowner.PhiloctetesstayedinLemnos,sufferingpainfully,untilOdysseustrickedhimintohandingoverthebowandarrows;butDiomedesdeclinedtobeimplicatedinthetheftandadvisedPhiloctetestodemandthereturnofhisproperty.Atthistime,Heraclesintervened,"GowiththemtoTroy,Philoctetes,"hesaid,"andIwillsendanAsclepiadtheretocureyou;forTroymustfallasecondtimetomyarrows.YoushouldbechosenfromamongtheGreeksastheboldestfighterofall.YoushallkillParis,takepartinthesackofTroy,andsendhomethespoils,reservingthenoblestprizeforyourfatherPoeas.Butremember:youcannottakeTroywithoutNeoptolemussonofAchilles,norcanhedosowithoutyou.Philoctetesobeyed,andonhisarrivalattheGreekcampwasbathedwithfreshwaterandputtosleepinApollo'stemple;asheslept,Machaonthesurgeoncutawaythedecayingfleshfromthewound,pouredinwind,andappliedhealingherbsandtheserpentinestone.TheWoodenHorsesTheSackofTroyTheReturnsAchilleswasthesonofthemortalPeleusandtheimmortalThetis.Hewasthemightiest（最強(qiáng)大）oftheGreekswhofoughtintheTrojanWar,andwastheheroofHomer’sIliad.Thetisattemptedunsuccessfullytomakehersonimmortal.Therearetwoversionsofthestory.Intheearlierversion,Thetisanointed（涂油）theinfantwithambrosia（神的食物）andthenplacedhimuponafiretoburnawayhismortalportions;shewasinterruptedbyPeleus,whereuponsheabandonedbothfatherandsoninarage.PeleusplacedthechildinthecareoftheCentaur(半人半馬）

