專題23破解高考閱讀之判斷推理篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題

?專題23破解高考閱讀之判斷推理、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題_________________________________________________________________________________________考點精考點精講【考情鏈接】上海高考英語關(guān)于閱讀理解要求考生應(yīng)能：理解主旨要義；理解文中具體信息；根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義；作出簡單判斷和推理；理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)；理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度?！疽c梳理】要點一：高考閱讀之判斷推理題1．細(xì)節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)語篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細(xì)節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識進(jìn)行推理判定?？忌挥邪盐瘴恼碌膬?nèi)在關(guān)系，理解文章的真正含義，才可以判斷正確答案。典題（2023崇明一模）WhatisyourgreatestchallengewiththeEnglishlanguage?Getintouchwithusandhelpustounderstandyourdifficultyaswellasyourgoalsinlife.Itisessentialthatthesolutionweofferalsofitsinwellwithyourpersonality,mindset,objectiveswithEnglish,youravailabletimetotravel,andyourfamilycommitments.Lastly,yourholidayinEurope,aswellasyourexperienceswiththeEnglishlanguageandyourtravelstodifferentcities,shouldhavethat‘Wow!’factorthathelpsyoutorememberyourholidayforever.62.Accordingtotheadvertisement,yourlearningexperiencewithE4Pcanbe________.A.funnybutthrilling B.objectiveandrelaxingC.experientialbutexhausting D.personalizedandunforgettable【答案】62.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第五段“Itisessentialthatthesolutionweofferalsofitsinwellwithyourpersonality,mindset,objectiveswithEnglish,youravailabletimetotravel,andyourfamilycommitments.（我們提供的解決方案必須符合您的個性、心態(tài)、英語目標(biāo)、您的旅行時間以及您的家庭負(fù)擔(dān)。）”以及倒數(shù)第四段最后一句的“helpsyoutorememberyourholidayforever.（幫助你永遠(yuǎn)記住你的假期）”可知，E4P的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷是個性化且難忘的。故選D項。2．文章來源或讀者對象類推斷題考生本身要具備一定的常識，把文章的內(nèi)容與自己所具備的常識結(jié)合起來做出正確的判斷。如要對報紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、小說、童話、廣告、說明書、旅游指南、藥品說明、操作指南等文章的語言特色，特別是其專用詞匯有基本的了解，根據(jù)文章的語言特色和其專用詞匯對號入座，快速選出最佳答案。典題（2022虹口二模）Mars,thedistantredplanet,carriesChina’sgreatdreaminspaceflightaswellasthenumerouspuzzlesofcuriouspeople:WhydohumansexploreMars?WillhumansreallyemigratetoMars?WhatwilltheeverydaylifebelikeonMarsifhumansreallylivethere?ShanghaiAstronomylauncheditsoriginalsituationalexhibition“LivingonMars”—torevealthesecretsofMarsandsolvevisitors’puzzlesaboutthelifeonMars.Time:October15,2021toMarch2,2022(closedonMondays,exceptnationalholidays)Location:B1TemporaryExhibitionHallHIGHLIGHTSOFTHEEXHIBITION42.Wherecanthispassagemostprobablybefound?A.Inatravelbrochure. B.Inasciencemagazine.C.Onanartshowposter. D.Onamuseumwebsite.【答案】42.D【解析】本文是篇應(yīng)用文，介紹上海天文館原創(chuàng)情景化展覽“火星生活”的時間、地點、亮點等參展信息?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段的“ShanghaiAstronomylauncheditsoriginalsituationalexhibition‘LivingonMars’—torevealthesecretsofMarsandsolvevisitors’puzzlesaboutthelifeonMars.”（上海天文館舉行原創(chuàng)情景化展覽“火星生活”——揭露火星的秘密，解答關(guān)于火星生活的疑惑。）以及后面出現(xiàn)的“Time”“Location”和“HIGHLIGHTSOFTHEEXHIBITION”（展覽亮點）可知，本文主要介紹的是“火星生活”情景化展覽的信息，所以最有可能出現(xiàn)在博物館的網(wǎng)站上。故選D項。3．寫作意圖類推斷題要求根據(jù)文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點。