第14章-出口包裝-《國際物流與經(jīng)營管理》課件

PackagingforExport

PackagingforExportIntroductiontoPackagingOceanCargoAirTransportRoadandRailTransportSecurityRefrigeratedGoodsRetailPackagingIssuesPackagingasaMarketingToolPackagingforExportIntroductiontoPackagingOceanCargoAirTransportRoadandRailTransportSecurityRefrigeratedGoodsRetailPackagingIssuesPackagingasaMarketingToolIntroductiontoPackagingPackagingisalwaystheresponsibilityofexporter,regardlessoftheIncotermused.Exportersrarelyhaveapackagingstrategy,eventhoughitisalogisticalfunctionthathasstrategicimplications.P367IntroductiontoPackagingPackaginghasthreefunctions:ItprotectsthegoodsduringtransportItallowsthehandlingofgoodswithoutdamageItispartofthecustomerservicestrategyofthefirm:goodpackagingreflectspositivelyontheexporter’sfirm.P369IntroductiontoPackagingPrimary,Secondary,andTertiaryPackagingP368Primarypackagingiswhatthefinalconsumersees.Secondarypackagingiswhattheretailer/wholesalerhandles.Tertiarypackagingiswhatisusedfortransportation.IntroductiontoPackagingTertiaryPackagingObjectivesTherearethreeobjectivesofpropertertiarypackaging:Protectthegoodsintransitfrommechanicaldamage:breakage,crushes,nicks,anddents.Protectthegoodsfromwaterdamage:seawater,rain,floods,andcontainersweat.Protectthegoodsfromtheft.Sincetherisksaregreaterinaninternationalshipment,thepackagingrequirementsaresubstantiallyhigherthanforadomesticshipment.P369PackagingforExportIntroductiontoPackagingOceanCargoAirTransportRoadandRailTransportSecurityRefrigeratedGoodsRetailPackagingIssuesPackagingasaMarketingToolOceanCargoOceancargoisgenerallydividedintofourcategories:Containers—CargoBreakbulk—cargoWetbulk—cargoDrybulk—cargoBulkCargoOceanCargoPackagingShipmentsthataresmallinsizeandweightcaneitherbefull-container-load(FCL)orless-than-container-load(LCL):AnFCLshipmentutilizestheentirecapacityofacontainer,whetheritisbyweightorbyvolume.AnLCLshipmentutilizeslessthantheentirecapacity,andismixedwithothergoods,sothatanentirecontainercanbeutilized.Shipmentsofpackagedgoodsthatarenotplacedinacontainerarecalled“break-bulk”shipments.OceanCargo--ContainersChoiceofContainerThecontainershouldfirstbeinspectedfromtheoutsideforpossiblestructuraldamage.Thecontainershouldalsobeinspectedfromtheinside,withthedoorsclosed,forpossiblelightleakage,whichwouldindicateawaterinfiltrationriskduringshipment.P371OceanCargo

PalletizationAUnitized,Shrink-wrappedPalletwithitsFourCornersProtected

P371-372FCLoceancargoshouldbeunitized,sotheuseofmechanicalequipmentisnecessarytomovethegoodsasaunit.Mostoften,thisisdonewithapallet.Palletsthatarewellconstructedallowthegoodstobeprotectedduringhandling.Poorly-assembledpallets(mismatchedcartons,nostretchwrap,nocornerprotection)giveapoorimageoftheexporter.OceanCargo

BlockingMaterialsFCLpalletizedcargoshouldbepreventedfrommovinginthecontainerbyusingdunnageorblocking.Inflatabledunnageisalwaysoftherightsize.P374Ifthecargodoesnotfillthecontainercompletely,thegoodsshouldbecenteredinthecontainerandsolidlybracedagainstthewalls.P375FCLOceanCargoFCLcargoshouldbeloadedaccordingtothefollowingrules:Thecenterofgravityshouldbeatthecenterofthecontainer,front-to-back,andside-to-side.Theheavieritemsshouldbeatthebottom.Thegoodsshouldbebracedwithblockingordunnage.Thegoodsshouldbeplacedonpalletsordunnagetoraisethemabovethefloorofthecontainer(toprotectthemfromwaterdamage).Adesiccantshouldbeusedtoprotectfromambienthumidity.P375LCLOceanCargoLCLcargoshouldbeevenbetterprotectedthanFCLcargo.Thegoodsarelikelytobehandledmorefrequentlyandbeplacedneargoodsthatmaynothavebeenwellpackaged.LCLcargoshouldbeboxedwithstrongcorners(incaseanothercargoisplacedontopofit),protectedfromhumiditywithshrinkwrap,andwellmarkedwithhandlinginstructions.P375Awell-designedLCLbox,reinforcedwithboxes.OceanCargoBreak-BulkCargoCargothatisunitizedinabox,crate,drumorbag,andthatisplaceddirectlyintotheholdofaship.Mostofthetime,itisplacedincratesorboxes.Itisgenerallytoolargeortooheavytobeplacedinacontainer.Somebreak-bulkcargoisplacedonflat-rackcontainersifitissmallenoughtobeplacedontopofastackofcontainers.P376Goodspackagedinacrateandattachedtoaflat-rackcontainertobeplacedontopofacontainerstack.Breakbulkgoodspackagedinaboxareplaceddirectlyinthecargoholdofabreakbulkship.BoxesbeingloadedaboardabreakbulkShipBreak-BulkCargoAnOpenCrateP378Break-BulkCargo

BagsP380FlexibleIntermediateBulkContainers(FIBC)Break-BulkCargo

BagsP381flexibleintermediatebulkcontainers.P381Break-BulkCargo

DrumsP382SteelDrumsPolymerDrumsFiberDrumsOceanCargoWoodPackagingRequirementsAllwoodpackagingusedininternationalshippingmustconformtotheInternationalPlantProtectionConvention.

