高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解攻略 【核心考點(diǎn)知識(shí)精講】推理判斷課件

字里行間·悟言外之意 ——突破閱讀理解推斷題課堂導(dǎo)入IFromwhatsherlocksaid,itcouldbeinferredthatBillwas________.happy.“Billbounceddownthesidewalk,flashinggrinsateveryonehepassed.Histeethwerecrookedandyellowandonanyotherdayhemighthidethemaway,buttodaywasdifferent.Hedidn’tcarewhosaw,whojudged.英語(yǔ)學(xué)科閱讀理解考試內(nèi)容及要求知識(shí)梳理例題分析

題干中常出現(xiàn)infer（推斷），indicate（象征，暗示），imply（暗示），suggest（暗示），conclude（作出結(jié)論），assume（假定，設(shè)想）等詞。主要設(shè)題方式有：Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.Theauthorstronglysuggeststhat________Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.Thewriter/authorindicates/implies/suggeststhat_____1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷細(xì)節(jié)推斷要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，推斷具體的細(xì)節(jié)，如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。Thepassagesuggeststhatwhenthewritermovedintotheapartment,itwas______.A.verycleanB.justcleanedbythelandlordC.tidyandcomfortableD.dirtyandfullofinsectse.g.1Onedayamanwalkedintoapetshopandsaidtotheshopassistant，“Ineedtwosmallmiceandaboutfivedozenroaches（蟑螂）andtwospiders（蜘蛛）.”“Whatdoyouneedthesethingsfor?”theshopassistantwasverysurprised."Well”repliedtheman，“I’mmovingoutofmyapartmentandthelandlordinsiststhatIshouldleavethehouseinexactlythesameconditionasIfoundit.”e.g.2Itisfuntoturnoverabigrockonthebeach.Makesureyouturntherockbacktothepositionitwasinafteryoumovedit.Ifyoudon’tturnitbackover,alltheseaanimalsunderitorclingingto（依附）theundersidewilldie.Thepassageimpliesthatrocks________.hurtseaanimalsprotectseaanimalsC.won’tbefoundonbeachesD.can’tbefoundonbeachese.g.3“The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,"saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania."Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou'refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon'twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.”WhatcanweinferaboutpeoplelikeDebbieDowner?A.They'resociallyinactive.B.They'regoodattellingstories.C.They'reinconsiderateofothers.D.They'recarefulwiththeirwords.(全國(guó)III2016閱讀理解D）技巧點(diǎn)撥1：1).找到信息源

2).忠實(shí)原文,但不是原文3).理解文章中直接陳述的觀點(diǎn)或描述的事實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上，

領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意，得出符合作者意愿的結(jié)論，即根據(jù)作者提供的細(xì)節(jié)或例證，推斷出合理的結(jié)論。

1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷寫作意圖推斷要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測(cè)作者的寫作意圖和寫作手法。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過(guò)文章所提供的事實(shí)，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意，而且要具備對(duì)作者闡述問(wèn)題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。主要設(shè)題方式有：Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat__________Thefact...ismentionedbytheauthortoshow________Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto_______2.寫作意圖推斷e.g.4December15,2014DearAlfred,Iwanttotellyouhowimportantyourhelpistomylife.Growingup,IhadpeopletellingmeIwastoostow,though,withanIQof150+at17,I’manythingbutstupid.ThefactwasthatIwasfoundtohaveADHD（注意力缺陷多動(dòng)障礙）.Anxiousallthetime,Iwasunabletokeepfocusedformorethananhouratatime.Thankyou.You’vegivenmehopethatIcanfollowmyheart.Forthefirsttime,IfeelgoodaboutmyselfbecauseImdoingsomething,notbecausesomeonetoldmeIwasdoinggood.Ifeelwhole.Thisiswhyyou'resavingmylife.Yours,Tanis

Taniswrotethisletterinorderto______________A.explainwhyshewasinterestedinthecomputerB.sharetheideasshehadforherprofessionC.showhowgratefulshewastothecenterD.describethecoursesshehadtakensofar(1)totellaninterestingexperience;toentertainreaders：常見(jiàn)于個(gè)人經(jīng)歷或故事類的文章。(2)tosellaproductoraservice;toattractmorevisitors/readers/audience;topersuadereaders：