這種題型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同時還要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和分析的能力。判斷文章的寫作目的時一定要對文章主題有正確的把握，閱讀時務(wù)必找準(zhǔn)文章的主旨句，準(zhǔn)確歸納文章主題。典題（2023青浦一模）TheUKdoesn’thavethebestreputationregardingfoodwaste.Luckily,it’seasytolearnhowtochangetheseunsustainablehabits,sothatyoucaneasilyreduceunnecessarywasteandsaveaprettypenny.1.PlanyourmealsWhenyoudon’thaveaclearideaofwhatyouwanttoeat,it’seasytopickupmorethanyouneed,especiallywhenitemsareonoffer.Itmightseemlikeagreatshort-termoption,butitcancauseyoutospendmuchmoremoneyinthelongterm,resultinginunnecessaryfoodwaste.Planningyourmealsfortheweekinadvancecanbeagreatwaytoavoidthisissuealtogether.Workoutwhatyouplantoeatandwhen,andhowmuch.Whetheryou’reshoppingonlineorin-person,youcangetonlywhatyouneed—bothsavingyourmoneyandreducingthepotentialforfoodwaste.2.StoreyourproductscorrectlyTherearemanytipsthatcanhelptokeepproducefresh.Forexample,potatoes,carrotsandotherrootvegetableslastlongestiftheyarekeptinthedark.Freshfruitandvegetables,likegrapes,shouldn’tbekeptwithethylene-producingproducts(includingbananasandapples)astheymakeotherfreshproduceripenandrotmorequickly.Youcanalsofindmanywaystokeepfoodbyusingwater.Forexample,storehalfcutvegetables,suchascarrots,potatoes,inwaterinthefridge,tohelpthemlastlongerthaniftheywerestoreddry.3.____________________Almostthreequartersoffoodwastedcouldstillbeeaten,meaningthatthefoodisnotspoiled,andisfineforconsumption.Manypeoplearen’taware“bestbefore”datesaresuggestions,ratherthanrules.Incontrast,however,the“useby”datereferstothelastdateafoodisfitforconsumption,andshouldbewatchedcarefullyforsafety.Whenitcomestoconsumingfood,useyoursenses:lookatandsmellthefood.Ifitsmellsgoodandlooksfine,theproduceismorethanlikelycompletelyfittobeeatenandenjoyed.40.Thepassageisintendedto_________.A.instructthepublictopreservefoodB.offertipsonplanningmealsinadvanceC.helppeopledevelopsomesustainablehabitsD.changetheUK’sreputationasabigfoodwaster【答案】40.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要給讀者提供了三個建議，幫助大家保持一個可持續(xù)的生活習(xí)慣，減少食物浪費。【40題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Luckily,it’seasytolearnhowtochangetheseunsustainablehabits,sothatyoucaneasilyreduceunnecessarywasteandsaveaprettypenny.(幸運的是，學(xué)會如何改變這些不可持續(xù)的習(xí)慣很容易，這樣你就可以很容易地減少不必要的浪費，節(jié)省一大筆錢)”和后文小標(biāo)題“1.Planyourmeals(1.計劃你的飲食)”、“2.Storeyourproductscorrectly(2.正確存放產(chǎn)品)”可推知，文章主要講的是改變不可持續(xù)習(xí)慣的做法，即幫助大家養(yǎng)成可持續(xù)的習(xí)慣。故選C項。4．態(tài)度傾向類推斷題考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物對某事物所持的觀點或態(tài)度。要求考生具有在正確理解文意的基礎(chǔ)上，對觀點或態(tài)度傾向進(jìn)行分析、識別的能力。該類型題目的選項一般含有以下三類詞：(1)中性詞：uninterested(不感興趣的)，neutral(中立的)，indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)等；(2)褒義詞：positive(積極的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽的)，enthusiastic(熱情的)，admiring(贊賞的)等；(3)貶義詞：disgusted(厭惡的)，critical(批評的)，negative(否定的，消極的)，disappointed(失望的)等。典題（2023黃浦一模）A.I.Gopnikandmanyothersinthefieldareconfidentthattheyareonapathtobuildingamachinethatcandoanythingthehumanbraincando.Thisconfidenceshinesthroughwhentheydiscusscurrenttechnologies.HeadmitsthatsomeA.I.researchers“struggletodifferentiatebetweenrealityandsciencefiction.”Buthebelievestheseresearchersstillserveavaluablerole.