Aninternationalconvention,which144countrieshaveratifiedMandatesthatwoodusedforpackingordunnagebeheat-treatedortreatedwithchemicalstopreventinsectinfestations.AllwoodmaterialsusedininternationalcommercemustshowtheIPPCmark.P382OceanCargoTheInternationalPlantProtectionConvention(IPPC)symbolP383P383OceanCargo

MarkingsThegoodsshouldbeclearlymarkedtoencourageproperhandling.Theshipmentshouldbeclearlyidentifiablethroughitsmarkings;however,whattheshipmentcontainsshouldremainunidentified,inordertopreventtheft.MarkingsaremoreimportantforLCLandBreak-Bulkshipments,toensurethatthegoodsarecorrectlyunloadedfromthecontainer.TheshipmentunitsshouldmakeuseoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandards(ISO)handlingpictorials.Theyshouldalsobeaccompanied,ifpossible,bytranslationsinthelanguagesoftheportsthroughwhichcargowilltransit.Allthemarkingsshouldbeonallsidesofthecargo,toensurethattheyarealwaysvisible.P383InternationalHandlingPictorialsP384BulkCargoBulkcargo(dryorwetbulk)iscargothatisplaceddirectlyintheholdsoftheship,withoutpackagingofanykind.Containerizedcargoesandbreakbulkcargoesareloadedandunloadedusingcranes,oneunitatatime.Incontrast,bulkcargoisloadedandunloadedwithcontinuousmethodssuchasvacuumpumps,conveyorbelts,pipes,augers,...andsoon.P384Drybulkcargo(grain)isloadedusingaconveyorbelt.Drybulkcargo(alumina)isunloadedusingavacuumpump.PackagingforExportIntroductiontoPackagingOceanCargoAirTransportRoadandRailTransportSecurityRefrigeratedGoodsRetailPackagingIssuesPackagingasaMarketingToolAirTransportAlthoughfrequentlyused,secondarypackagingisnotappropriatebecause:NotsufficienttoprotectgoodsBrandmarkingscantemptthievesAircontainersareoftensoft-sidedanddonotprotectthegoods,whetheronthegroundorintheair.P385AirTransportAircontainersPackagingforExportIntroductiontoPackagingOceanCargoAirTransportRoadandRailTransportSecurityRefrigeratedGoodsRetailPackagingIssuesPackagingasaMarketingToolRoadandRailTransportCargoprotectionrequirementsaresimilartothoseofshipmentbyoceancontainer;internationalroadandrailtransportishazardous.Besttounitizecargointopalletstofacilitatehandlingatloading/unloadingpoints.Palletsshouldbeprotectedonallfourcorners,bandedwithnylonorsteelstrapsandshouldbeshrink-wrappedforprotectionagainstrainandambienthumidity.Cargoshouldbeblockedandbracedintrucktrailer.P387Containercargotravelingbyroadorrailshouldbeascarefullybracedasitisforoceantransportation.PackagingforExportIntroductiontoPackagingOceanCargoAirTransportRoadandRailTransportSecurityRefrigeratedGoodsRetailPackagingIssuesPackagingasaMarketingToolSecurityPackagingsecurityissuescenteraroundtheft.Goodpackagingsecuritypracticesinclude:Tamper-proofsealsonallFCLshipments.Measuresdesignedtohidethenatureofthegoodsbeingshipped(makingpackaging“anonymous”).P389Containerseals:thetoponeisaboltseal,thebottomoneisawireseal.P389DangerousGoodsHazardouscargocanbeshippedbyoceanandbyair,butmostdangerousgoods(flammable,explosive,ortoxicgoods)areshippedbyocean.Iftheyarecontainerized,theyareshipped“abovedeck”ratherthan“underdeck.”TheshipmentofdangerousgoodsbyseaisregulatedbytheInternationalMaritimeOrganization.TheshipmentofdangerousgoodsbyairisregulatedbytheInternationalAirTransportAssociation(IATA).P391PackagingforExportIntroductiontoPackagingOceanCargoAirTransportRoadandRailTransportSecurityRefrigeratedGoodsRetailPackagingIssuesPackagingasaMarketingToolRefrigeratedGoodsRefrigeratedgoodsusuallyrequireveryspecifichandling,andtherefore,mostrefrigeratedgoodstravel“alone,”andarenotmixedwithotherrefrigeratedgoods.Goodsrequiringrefrigerationareplacedinrefrigeratedcontainersthatareself-powered,orpoweredthroughtheship’selectricalsystem.Theycanalsobeplacedinrefrigeratedholdsintheship.P392Reeferssometimesincludeshelvestofacilitateaircirculationandpreventtemperaturedifferencesintheunit.P392RefrigeratedcargocantravelbyrefrigeratedshipPackagingforExportIntroductiontoPackagingOceanCargoAirTransportRoadandRailTransportSecurityRefrigeratedGoodsRetailPackagingIssuesPackagingasaMarketingToolRetailPackagingIssues(I)Consumerpackages(primarypackaging)mayneedtobedifferentfromcountrytocountrytoaccommodateconsumerpreferences.PackagingSizeConsumerpreferencesdictatepackagingsizes:productsaresmallerincountriesinwhichretailshoppingisdonefrequently,andlargerinthoseinwhichconsumersshopatgreaterintervals.PackagingDesignThecustomarydesignofthepackageforatypeofproductmaybedifferent.Thecolorpreferencesmaybedifferent.Theshapeormaterialsofthepackagemaybedifferent.P394RetailPackagingIssues(II)Consumerpackages(primarypackaging)mayneedtobedifferentfromcountrytocountrytoacco