Chiron（很多希臘英雄的老師，如Achilles,Theseus),whoraisedandeducatedtheboy.Inthelaterversion,sheheldtheyoungAchillesbytheheelanddippedhimintheriverStyx;everythingthesacredwaterstouchedbecameinvulnerable（不可侵害的）,buttheheelremaineddryandthereforeunprotected.WhenAchilleswasaboy,theseerCalchas(卡爾克斯,特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭中希臘軍隊方面的阿波羅奉祀祭司和隨軍占卜師）predictedthatthecityofTroycouldnotbetakenwithouthishelp.Thetisknewthat,ifhersonwenttoTroy,hewoulddieanearlydeath,soshesenthimtothecourtofLycomedes,inScyros(斯庫羅斯島的呂科墨得斯);therehewashidden,disguisedasayounggirl.DuringhisstayhehadanaffairwithLycomedes’daughter,Deidameia,andshehadason,Pyrrhus(皮洛斯),byhim.Achilles’disguisewasfinallypenetratedbyOdysseus,whoplacedarmsandarmoramidstadisplayofwomen’sfineryandseizeduponAchilleswhenhewastheonly“maiden”tobefascinatedbytheswordsandshields.AchillesthenwentwillinglywithOdysseustoTroy.AtTroy,Achillesdistinguishedhimselfasanundefeatablewarrior.Amonghisotherexploits,hecapturedtwenty-threetownsinTrojanterritory,includingthetownofLyrnessos,wherehetookthewomanBriseisasawar-prize.LateronAgamemnon,theleaderoftheGreeks,wasforcedbyanoracle（神諭）ofApollotogiveuphisownwar-prize,thewomanChryseis(克律塞伊斯,阿波羅的祭司之女）,andtookBriseisawayfromAchillesascompensationforhisloss.ThisactionsparkedthecentralplotoftheIliad,forAchillesbecameenragedandrefusedtofightfortheGreeksanyfurther.Thewarwentbadly,andtheGreeksofferedhandsomereparations（賠償）totheirgreatestwarrior;Achillesstillrefusedtofightinperson,butheagreedtoallowhisfriendPatroclus(普特洛克勒斯,希臘戰(zhàn)士，在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭被殺)tofightinhisplace,wearinghisarmor.ThenextdayPatrocluswaskilledandstripped（剝奪）ofthearmorbytheTrojanheroHector,whomistookhimforAchilles.AchilleswasoverwhelmedwithgriefforhisfriendandrageatHector.HismotherobtainedmagnificentnewarmorforhimfromHephaestus,andhereturnedtothefightingandkilledHector.Hedesecratedthebody,draggingitbehindhischariotbeforethewallsofTroy,andrefusedtoallowittoreceivefuneralrites.WhenPriam,thekingofTroyandHector’sfather,camesecretlyintotheGreekcamptopleadforthebody,Achillesfinallyrelented;inoneofthemostmovingscenesoftheIliad,hereceivedPriamgraciouslyandallowedhimtotakethebodyaway.AfterthedeathofHector,Achilles’dayswerenumbered.Hecontinuedfightingheroically,killingmanyoftheTrojansandtheirallies,includingMemnonandtheAmazonwarriorPenthesilia.FinallyPriam’ssonParis(orAlexander),aidedbyApollo,woundedAchillesintheheelwithanarrow;Achillesdiedofthewound.Afterhisdeath,itwasdecidedtoawardAchilles’divinely-wroughtarmortothebravestoftheGreeks.OdysseusandAjaxcompetedfortheprize,witheachmanmakingaspeechexplainingwhyhedeservedthehonor;Odysseuswon,andAjaxthenwentmadandcommittedsuicide.這個短語來源于古希臘神話。Achilles是古希臘傳說中的一位杰出英雄，他在特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭中身經(jīng)百戰(zhàn)，屢建功勛。據(jù)說，Achille出生時也只是一個極其普通的孩子。他的母親為了鍛煉他堅強(qiáng)的意志，造就他一副刀槍不入的鋼鐵之軀，便倒提著他的身體放到環(huán)繞地獄的河--冥河中去浸泡。果然，經(jīng)過浸泡他的身體變成了一副鋼筋鐵骨，任何兇惡的敵人也不是他的對手。但是，他的一雙腳后跟卻因握在母親的手里，始終沒有浸泡到冥河之中。這樣，他的腳后跟與普通人的一樣，這也就成了這位英雄的致命弱點。后來，在一次戰(zhàn)斗中，被他的仇敵射中了這只腳后跟。這位戰(zhàn)功赫赫、所向無敵的英胸最終死于自身的這一致命弱點。這個短語還有theheelofAchilles這一變體，均作『致命的弱點』解。Mr.Jonesisahard-workingandintelligentpersonintheoffice,hisAchilles’heelishispride.Healwaysrefusestheother’sadviceonhiswork.

【中】在公司瓊斯先生勤奮而且聰敏，但他的致命弱點就是驕傲自大。他從不接受別人提出的有關(guān)工作上的建議。

OdysseusasequeltoHomer’sIliadmainlyconcernstheeventsthatbefalltheGreekheroOdysseusinhislongjourneysafterthefallofTroyandwhenheatlastreturnstohisnativelandofIthaca伊薩卡島（希臘西部愛奧尼亞海中群島之一，為希臘神話中Ulysseus的故鄉(xiāng)）

Odysseus:KingofIthacaprotectedbyAthenaoneofHelen’ssuitors(請愿者）★Toavoidwarbetweenthesuitors,hemadethemallsweartorespectHelen’sdecision,andtoprotectwhoevershechose.Penelope:珀涅羅珀thewifeofOdysseusthemotherofTelemachus忒勒馬科斯★APenelope’sWeb/TheWebofPenelope

Penelope:achastewomanwithapenelopefaith:堅貞不渝APenelope’sWeb:thetacticsofdelayingsth.onpurpose；thetaskthatcanneverbefinished故意拖延的策略；永遠(yuǎn)做不完的工作MrJonesmadealongspeechatthemeeting.EveryoneelsethoughtitaPenelope’sweb.MyworkissomethinglikethePenelope’sweb,neverdone,buteverinhand.

