考研-2013yyercc ydljjxtx英語二網(wǎng)絡課堂電子系列沖刺閱讀、新題型

[]英語（二）[]英語（二）網(wǎng)絡課PartOne大綱樣PartReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)LastweekendKyleMacDonaldinMontrealthrewapartytocelebratethefactthathegothisnewhomeinexchangeforaredpaperclip.Startingayearago,MacDonaldbarteredtheclipforhisaim(thehouuse)inadvance,MacDonaldlikelygotaboostfromtechieseagertoseetheInternetpassthisdaringtestofitsnetworkingpower.“Mywholemottowas?Startsmall,thinkbig,andhavefun?,”saysMacDonald,26,“IreallykeptmyeffortonthecreativesideratherthanthebusinessYetasoddastheMacDonaldexchangewas,barterisnowbigbusinessontheNet.Thisyearmorethan400,000companiesworldwidewillexchangesome$10billionworthofgoodsandservicesonagrowingnumberofbartersites.TheseWebsitesallowcompaniestotradeproductsforavirtualcurrency,whichtheycanusetobuygoodsfromothermembers.InIceland,garment-makerKapusalansellsathirdofitsoutputontheboomingVidskiptanetidexchange,earningvirtualmoneythatitusestobuymachineryandpaypartofemployeesalaries,frommathlessonstoironing.Thisisnotaprimitivebartersystem.Bycreatingcurrencies,theInternetremovesamajorbarrier－whatBobMeyer,publisherofBarterNews,calls“thedoublecoincidenceofwants.”Thatis,twopartiesoncenotonlyhadtofindeachother,butalsoanexchangeofgoodsthatbothdesired.Now,theycanpricethedealinvirtualcurrency.Barteralsohelpsfirmsmakeuseofidlecapacity.Forexample,advertisingis“hugelybartered”becausemanymedia,particularlyontheWeb,cansupplynewadspaceatlittlecost.Moreover,Internetadsdon?tregisterinindustry-growthstatistics,becausemanyexchangesarearrangedoutsidetheformalexchanges.LikeeBay,mostbartersitesallowmembersto“grade”tradingpartnersforhonesty,qualityandsoon.Barterexchangescanallowfirmsincountrieswithhyperinflationornontradablecurrenciestoenterglobaltrades.Nextyear,anonprofitexchangecalledQuickLiftTwo(QL2)planstoopeninNairobi,offeringbarterdealsto38,000Kenyanfarmersinremoteareas.Twosmallplaneswilldeliverthegoods.QL2directorCaciiWaciumasaysthefarmersareexcitedtobe“l(fā)iberatedfromcorruptmiddlemen.”Forthem,barterevokesabrightfuture,notaprecapitalistpast.Theword“techies”(Line5,Para.1)probablyreferstothosewho afraidof [B]skilledin[C]ignorantof petentinManypeoplemayhavedeliberayhelpedKylebecause wereimpressedbyhis [B]wereeagertoidentifywithhis[C]likedhisgoalannouncedin [D]hopedtoprovethepoweroftheTheInternetbartersystemreliesheavily thesizeofbarter [B]theuseofvirtual[C]thequalityofgoodsor [D]thelovatonoftradingItisimpliedthatInternetadvertisementscan companiesmakemore [B]companiesdoformal[C]mediaregisterin [D]mediagradebarterWhichofthefollowingistrueofQL2accordingtotheItiscriticizedforngbusinessinaprimitiveItaimstodealwithhyperinflationinsomeIthelpsgetridofmiddlemenintradeandItisintendedtoevaluatetheperformanceoftradingInternetcommercedidnotexistatthebeginningofthisdecade,butnowitisasuperchargedenginedrivingtheworldeconomy.Industriesareredesigningthemselvesaroundnewmethodsofngthings.SurvivorswillbethosethatsuccessfullyadapttheirprocessesintheNewEconomy,accordingtoRobertD.AtkinsonandRandolphH.Court.“ThreemainfoundationswillunderpinstrongandwidelysharedeconomicgrowthintheNewEconomy:(1)developmentofaubiquitousdigitaleconomy,(2)increasedresearchandinnovation,and(3)improvedskillsandknowledgeoftheworkforce,”writeAtkinsonandCourt.ThetotalU.S.Interneteconomymorethandoubledinjustoneyear,from$15.5billionin1996tonearly$39billionin1997.By2001,theInterneteconomywillsoarto$350billion,withbusiness-to-businessactivityleadingtheway.AnothersignofthegrowthofthedigitaleconomyisthemushroomingofInternethosts,whicharenearlydoublingintheUnitedStateseveryyear.Morehouseholds,business,andschoolsareontheNet,too.Theonlylaggardinthedigitalrevolutionisernment;Local,state,andfederal ernmentscombinedspent9.4%moreeachyearoncomputersbetween1986and1996,whilebusinessspent22%moreayearinthesameVenturecapitalistsarepouringmoneyintothedevelopmentofgrowingcompanies,ofteninginvolvedasboardmembersandadvisers,andhelstartupsrefinebusinessplans.“It?simportanttokeepaneyeonthestraightdollaramountofventurecapitalintheeconomy,butit?sjustasimportanttoremembertheexponentialrippleeffectofthecash,”noteAtkinsonandCourt.