“Theyhelpusdreamofthefullrangeofthepossible,”hesaid.Perhapstheydo.Butfortherestofus,thesedreamscangetinthewayoftheissuesthatdeserveourattention.46.A.I.?stheauthor’sattitudetowardsA.I.?A.Enthusiastic. B.Opposed. C.Supportive. D.Unconcerned.【答案】46.B【解析】【46題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Perhapstheydo.Butfortherestofus,thesedreamscangetinthewayoftheissuesthatdeserveourattention.(也許是這樣。但對我們其他人來說，這些夢想可能會阻礙值得我們關(guān)注的問題。)”可知，在作者看來，盡管人工智能可以幫人類實現(xiàn)很多夢想，但同時也可能會阻礙那些值得我們關(guān)注的問題，所以對此持反對意見。故選B。典題（2023青浦一模）Adatabasethatfollowstheworld’sfossilfuelproduction,reserves,andreleaseofcarbonwaslaunchedonMonday.Thelaunchcomesoutatthesametimeastwoimportantclimatetalkshappeningattheinternationallevel.OneistheclimatetalksattheUnitedNation’sGeneralAssemblyinNewYorkwhichbeganonSeptember13.TheotherisCOP27inSharmElSkeikhwhichbeganinNovember.Itreallymatterstoenvironmentalsustainability.........Untilnow,therehasbeenprivatedataavailableforpurchase,andresearchoftheworld’sfossilfuelusageandreserves.TheInternationalEnergyAgencyalsokeepspublicdataonoil,gas,andcoal.Butitcentersonthedemandforthosefossilfuels.Thisnewdatabase,however,looksatwhatisyettobeburned.Theinformationcouldhelpenvironmentalgroupstopressureleadersforstrongerpoliciesreducingtheamountofcarbontheyrelease.46.What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsthelaunchofthenewdatabase?A.Positive. B.Flexible. C.Critical. D.Ironical.【答案】46.A【解析】【46題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Itreallymatterstoenvironmentalsustainability.(這對環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性非常重要。)”和第三段“Theinformationcouldhelpenvironmentalgroupstopressureleadersforstrongerpoliciesreducingtheamountofcarbontheyrelease.(這些信息可以幫助環(huán)保組織向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人施壓，要求他們制定更強(qiáng)有力的政策，減少碳排放。)”可推斷，作者對新數(shù)據(jù)庫的啟動持積極的態(tài)度。故選A。附注：英語閱讀理解中表示作者態(tài)度的高頻詞匯positive肯定的,積極的passive被動的，消極的negative消極的supportive支持的disapproving不贊成的critical批評的conservative保守的suspicious可疑的，懷疑的puzzled/confused困惑的subjective主觀的objective客觀的neutral中立的concerned關(guān)心的，有關(guān)的optimistic樂觀的pessimistic悲觀的indifferent漠不關(guān)心的unconcerned不關(guān)心的要點二：高考閱讀之詞義推測題1．單詞或短語意義猜測(1)根據(jù)定義或上下文解釋進(jìn)行猜測。(2)根據(jù)同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。(3)根據(jù)同義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。(4)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化等)進(jìn)行猜測。(5)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測；根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。(6)根據(jù)上下文的指代關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測?！镜淅饰觥浚?023浦東新區(qū)一模）Redmanwenttogreatpainstohidehistreehouses,buildingtheminneglectedcornersoftheparkandcamouflagingthemwithbranchesandgreenpaint.Friendsusedtocometovisithim,sometimesasmanyas12peopleatatime,bringingsandwichesandradiosandbooksandtorches.57.Theboldword“camouflaging”inparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto________.A.decorating B.hiding C.equipping D.integrating【答案】57.B【57題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“Redmanwenttogreatpainstohidehistreehouses,buildingtheminneglectedcornersoftheparkand”以及后文“.......withbranchesandgreenpaint”可知，雷德曼煞費苦心地隱藏他的樹屋，把它們建在公園里被忽視的角落里，用樹枝和綠色油漆偽裝起來。