1.TheBeginningofOdysseus’VoyageBackHomeAftertheTrojanwar,Odysseus,startedhisvoyagebackhome.Thrace：色雷斯TheThraciansweretheenemyoftheGreeksduringthewar.Inthisfighthelostseventy-twomen,andtheresthurriedonboardtheirshipsandsailedaway.

2.TheLotus-EatersTendayslater,theyreachedthelandoftheLotus-eaters.Whoevertastedthatfruitwouldforgettheirfriendsandfamilies,losealldesiretoreturntotheirnativelands,anddreamhappydreamsalldaylong.Thethreemenatethelotus,Odysseusboundtheirhandsandfeet,andthrewthemonboard,andsailedaway.波呂斐摩斯thecoastofthelandoftheCyclopes庫克洛佩斯Themostwell-knownoftheCyclopeswastheshepherdPolyphemus,sonofPoseidon.Theyfoundalargecavebytheseaandenteredit,notknowingthattheownerofthecavewasPolyphemus.IntheeveningOdysseusgavePolyphemussomestrongwine3.One-EyedGiantPolyphemusOdysseushadtoldthegiantthathisnamewasNobody.TheblindPolyphemusprayedtohisfather,theseagodPoseidon,topunishOdysseus.Asaresult,Odysseussufferedmanyhardshipsanddelaysbeforereachinghishome.Aelous埃俄羅斯thekeeperofthewindsAeoluslivedonafloatingisland,andkeptthewindsconfinedinacaveontheislandandreleasedthemwheneverhewished.apartinggift:aleatherbagcontainingthewindsthatcouldpreventOdysseusfromsailinghomeOdysseus’sailorsopenedthebag.ThewindsescapedfromthebagandblewOdysseus’shipsbacktoseaagain.4.Aelous萊斯特里戈尼安（《奧德賽》中殺死奧德修斯眾多伙伴的吃人巨人）[Odysseus’shipsweredrivenbyunfavorablewindsforseveraldaysuntilthesailorssawlandagain.ThislandbelongedtotheLaestrygonians,aman-eatingpeople.threementospyOneofthemwasseizedbyagiant5.TheLaestrygoniansTheothertwofledtotheshipsbuttheLaestrygoniansfollowedTheLaestrygoniansthrewdownhugestonesattheshipsAlltheshipswiththeircrewsweredestroyed,exceptOdysseus’ownship.abeautifulgoddess,wholivedonanislandintheMediterraneanSeaShehadthemagicpowertoturnmenintobeasts.WhenOdysseuslandedonherisland,Circeinvitedhismentoadinnerinherpalace.Eurylochushidhimselfandwatched.Circetouchedthemwithherwand（杖）,theywereallchangedintopigsandthenCircedrovethemintopigsties.6.CirceEurylochushurriedbacktotellOdysseuswhathadhappened.HermesgaveOdysseusamagicherbthatcouldprotecthimformCirce’spower.OdysseussuccessfullybroughtCirceundercontrol.ShetoldOdysseushowtofindthespiritoftheThebanseerTeiresiasintheUnderworldinordertolearnformhimhowtoreturnhomesafely.忒瑞西阿斯ablindseer,orprophet,fromThebes底比斯hewasstruckblindbythegoddessAthenabecausehehadseenherbathing.Tomakehimfeelbetter,Athenagavehimthegiftofprophecy.FollowingthedirectionofCirce,OdysseusmetTeiresiasintheUnderworld.7.TeiresiasHewarnedhimthatheandhismennottokillandeatthesacredcattleofthegodofthesunintheislandofThrinaciaThenOdysseusmetandtalkedtothesoulsofmanydeadpeople,includingthoseofhismotherandGreekheroesAgamemnon,Achilles,etc.