常見(jiàn)于廣告或議論文。廣告是作者要推銷一種產(chǎn)品或一種

服務(wù)：吸引更多的游客﹑讀者或訂戶﹑觀眾等。議論文是

為了說(shuō)服讀者接受或贊同某一觀點(diǎn)。(3)toexplainsth;toinformreaders：多見(jiàn)于科普類﹑新聞報(bào)道類﹑文化類或社會(huì)類的文章,以及勸告性或建議性的文章。1).從文體類別來(lái)推斷寫作目的

e.g.5

“Haveyoueverbeenoutonaboatandfeltitliftedupbyawave?Orhaveyoujumpedinthewaterandfelttherushofenergyaswavescameoveryou?”askedJamieTayloroftheWaveEnergyGroupattheUniversityofEdinburgh.“Thereiscertainlyalotofenergyinwaves,”hesaid.●Thewriterusesthetwoquestionsatthebeginningofthepassageto______.A.testthereaders’knowledgeaboutwavesB.drawthereaders’attentiontothetopicC.showJamieTaylor’simportanceD.invitethereaderstoanswerthem.為了引出主題，先提到相關(guān)事物.為了讓讀者關(guān)注主題，文章以提問(wèn)開(kāi)始.通過(guò)列舉具體事例來(lái)說(shuō)明主題.運(yùn)用比喻讓讀者更容易理解抽象或陌生的事物.通過(guò)引語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)明或論證某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，或使自己的觀點(diǎn)

更有說(shuō)服力。2）.從寫作手法來(lái)推斷寫作目的

45.Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage?

A.Tocallpeople'sattentiontooceanpollution.B.Towarnpeopleofshippingsafetyintheocean.C.Toexplainauniquewayofstudyingoceancurrents.D.Togivetipsonhowtosearchforlostobjectsonthebeach.

e.g.6

Scientiststodayaremakinggreaterefforttostudyoceancurrents(洋流).Mostdoitusingsatellitesandotherhigh-techequipment.However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyerdoesitinaspecialway---bystudyingmovementsofrandomfloatinggarbage.Ascientistwithmanyyears’experience,hestartedthistypeofresearchintheearly1990swhenheheardabouthundredsofathleticshoeswashingupontheshoresofthenorthwestcoastoftheUnitedStates.Thereweresomanyshoesthatpeopleweresettingupswapmeetstotryandmatchleftandrightshoestosellorwear.C(廣東

2014閱讀理解D）3).

根據(jù)主題句推斷寫作目的1、快速閱讀全文后，根據(jù)題干和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容，在原文找出相關(guān)信息，仔細(xì)分析，吃透其字面意義，然后對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)逐個(gè)分析并進(jìn)行對(duì)比，那些對(duì)相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行同義改寫或綜合表達(dá)的選項(xiàng)通常是問(wèn)題的答案。2、正確選項(xiàng)要和文章的主旨在信息和色彩上一致。推斷內(nèi)容不是獨(dú)立的內(nèi)容，而一定是和文章的主旨信息一致的信息鏈?！炯记牲c(diǎn)撥2】2.寫作意圖推斷

觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷題考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物對(duì)某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度。這就要求考生在正確理解文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度傾向進(jìn)行分析、識(shí)別，關(guān)注作者對(duì)人物心理或者細(xì)節(jié)的描寫，對(duì)文章所交代的人或者事情進(jìn)行評(píng)判。主要設(shè)題方式有:Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomethingis__________Thewriterofthepassageseemstothinkthat__________What'stheauthor'sopinionon…?Whepassage?Somebodycanbesaid___________.Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout…

?3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷

e.g.7"IhaveaspeciallovefortheFrenchGuianesepeople.Ihaveworkedthereonandoffforalmosttenyears?"saysGin."I'vebeenabletokeepfirmfriendshipswiththem.ThusIhavebeenallowedtogainaccesstotheirlivingenvironment.Idon'tseeitasalawlessland.Butratherseeitasanareaoffreedom."