“ManyofthegazellesoftheNewEconomyareventure-backedcompanies,andtheyarehavingaprofoundimpact－employmentinventure-backedcompaniesincreased34%annuallybetween1991and1995whileemploymentinFortune500companiesdeclined3.6%.Moreover,venture-capital-backedfirmsaremoretechnologicallyinnovativethanotherfirms.”Thenumbersofengineersandscientistsaregrowing;jobsrequiringscienceandengineeringexpertisewillgrowthreetimesfasterthanotheroccupationsbetween1994and2005.Withoutadequaypreparedhomegrownworkerstofillthesejobs,andwithdecreasedcorporatespendingontrainingprograms,thedemandforengineersandscientistswillincreasinglybemetbyimmigrants.Already,almostone-fourthofengineersintheU.S.whoearnedPh.D.sinthelastfiveyearsareforeignborn.AtkinsonandCourtconclude:“TheNewEconomyputsapremiumonwhatNobellaureateeconomistDouglasNorthcalls?adaptiveefficiency?－theabilityofinstitutionstoinnovate,continuouslylearn,andproductivelychange…IfwearetoaskworkerstotaketherisksinherentinembracingtheNewEconomy,wemustequipthenwiththetoolstoallowthemtoprosperandcopewithchangeanduncertainty.Ifwefailtoinvestinaknowledgeinfrastructure－world-classeducation,training,science,andtechnology－ourenterpriseswillnothavetheskilledworkersandcutting-edgetoolstheyneedtogrowandcreatewell-payingjobs.”Welearnfromthetext seemstobemoreimportantfor tosurvivethe [B][C] [D]Inthesecondparagraph,theauthormainlyconcentratesontendencyofAmericancontributionAmericanhouseholdshavemadetothelowefficiencyof progresstowarddigitalTheventure-capital-backed-firmsaremoresuccessfulbecause haveinvestedin [B]aregoodatstock[C]haveabundant [D]haveincreasedThefactthat“almostone-fourthofengineersinAmericawhoearnedPh.D.sareforeignborn”impliesthat themajorityofAmericanpeoplearenotinterestedingettingforeignstudentsaremoreeagertogettheAmericaneducationhaslaggedbehindintheNewAmericanstudentsarenotascleverasforeignAsuitabletitleforthistextmightHowtoDevelopUSTheRelationbetweenAmericanIndustryandNewDigitalEnginePowersNewOurNewPolicyonWhenThomasKeller,oneofAmerican?sforemostchefs,announcedthatonSept.1hewouldabolishthepracticeoftipatPerSe,hisluxuryrestaurantinNewYorkCity,andreplaceitwithaEuropean-styleservicecharge.Iknewthreegroupswouldbeopposed;customers,serversandrestaurantowners.Thesethreegroupsareallcommittedtotip－astheyquicklymadeclearonWebsites.Toopposetip,itseems,istobeanticapitalist,andmaybeevenalittleFrench.ButMr.Kellerisrighttomoveawayfromtip－andit?sworthexploringwhyjusteveryoneelseintherestaurantworldiswrongtostickwiththeCustomersbelieveintipbecausetheythinkitmakeseconomicsense.“Waitersknowthattheywon?tgetpaidiftheydon?tdoagoodjob”ishowmostadvocatesofthesystemwouldputit.Tohesure,thisisatempting,apparentlyrationalstatementabouteconomictheory,butitappearstohavelittleapplicabilitytotherealworldofrestaurants.MichaelLynn,anassociateprofessorofconsumerbehaviorandmarketingatCornell?sSchoolofHoAdministration,hasconducteddozensofstudiesoftipandhasconcludedthatconsumers?assessmentsofthequalityofservicecorrelateweaklytotheamounttheytip.Rather,customersarelikelytotipmoreinresponsetoserverstouchingthemlightlyandlearningforwardnexttothetabletomakeconversationthantohowoftentheirwaterglassis－inotherwords,customerstipmorewhentheyliketheserver,notwhentheserviceisgood.Lynn?sstudiesalsoindicatesthatmalecustomersincreasetheirtipsforfemaleserverswhilefemalecustomersincreasetheirtipsformaleservers.What?smore,consumersseemtoforgetthatthetipincreasesasthebillincreases.Thus,thetipsystemisanopeninvitationtowhatrestaurantprofessionalscall“upselling”;everybottleofimportedwater,everyespressoandeverycocktailisextramoneyintheserver?spocket.Aggressiveupsellingfortipsisoftenrewardedwhilelow-key,qualityserviceoftengoesInaddition,thepracticeoftippooling,whichisthenorminfine-diningrestaurantsandisingmorecommonineverykindofrestaurantabovethelevelofagreasyspoon,hasruinedwhatevereffectvotingwithyourtipmighthavehadonanindividualwaiter.Inanunreasonablee,youarepunishingthegoodwaitersintherestaurantbynottipthebadone.Indeed,thereappearstobelittleconnectionbetweentipandgoodItmaybeinferredthataEuropean-style istip- [B]chargeslittle[C]istheauthor?s [D]isofferedatPerWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheTipisacommonpracticeintherestaurantCustomersgenerallybelieveinTiphaslittle-connectionwiththequalityofAccordingtoMichaelLynn?sstudies,waiterswilllikelygetmoretipsif haveperformedgoodfrequentlyrefillcustomers?waterwinservecustomersofthesameWemayfromthecontextthat“upselling”(Line3,Para.6)probably sellingsomethingsellingsomethingsellingsomethingsellingsomethingmoreThistextmainly reasonstoabolishthepracticeofeconomicsenseofconsumers?attitudestowardstipforgoodHenricIbsen,authoroftheplay“ADoll?sHouse”,inwhichapretty,helplesshousewifeabandonsherhusbandandchildrentoseekamoreseriouslife,woulesurelyhaveapproved.FromJanuary1st,2008,allpubliccompaniesinNorwayareobligedtoensurethatatleast40%oftheirboarddirectorsarewomen.Mostfirmshaveobeyedthelaw,whichwaspassedin2003.Butabout75outofthe480orsocompaniesitaffectsarestilltoomalefortheernment?sliking.TheywillshortlyreceivealetterinformingthemthattheyhaveuntiltheendofFebruarytoact,orfacethelegalconsequences－whichcouldincludebeingdissolved.Beforethelawwasproposed,about7%ofboardmembersinNorwaywereaccordingtotheCentreforCorporateDiversity.Thenumberhassincejumpedto36%.Thatisfarhigherthantheaverageof9%forbigcompaniesacrossEuropeorAmerica?s15%fortheFortune500.Norway?sstockexchangeanditsmainbusinesslobbyopposethelaw,asdomanybusinessmen.