萬(wàn)物運(yùn)行奧秘第21節(jié)

NuclearPowerHiroshimaBeforeAfterDearMr.Chairman!@#$%^&*()AtomBombChainReactioncriticalmassof235U:~52kgCriticalMassOreofUranium238U:99.2739%235U:0.7205%

Centrifuge(離心機(jī))

fornuclearworkHowdoesitwork?“Gundesign”firedacylinderof235Uintoahollowspherecompletinga60kgmassDroppedonHiroshimaonAugust6,1945at8:15AM.Detonated2,000ftabovethegroundandkilled~140,000Japanesebytheyear’send1.3%ofthe235UactuallyfissionedBlastequaled~15000tonsofTNTLittleBoy239Pubomb2,000kgofhighexplosiveservetoimplode239Puinsidea238Utampershell238Utamperreflectsescapingneutronsbackintothe239PuforfissionDroppedonNagasakionAugust9,1945at11:02AM,killing~70,000Japanesebyyearend~17%ofthe239PufissionedBlastequaled~22000tonsofTNTFatManUsesafissionreactiontoheattheHisotopestohighfusiontemperaturesOftencalled“fission-fusion-fission”bomb“Neutron”bombhasno238Utampersoastoletneutronsfree,damagingonlylivingorganismsFusionBomb(H-Bomb,ThermonuclearBomb)NuclearWeaponTheenergyofnuclearweapon1kgTNT:4.19×106JLittleboy(Droppedon

Hiroshima):~15000tonsofTNT=6×1013JThefullpowerofSanXia:1.8×1010WWhileE=mc2So6×1013J=0.67g4×106Ton/SecDifferentNuclearWeaponM388(USA),thesmallestnuclearweaponoftheworld.About30kg,Blastequaled~100tonsTNTA:ChernayaGuba(70.7N54.6E)

B:MatochkinShar(73.4N54.9E)

C:SukhoyNos(73.7N54.0E)Tsar(USSR),themostpowerfulnuclearweaponoftheworld,26tons,Blastequaled~58milliontonsTNT,30Oct,1961JuliusRobertOppenheimer漫天奇光異彩，有如圣靈逞威，只有一千個(gè)太陽(yáng)，才能與其爭(zhēng)輝。我是死神，我是世界的毀滅者(IambecomeDeath,theshatterofworlds)-Jul.16,1945Jul.16,1945,5:30Alamogordo,NewMexico,USATheManhattanProject

China’sNuclearWeapon

-whyweneednuclearweapon?1964年10月16日，原子彈爆炸成功！1967年6月17日，氫彈爆炸成功！China’snuclearweaponproject596548524512506503515575China’sInterContinentalBallisticMissile(ICBM,洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈)ICBMW88,363Kg,475Kton3milliontonnuclearweapontestChina’snucleartest酒泉基地中的墓地鄧稼先程開(kāi)甲彭桓武錢(qián)三強(qiáng)王淦昌錢(qián)學(xué)森郭永懷于敏鄧稼先（中）與楊振寧（左）、楊振平（楊振寧的弟弟）1949年在美國(guó)的合影1924.06.25-1986.07.29China’slastnuclearweapontest,1996.07.29我愿以身許國(guó)錢(qián)偉長(zhǎng)

(1912-2010)中文：100分歷史：100分物理：5分?jǐn)?shù)學(xué)+化學(xué)：20分英文：0分錢(qián)三強(qiáng)and何澤慧

錢(qián)三強(qiáng)：經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)期通信，我向你提出結(jié)婚的請(qǐng)求，如能同意，請(qǐng)回信，我將等你一同回國(guó)。何澤慧：感謝你的愛(ài)情，我將對(duì)你永遠(yuǎn)忠誠(chéng)。等我們見(jiàn)面后一同回國(guó)。SomestoriesofNuclearWeaponOmarMouammeralGaddafiWenHoLeeComprehensiveNuclear-Test-BanTreaty（《全面禁止核試驗(yàn)條約》，CNTBT）Nuclear

PowerPlantThefirstnuclearreactorChelobyle

April26,198647名核電站工人及9名兒童患上甲狀腺癌,并估計(jì)大約4000人最終將會(huì)因這次意外所帶來(lái)的疾病而死亡。Only56killed-byInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA,國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu))reportFukushima

March11,2011Half-life:銫（Cs）137：30年碘（I）131：8天FearoverradiationMonjufastbreederreactor

(文殊快中子增殖反應(yīng)堆)Half-life:钚（Pu）239：24000年日本東海村核臨界事故Pu(plutonium)TellmeaboutPu.Isotopesandcompoundsofplutoniumaredangerousduetotheirradioactivity.Basedonchemicaltoxicity(毒性)alone,theelementislessdangerousthanarsenic（砒霜）orcyanide（氰化物）andaboutthesameascaffeine（咖啡因）.Plutoniumisnotabsorbedintothebodyefficientlywheningested;only0.04%ofplutoniumoxideisabsorbedafteringestion.Plutoniumhasametallictaste.Po(polonium)polonium-210isaround250,000timesmoretoxicthanhydrogencyanide（氰化氫）,theactualLD50（動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)50%死亡的劑量）for210Poisabout1microgramforan80kgpersoncomparedwithabout250milligramsforhydrogencyanide).Themainhazardisitsintenseradioactivity(asanalphaemitter),whichmakesitverydifficulttohandlesafely:onegramofPowillself-heattoatemperatureofaround500°C.Alphaparticlesemittedbypoloniumwilldamageorganictissueeasilyifpoloniumisingested,inhaled,orabsorbed,althoughtheydonotpenetratetheepidermisandhencearenothazardousifthepoloniumisoutsidethebody.FeltsickonNov.1anddiedonNov.23,2006Tl,Po-210

(10timesoflethaldose!!!)俄羅斯前特工利特維年科RadiationHere!!!!I’mHere!!!!Isnuclearpowerplantsafe?Whywebuildnuclearpowerplant?Heat-engineplantHydropowerplant

FusionBombTheSunThermonuclearPowerPlantLawrenceLivermorelab,2Hand3HinsmallplasticballsonacoinHowtobuildaThermonuclearPowerPlant?國(guó)際熱核聚變實(shí)驗(yàn)堆（ITER）TokamakExperimentalAdvancedSuperconductingTokamak(EAST)反場(chǎng)箍縮磁約束聚變實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置(KTX，“科大一環(huán)”)Coldfusion???Andre–Rossi(Italy)coldfusionexperiments(E-Cat)CompactFusionReactor(CFR)

-byLockheedMartin'sSkunkWorkstechnologyteamNuclearMagneticResonanceDoyouhaveanyexamplesorproblems?Nextweek’stopicArtificialWorld—WonderfulMaterials關(guān)于作業(yè)：22/gp/賬號(hào)：wwyx密碼：wwyx論文可以用中文或英語(yǔ)書(shū)寫(xiě)。要求能正確表達(dá)，論述清楚。英語(yǔ)書(shū)寫(xiě)不加分。論文可以紙質(zhì)遞交（手寫(xiě)或打印均可），也可以電子文擋遞交，請(qǐng)自行選擇其中一種方式。紙質(zhì)文件遞交的，要求字跡清楚，并在每