塞壬seanymphswholivedonanislandintheMediterraneanSea.Inarttheyaresometimesdescribedashavingthebodiesofbirdsandtheheadsofwomen.TheSirenssangsweetsongstoluresailorstodeathontheirisland’srockyshores.8.TheSirensWhenhisshipwasabouttopasstheirisland,OdysseusstoppedtheearsofhismenwithwaxsothattheycouldnotheartheSirens.Butsincehewantedtoheartheirsongsandyetpasstheirislandinsafety,heorderedthesailorstotiehimtightlytothemast,andnottosethimfreenomatterhowmuchhemightbegthemtodoso.Inthiswaytheirshipsuccessfullypassedtheisland.astreamthatsuckedinandspatouttheseathreetimesaday卡律布狄斯漩渦10.Scyllaafemalemonsterwithsixheadsonsnakenecks,twelvefeet,threerowsofteethandbarkedlikeapuppy.9.CharybdisThisstopwasThrinacia(Sicily)whichOdysseus,rememberingTiresiasprophesy,wantedtosailpast.Themenrefusedthough,andaftermakingthemsweartheywouldnottouchHelios’herd,theywentashore.Thebadweatherkeptthemthereforamonth,andthemenstarved.Odysseuswenttopraytothegodsforhelp,andthecrewnowtooktheopportunitytokillandeatsomeoftheoxen.11.Sun-god’sherdOnhisreturnOdysseussawthesmokefromthecookingandterribleomensappeared:theskinsoftheanimalscrawledaroundandthemeatroamed.theshipsailedoff,onlytobesurprisedbyaterriblestormandbeingcaughtbyCharybdis.Theshipsunkandthecrewdrowned.Odysseusmanagedtosavehimselfbyclutchingontosomewood.Driftingaroundforninedays,OdysseusreachedtheislandOgygia,wherethenymphCalypsolived.Calypsotookcareofhim,caressedhim,andpromisedtomakehimimmortalifhemarriedher.Theherodidnotrespondtothis,andsatcryingbytheshore.WhenPoseidonwasaway,AthenatooktheopportunitytobegZeustohelpOdysseus.ThegodthensentHermestoCalypsowithamessagetoletOdysseusgo.12.Calypso（荷馬<奧德賽>中的）海中女神（截留Odysseus在其島上居留7年）KingAlcinoossenthimbacktoIthaca.Theherofellasleepontheship.Odysseuscriedwhenhewokeup,becausehedidnotrecognizethesurroundings.Eumaeus歐邁俄斯Penelopenowputthesuitorsthroughafinaltest.Shewouldmarrywhoevercouldshootanarrowthroughtheholesoftwelveaxesinarow.ComingHomeHelenofSpartaOdysseusOdysseusSonofPeleusandThetisBravest,mostformidableAchillesAchillesslaysHectorAchillesAchilleswasshotbyParisinhisvulnerableheel.(hencetheproverbial‘Achilles’heel’)AchillesshotbyParisontheheelTheTrojansdraggedtheWoodenHorseinsidethecity.TrojanHorseTroywastaken,sacked,andburned.TheTrojanWarMenelausfoundHelen,butcouldnotbringhimselftokillher;heforgaveherandtookherbackasthevictoriousGreekssailedforhome.TheTrojanWarsiegesurroundingofatown,fortress,etcbyarmedforcesinordertocaptureitorforceittosurenderAfter50daysofsiege,theenemysurrenderedbecausetherewasnofoodandwaterinthecity.戰(zhàn)爭概述故事詳細(xì)地描述了特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭的情況。特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭是以爭奪世上最漂亮的女人海倫為中心，講述以阿伽門農(nóng)及阿喀琉斯為首的希臘聯(lián)合遠(yuǎn)征軍進(jìn)攻以帕里斯及赫克托耳為首的特洛伊軍的十年攻城戰(zhàn)的經(jīng)過和結(jié)果?，F(xiàn)代考古和歷史研究證實特洛伊和特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭的確存在。但并非荷馬史詩所描述的復(fù)仇戰(zhàn)爭，而是希臘為爭奪特洛伊的重要地理位置和貿(mào)易權(quán)益聯(lián)合赫梯發(fā)動的一場侵略戰(zhàn)爭。荷馬史詩古希臘流傳下來最早的完整的文學(xué)作品是兩部史詩——《伊利亞特》和《奧德賽》。相傳這兩部史詩是在公元前9世紀(jì)至公元前8世紀(jì)之間由一位名叫荷馬的盲行吟詩人根據(jù)民間口頭流傳的短歌編成的，因而被稱為“荷馬史詩”?！兑晾麃喬亍芬晾麃喬兀↖liad，一譯《伊利昂紀(jì)》）古希臘人將特洛伊（Troy）稱為“伊利昂”（Ilium），而Iliad意為“Ilium之歌”。24卷，15693行十年戰(zhàn)爭，只選最后一年中最后的51天，在這51天中又有詳有略。重點僅是其中的10天（木馬屠城）（一）戰(zhàn)爭的時代背景與起因Troywasacity,locatedinnorthwest