WhatisGin’sattitudetowardsthelivesoftheindigenousGuianese?A.Cautious.B.Doubtful.C.Uninterested.D.Appreciative.(四川2016閱讀理解C）e.g.8Whydopeopletakepartinsuchdangerousactivities?Somepsychologistssuggestthatitisbecauselifeinmodernsocietieshasbecomesafeandboring.Notverylongago,people’sliveswereconstantlyindanger.Theyhadtogooutandhuntforfood,diseasescouldnoteasilybecuredandlifewasacontinuousbattleforsurvival.

Nowadays,accordingtomanypeople,lifeofferslittleexcitement.Theyliveandworkinsafeconditions;theybuyfoodinshops;andtherearedoctorsandhospitalstolookafterthemiftheybecomeill.Theanswerforsomeofthesepeopleistolookfordangerinactivitiessuchasbungee

jumping.Thewriterofthetexthasa_______attitudetowardsdangeroussports.

A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.nervous作者的態(tài)度、傾向是指作者對(duì)陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊同、反對(duì)還是猶豫不定，對(duì)記敘或描寫的人、物或事件等是贊頌、同情、冷漠還是厭惡、憎恨。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間，或流露于修飾的詞語(yǔ)之中。因此，在推斷過(guò)程中，應(yīng)特別注意文中作者的措辭，尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞及所舉的例子，推斷出作者的弦外之音?！炯记牲c(diǎn)撥3】3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷

褒義詞貶義詞中性詞supportive

negativeobjective

indifferent

pessimisticapprovingdisgustedoptimisticcriticalneutralcautiousenthusiasticpositiveironicdisappointeduninteresteddisapproving

推測(cè)文章的來(lái)源或者讀者對(duì)象要求讀者本身要具備一定的常識(shí)，這樣文章的內(nèi)容才能與讀者本身具備的常識(shí)結(jié)合起來(lái)。有時(shí)命題者為了增加試題的難度，特殊的格式或日期可能不出現(xiàn)，這時(shí)需要根據(jù)文章的題材內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷。如果內(nèi)容是發(fā)布新聞，最可能是出現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙上；如果是科普讀物，可能是出自科普雜志上。主要設(shè)題方式有：Thispassagewouldbemostlikelytobefoundin____________Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof_____________Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?Whichsectionofamagazineisthispassageprobablytakenfrom?4.文章來(lái)源和讀者對(duì)象推斷Thistextmustbetakenfrom___________AaradioprogramB.awebsiteC.anewspaperD.aTVprograme.g.9Don’twanderaimlesslythroughlife.Getconfusedonyourgoals,starthelpingothersinneed,andlivelifetothefullest!Lifeistooshorttobeanythingbuthappy.Visitmyblogandfindwhatyou’vebeenmissing.Signupformynewsletterandgetsevenfreeebooks,too!Readhundredsofarticleswhileyou’rethereinthearticlesection,whichisupdateddaily.

Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.Toreducepain,taketwotabletswithwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount.Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctor’sadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.

Thistextismostprobablytakenfroma______.A.medicalbookB.newspaperC.doctor’snotebookD.bottleofmedicinee.g.10Haveyoueverdreamedofhavingafashionablewatchofgreatvalue?AsmallwatchmakerinSwitzerlandin1922designedthefirstautomaticwatchtoshowtheday,month,anddate...Today,itissohardtogetanoriginalwatchthatsomewatchhistoriansareevenwillingtooffer$200,000forone.Thesewatchesattractedalotofpeoplefortheirsplendidcolor,fashionablestyle,andnewusesinthe1920s...Today,youareofferedthesamekindofwatchwithimprovement.Ithasa24-jewelmechanicalmovement...Youcangetthewatcheitherinpersonorbymailallanaffordableprice.Youwillalsoreceivegoodservicefromthewatchseller.Ifyouarenotsatisfiedwiththewatchafteryougetit,youmaysimplyreturnitwithin30days.Don'tmissthechancetorealizeyourdream.