“Iamagainstquotasforwomenormenasamatterofprinciple,”saysSverreMunck,headofinternationaloperationsatamediafirm.“Boardmembersofpubliccompaniesshouldbechosensolelyonthebasisofmeritandexperience,”hesays.Severalfirmshaveevengivenuptheirpublicstatusinordertoescapethenewlaw.Companieshavehadtorecruitabout1,000womeninfouryears.Manycomplainthatithasbeendifficulttofindexperiencedcandidates.Becauseofthis,someofthebestwomenhavecollectedasmanyas25-35directorshipseach,andareknowninNorwegianbusinesscirclesasthe“goldenskirts”.OnereasonforthescarcityisthattherearefairlyfewwomeninmanagementinNorwegiancompanies－theyoccupyaround15%ofseniorpositions.Ithasbeenparticularlyhardforfirmsintheoil,technologyandfinancialindustriestofindwomenwithenoughexperience.Somepeopleworrythattheirrelativelackofexperiencemaykeepwomenquietonboards,andthatinturncouldmeanthatboardsmight elessabletoholdmanagerstoaccount.RecenthistoryinNorway,however,suggeststhattherightwomencanmakestrongdirectors.“Womenfeelmorecompelledthanmentodotheir ,”saysMsRekstenSkaugen,whowasvotedNorway?schairmanoftheyearfor2007,”andwecanaffordtoaskthehardquestions,becausewomenarenotalwaysexpectedtoknowtheanswers.”TheauthormentionsIbsen?splayinthefirstparagraphinorder explainthenewlypassedsupport introducethetopicunderApubliccompanythatfailstoobeythenewlawcouldbeforced payaheavyclosedownitschangetoaprivatesignapromisingtoTowhichofthefollowingisSverreMunckmostlikelytoAsetratioofwomeninaboardisAreasonablequotaforwomenatworkneedstobeAcommonprincipleshouldbefollowedbyallAninexperiencedbusinessmanisnotsubjecttothenewTheauthorattributesthephenomenonof“goldenskirts”thesmallnumberofqualifiedfemalesintheover-recruitmentoffemalemanagersinpublictheadvantagewomenenjoywhencompetingforseniorthediscriminationtowardwomeninNorwegianbusinessThemainideaofthetextmightfemalepowerandliberationinthesignificanceofHenricIbsen?stheconstitutionofboardmembersinPartTwo2010年考題閱讀理解部PartReadthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56worksbyDamienHirst,“BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”，atSotheby?sinLondononSeptember15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.Itwasalastvictory.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingbewilderinglysince2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArtsEconomics,aresearchfirm—doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirst?ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossofthousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemostoverheatedsector—forChinesecontemporaryart—theyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld?stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby?sandChristie?s,hadtopayoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuyingImpressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsincetheSecondWorldWar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,thoughsomehavebeenfarmorefluctuant.ButEdwardDolman,Christie?schiefexecutive,says:“I?mprettyconfidentwe?reatthebottom.”Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmanycollectorswantedtosell.Christie?srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirsthalfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblematthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs—death,debtanddivorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeeaway,waitingforconfidencetoreturn.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirst'ssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory” theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionoftheauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestBeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallitwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialBysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3)，theauthorsuggeststhat collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketB.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromC.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatD.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTA.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007toB.TheartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinC.ThemarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousD.SomeartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestoThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphauctionhouses'factorspromotingartworkThemostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldFluctuationofArtUp-to-dateArtArtMarketinShiftedInterestinIwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom—awomen'sgroupthathadinvitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkative,frequentlyofferingideasandanecdotes,whilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.TowardtheendoftheeveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thismanquicklynoddedinagreement.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid,"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburstintolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."It'strue,"heexplained."WhenIcomehomefromwork,Ihavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoing,we'dspendthewholeeveninginsilence."ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate1970s.SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrentdivorcerateofnearly50percent，thatamountstomillionsofcasestheUnitedStateseveryyear—avirtualepidemicoffailedInmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednotontangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareerto panyahusbandtohis ngfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaning,cooking,socialarrangementsanderrands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:"Hedoesn'tlistentome.""Hedoesn'ttalktome."IfoundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemostconversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirInshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofamansittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisface,whileawomanglaresatthebackofit,wantingtotalk.Whatismostwives'mainexpectationoftheirTalkingtoTrustingSupportingtheirSharingJudgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobably generatingexertingcausingcreatingAllofthefollowingaretruementendtotalkmoreinpublicthannearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedwomenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweenafemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherWhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthisThemoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbyMarriagebreak-upstemsfromsexHusbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirConversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifeareInthefollowingpart yafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyavividaccountofthenewbookDivorceadetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalotherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheabriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewOverthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomatichabits—amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomerseatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefullydesignedsetofdailycues.“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likedirtyhandsinsteadofasoaphabit,thatremainkillersonlybecausewecan?tfigureouthowtochangepeople?shabits,”Dr.Curtissaid.“Wewantedtolearnfromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.”ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto—Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnileverhadinvestedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers?livesthatcorporationscouldusetointroducenewroutines.Ifyoulookhardenough,you?llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday—chewinggums,skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins—areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingandpublichealthns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesa-preventingscrubtwiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn?tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompaniesstartedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwateralldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercialsasabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartofmorningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingon“Ourproductssucceedwhenthey epartofdailyorweeklypatterns,”saidCarolBerning,aconsumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billionofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear.“Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingourconsumers?lives,andit?sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.”Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereispowerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceofhabithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionablebeautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwith shouldbefurthershouldbechangedaredeeplyrootedinarebasicallyprivateBottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5sorevealtheirimpactonpeople?sshowtheurgentneedofdailyindicatetheireffectonpeople?sbuyingmanifestthesignificantroleofgoodWhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople?shabits?Fromthetextweknowthatsomeofconsumer?shabitsaredevelopeddueto[A]perfectedartofproducts[C]commercialpromotionsTheauthor?sattitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople?shabitsManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequallycompetenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssectionofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdictsshouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaidtobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,citizenstaketurns erningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativesto ernforthem.Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresedwiththesedemocraticideals.Insomestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedto sofsupposedlysuperiorinligence,education,andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracialdiscriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofStrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeofselectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandotherantidiscriminationlaws.Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.AlthoughwomenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmadewomeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjurydutyunlessthey allyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedbytheclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringinaneweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsforfederaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorvs.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclaredsexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameproceduresforselectingmaleandfemalejurors.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat[A]bothliberateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries[B]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjury[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionoftheThepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces[C]theingidealsinjuryselection[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtEveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws[B]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagementAftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwassexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeeducationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirestatesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejuryIndiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcentersitsnatureanditscharacteristicsandtradition[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions[D]itstraditionanddevelopmentPartPassageReadthefollowingtextandanswerquestionsbyfindingasubtitleforeachofthemarkedpartsorparagraphs.Therearetwoextraitemsinthesubtitles.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Youknow,ofcourse,thatvolunteeringisgoodforyourcommunity.Youmayevenknowthatit?sgoodforyou andaremoreself-confident.Whatyoumaynotknowisthatvolunteeringcanhelpyougetajob,too.Herearesomereasonsyoushouldcarvesometimeoutofyourjob-huntingscheduleto“workforfree”:First,let?sfaceit,alongfruitlessjobhuntcanstarttomakeyoufeellikealoser.Potentialemployerscanevensmelldesperationandangeraaway,andtheyareputoffbyit.Volunteeringcaninvigorateyouandrenewyoursenseofself-worth.Italsofillsyouupwithpositivefeelingsplishment,whichwillspreadoverintoyourjobAjobhunter?scontactlistcanneverbetoolong.Ifyou?retargetingyourjobsearchtoaparticularcompanyorcompanies,goastepfurtherandvolunteerwhereemployeesofthosecompaniesalsovolunteer.Findoutwhichfoundationsyourtargetindustrysupportsandgetactiveinthem.Or,tryvolunteeringdi