Anatolia

inwhichisnow

Turkey特洛伊（即伊利昂）坐落在小亞細(xì)亞西北部，國王普里阿摩斯之子帕里斯曾出游遠(yuǎn)洋，抵斯巴達(dá)。其后，帕里斯將墨涅拉俄斯之妻海倫帶出斯巴達(dá)，返回特洛伊。希臘（包括它的“殖民地”）各地的王者和首領(lǐng)們于是風(fēng)聚云集，意欲進(jìn)兵特洛伊，奪回海倫。邁錫尼國王阿伽門農(nóng)統(tǒng)領(lǐng)希臘軍進(jìn)軍特洛伊。origin：Appleofdiscord

（典故一）：一個蘋果引發(fā)的血案傳說希臘英雄珀琉斯和海洋女神忒提斯舉行婚禮，邀請了奧林匹斯山上的諸神，唯獨漏掉了不和女神厄里斯。這位女神惱羞成怒，決定在這次喜筵上制造不和。于是她不請自來，悄悄地在筵席上放了一個金蘋果，上面刻著“送給最美的女神”。天后赫拉、智慧女神雅典娜、美神阿佛洛狄忒都自以為最美，應(yīng)該得到金蘋果。JudgmentofParis（典故二）她們爭持不下，鬧到宙斯那里，但宙斯不愿偏袒任何一方，就要她們?nèi)フ姨芈逡恋耐踝优晾锼乖u判。三位女神為了獲得金蘋果，私自許給帕里斯許多好處：赫拉許給他廣袤的國土和富饒的財富；雅典娜許給他文武全才和勝利的榮譽(yù)；阿佛洛狄忒許給他得到世上最美貌的女子。帕里斯在權(quán)力、榮譽(yù)與美女之間選擇了后者，把金蘋果判給了阿佛洛狄忒。形容：不愛江山愛美人HelenofTroy（典故三）帕里斯把金蘋果判給了阿佛洛狄忒，由此引起赫拉和雅典娜對帕里斯不滿。

后來，帕里斯到斯巴達(dá)作客，在阿佛洛狄忒幫助下拐走了國王的妻子海倫和大批財富。由于是Helen導(dǎo)致特洛伊城的淪陷，“HelenofTroy”就成了“紅顏禍水，傾國尤物”的代名詞Helen,oneofthedaughtersofTyndareus（廷達(dá)柔斯）,KingofSparta.HermotherwasLeda（勒達(dá)）.Helenhadscoresofsuitors,andherfatherwasunwillingtochooseone,forfeartheotherswouldretaliateviolently.Odysseus（奧德修斯）,proposedaplantosolvethedilemma.HelenchoseMenelaus（墨涅拉奧斯）.海倫與帕里斯海倫與帕里斯（劇照）千古驚艷名句

——馬洛：《浮士德博士的悲劇》

WasthisfacethatlaunchedathousandshipsAndburntthetoplessTowersofIlium?（這豈非當(dāng)年激千帆競渡

焚云霄古城的絕世紅顏么？）搶奪婦女的實質(zhì)