Thepassageisprobablytakenfroma______________A.reportB.magazineC.textbookD.sciencebooke.g.11這類問(wèn)題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)或典型的句子來(lái)判斷其出處：(1)報(bào)紙：有時(shí)前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期，地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱(2)廣告：因其格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)(3)產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明：(instructions)器皿、設(shè)備的使用說(shuō)明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱

或操作方式，而藥品的服用說(shuō)明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等(4)網(wǎng)絡(luò)：www…com,blog,ebooks,clickhere…，Internet，update，download…(5)其它：書(shū)評(píng):abookreview

新聞報(bào)道：anewsreport

科幻故事：sciencefiction通知：anannouncement

展覽/旅游指南：anexhibition/touristguide【技巧點(diǎn)撥4】4.文章來(lái)源和讀者對(duì)象推斷判斷文章的后續(xù)內(nèi)容是推理判斷題的重要設(shè)題方式之一，也是難點(diǎn)。要求考生預(yù)測(cè)后續(xù)文章的內(nèi)容。主要設(shè)題方式有：1.Thenextparagraphwouldmostprobablydealwith____2.Whatwouldtheauthortalkaboutinthefollowingpart?3.Whatwillthewritermostprobablytalkaboutin

theparagraphthatfollows?4.Whatismostlikelytobediscussedintheparagraphthatfollows?5.Theparagraphprecedingthisonewouldmostlikelydiscuss______.5.推斷上下文內(nèi)容

Whenearlyhumanshuntedandgatheredfood,theywerenotincontroloftheirenvironment.Theycouldonlyinteractwiththeirsurroundings.Whenhumanslearnedtomakefire,however,theybecamecapableofchangingtheirenvironment.Toprovidethemselveswithfueltheycutdowntrees,causingthetreestodie.Clearingswereburnedinforeststoincreasethegrowthofgrassandtoprovideagreaterareaforthewildanimalsthathumansfedupon.Thisdevelopmentledtofarming.Firealsoprovidedthemeansforcookingplantswhichhadpreviouslybeeninedible.Onlywhentheprocessofmeetingthebasicneedforfoodreachedacertainlevelof

sophisticationwasitpossibleforhumanstofollowotherpursuitssuchasthefoundingofcities.●Theparagraphfollowingthispassagewouldmostlikelybeabout____________.A.fireB.huntingC.farmingD.urbanization(城市化)e.g.121、這類題目的設(shè)題方式很多和文章的最后一段或第一段有關(guān)。仔細(xì)研讀最后一段或第一段，準(zhǔn)確理解其內(nèi)容，發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵信息，推斷其尚未明確的信息，根據(jù)整個(gè)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)做出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。2、如果文章的最后的內(nèi)容沒(méi)有有用的信息，那么解題時(shí)，就一定要注意根據(jù)文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)判斷?！炯记牲c(diǎn)撥5】5.推斷上下文內(nèi)容

(1)正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):◆是"弦外之音°。是立足原文推斷出來(lái)的內(nèi)容，不是直接敘述的具體信息；◆沒(méi)有絕對(duì)概念的字眼，如only,never,allabsolutely等。因?yàn)榈耐茢喑鰜?lái)的內(nèi)容，略有模糊成分，留有余地,通常含有usually.may,some,might.can，possibly等詞匯.推理判斷題選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)(2)干攏選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):◆張冠李戴。使用了原文出現(xiàn)的詞匯或者句式。但不是本題的內(nèi)容；◆顛倒是非。選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容涉及了原文中提及的內(nèi)容，但是選項(xiàng)意思與之恰恰相反；◆無(wú)中生有。這類選項(xiàng)往往是基本的生活常識(shí)，觀點(diǎn)是正確的，但不是本文表示的內(nèi)容；◆擴(kuò)縮范圍。原文中可能出現(xiàn)了almost,all,nearly,morethan,normally,usually等詞語(yǔ)對(duì)文章內(nèi)容加以限制，干擾選項(xiàng)改變了原文范圍；◆曲解文意。根據(jù)文章某一句話或者利用了里面的字間設(shè)計(jì)出選項(xiàng)，看似表達(dá)了文章的意思，實(shí)際上是借題發(fā)揮，曲解了文章原意。