古代搶奪婦女是父權(quán)制社會掠奪財富的一種表現(xiàn)。婦女被物化，被當(dāng)做男人的財產(chǎn)和性奴隸。

婦女被搶，侵占了被搶婦女丈夫的私有財產(chǎn)，私有財產(chǎn)是神圣不可侵犯的。其實質(zhì)是：征服其他地域。

當(dāng)墨涅拉俄斯知道此事后，非常憤怒，于是去找他的哥哥邁錫尼國王阿伽門農(nóng)求助，希臘各城邦推舉阿伽門農(nóng)為首領(lǐng)，調(diào)集了10萬大軍，駕著1000多條戰(zhàn)船，渡海攻打特洛伊。戰(zhàn)爭進(jìn)行了10年。（二）戰(zhàn)爭的過程Trojanalliance帕里斯赫克托阿佛洛狄忒阿波羅阿瑞斯Greekalliance阿伽門儂墨涅拉俄斯阿喀琉斯（主人公）奧德修斯赫克托耳赫拉雅典娜忒提斯Twoalliancewasformed.AphroditeandApollosupportedTroywhileAthenaandHerasupportedSparta.

Thewarbrokeout.古代英勇戰(zhàn)士的理想形象,帶有神話色彩。他是神與人之子,是一個非常驍勇又重視個人榮譽(yù)的將領(lǐng)。阿喀琉斯他英勇善戰(zhàn)，每次上陣都使敵人望風(fēng)披靡。他珍愛友誼，一聽到好友陣亡的噩耗，悲痛欲絕，憤而奔向戰(zhàn)場為友復(fù)仇。他對老人也有同情之心，允諾白發(fā)蒼蒼的特洛伊老王歸還赫克托爾尸體的請求。他與阿伽門農(nóng)的爭吵是出于正義。他自然而又自覺地遵從部落集體利益,體現(xiàn)了英雄主義和集體主義精神——部落英雄的特色。

阿喀琉斯可是他又傲慢任性，為了一個女俘而和統(tǒng)帥鬧翻，退出戰(zhàn)斗，造成聯(lián)軍的慘敗。這顯示了在氏族英雄身上開始萌芽的個人意識，是有害于氏族集體利益的。他暴躁兇狠，為了泄憤，竟將赫克托爾的尸體拴上戰(zhàn)車?yán)@城三圈。Achilles’heel（典故四）

阿喀琉斯之踵——致命的弱點Theuseof“Achilles’heel”asanexpressionusedfor“areaofweakness.

忒提斯為使阿客琉斯永生，手提著他的雙腳，在斯梯克斯河水中擦洗，凡用水洗過的地方都刀槍不人，只有手提的腳后跟沒有著水，因而成了致命之處。西語中“阿客琉斯之踵”，意為“致命的弱點”，即源于此。忒提斯走后，佩琉斯把阿客琉斯交給馬人客戎哺育。客戎用獅子和野豬的內(nèi)臟喂養(yǎng)他，教他醫(yī)術(shù)和美術(shù)，老人福尼克斯教他演講術(shù)和戰(zhàn)術(shù)。阿客琉斯六歲時就殺死了野豬和獅子，能夠追上飛跑的梅花鹿，因此被稱為“捷足的阿客琉斯”。他的摯友帕特羅克洛斯同他一起學(xué)習(xí)。

他的母親忒提斯預(yù)言，他或者是做一個庸人而長壽，或者是做一個英雄而早死，阿客琉斯選擇了后者。忒提斯為此事一直憂喜交集。在阿客琉斯九歲時，希臘的預(yù)言者就預(yù)見到特洛亞戰(zhàn)爭，而且知道沒有阿客琉斯參加就不能攻下特洛亞城。他的母親則不愿讓他參加。因為她知道阿客琉斯在這次戰(zhàn)爭中雖然能贏得不朽的名聲，但卻要在戰(zhàn)爭中犧牲。

在特洛亞戰(zhàn)爭過程中，阿客琉斯在雅典娜和赫