Accordingtotheserules,whatstatementshouldn’twechoose?1.備選項(xiàng)的中心詞背離文章的主題思想2.文中敘述的是事實(shí)，但是是原文3.文中沒(méi)依據(jù)主觀臆斷4.太絕對(duì)或太片面5.偷換概念要選擇有同義詞解釋的選項(xiàng)。選概括性/哲理性的選項(xiàng)課堂檢測(cè)1.AnewcollectionofphotosbringsanunsuccessfulAntarcticvoyagebacktolife.FrankHurley’spictureswouldbeoutstanding----undoubtedlyfirst-ratephoto-journalism---iftheyhadbeenmadelastweek.Infact,theywereshotfrom1914through1916,mostofthemafteradisastrousshipwreck(海難),byacameramanwhohadnoreasonableexpectationofsurvival.Manyoftheimageswerestoredinanicechest,underfreezingwater,inthedamagedwoodenship.WhatdoweknowaboutthephotostakenbyHurley?A.TheyweremadelastweekB.TheyshowedunderseasceneriesC.TheywerefoundbyacameramanD.Theyrecordedadisastrousadventure(全國(guó)卷II

2016閱讀理解D）2.Successfulpeopleininternationalbusinessunderstandtheculturesofothercountriesandlearntochangetheirpracticesindifferentcultures.Theyunderstandtheimportanceofavoidingbusinessdecisionsbasedonmisconceptions---mistakenideas.Onecauseofmisconceptionsisethnocentrism,thebeliefthatone’sownculture’swayofdoingthingsisbetterthanthewayofothercultures.It’sethnocentrismthatleadstofailureininternationalbusiness.Toavoidethnocentrism,it’snecessarytostudythedifferentelements(組成部分)ofculture:language,valuesandattitudes,andcustomsandmanners.Aknowledgeofthelocallanguagecanhelpinternationalbusinesspeopleinfourways.…Valuesarepeople’sbasicbeliefsaboutthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,goodandbad.Anattitudeisawayofthinkingoracting.Valuesandattitudesinfluenceinternationalbusiness.…Customsarecommonsocialpractices.Mannersarewaysofactingthatthesocietybelievesarepolite.…Theauthor’spurposeofwritingthisarticleistotellpeople_________.A.howtotakearightattitudeinbusiness B.howtoavoidmisunderstandingsinbusinessC.howtousealocallanguageinbusiness D.howtoactpolitelyandproperlyinbusiness3.Itisnotjustunkindbutalsodangeroustosayafour-hourlyfeedingschedulewillmakeababysatisfied.Thefirstoftheexpertstoadvocateastrictclock-watchingschedulewasDr.FredericTrubyKingwhowasagainstfeedinginthenight.I'veneverheardanythingsoridiculous.Babyfeedingshouldn'tfollowatimetablesetbythemum.Whatisimportantisfeedingababyinthebestway，thoughitmaycausesomeinconvenienceinthefirstfewweeks.WhatdoestheauthorthinkaboutDr.FredericTrubyKing?A．Heisstrict.B．Heisunkind.C．Hehasthewrongidea.D．Hesetsatimetableformothers.(廣東2012閱讀理解B）TheBasicsofMath—MadeClear[1]BasicMathintroducesstudentstothebasicconceptsofmathematics，aswellasthefundamentalsofmoretrickyareas.These30fantasticlecturesaredesignedtoprovidestudentswithanunderstandingofarithmeticandtopreparethemforAlgebra(代數(shù))andbeyond....[7]Ifthecoursefailstoprovidecompletesatisfactiontoyou，youcaneasilyexchangeitforanyothercoursethatweoffer.Oryoucangetyourmoneyback.Whereisthepassagemostlikelytohavebeentakenfrom?A．Anewsreport.

B．Abookreview.C．Alessonplan. D．Anadvertisement.（北京2012閱讀理解A）“Igetsofrustrated.Ienduphittingthedesk.”‘‘IfeelveryunwellandIamreallyscared.”Thesearehowstudents