故畫線詞意思是“隱藏”。故選B。2．句意猜測題句意猜測題要求考生通過閱讀文章理解句意，然后用合適的語句對其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。具體技巧如下：(1)返回原文，找到該句，對原句進(jìn)行語法和邏輯關(guān)系的準(zhǔn)確分析。對于需要推理的句子，首先要理解此句前后的語境，其次對其在文章中的意思進(jìn)行合理的推斷，最后再歸納總結(jié)。(2)一般說來，正確選項的意思與原句的意思完全相同，但是用其他的英語詞匯或句式來表達(dá)的?！镜淅饰觥浚?023奉賢一模）In2008,IwenttoLosAngeleswhereItriedtogethiredasanagent,ananalystandafinancialbroker.Unfortunately,allthesedoorsslammedinmyface.Theworld’seconomywasinabadstate,soIknewIwouldhavetodoalittlespinningofmyown.37.Bysaying“doalittlespinningofmyown”inthesecondparagraph,theauthorprobablymeanshewould_____________.A.lookforapart-timejobindependently B.makehiscontributionstotheeconomyC.giveintothedisappointingreality D.beself-employedtodevelophiscareer【答案】37.D【解析】【37題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段中“In2008,IwenttoLosAngeleswhereItriedtogethiredasanagent,ananalystandafinancialbroker.Unfortunately,allthesedoorsslammedinmyface.(2008年，我去了洛杉磯，試圖在那里找到一份代理、分析師和金融經(jīng)紀(jì)人的工作。不幸的是，這些門都在我面前關(guān)上了)”可知，當(dāng)時世界經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況很糟糕，所以作者要自主創(chuàng)業(yè)來發(fā)展自己的事業(yè)。由此推知，劃線部分意思是“自主創(chuàng)業(yè)來發(fā)展自己的事業(yè)”。故選D。要點三：高考閱讀之篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題對文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)的考查不外乎兩個層次。一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，一是按寫作方法(論證方法)理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。為突出主題作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。對這類題型的考查主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：最常見的提問方式是：Thesentenceinparagraphmeans_______.;Theexampleofinpara.isusedtoillustrate/show______.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?【典例】Theso-called‘Fastfashion’ishavingasurprisingenvironmentalimpact.‘Takewater.Thefashionindustry,oneoftheworld’slargestusersofwater,consumesanywherefrom20trillionto200trillionlitreseveryyear.‘Thentherearemicroplastics.Plasticfibresarereleasedwhenwewashpolyester(聚酯纖維)andotherpolymer-basedtextiles,andmakeupbetween20%and35%ofthemicroplasticschokingtheoceans.Addedtothisarespecificchemicals,suchasthoseusedtomakefabricsstainresistantandthepesticidesrequiredtoprotectcropssuchascotton.28.Whydoestheauthormention“water”,“microplastics”and“chemicals”inParagraph2?A.Tolistexamples.B.Toproveapoint.C.Toprovideanidea.D.Togiveadefinition.【答案】28.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了所謂的“快時尚”潮流所帶來的環(huán)境危害，以及研究人員為了避免環(huán)境危害所進(jìn)行的努力措施?！?8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Theso-called‘Fastfashion’ishavingasurprisingenvironmentalimpact.(所謂的“快時尚”正在對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生驚人的影響)”和“Thefashionindustry,oneoftheworld’slargestusersofwater,consumesanywherefrom20trillionto200trillionlitreseveryyear.Thentherearemicroplastics.Plasticfibresarereleasedwhenwewashpolyester(聚酯纖維)andotherpolymer-basedtextiles,andmakeupbetween20%and35%ofthemicroplasticschokingtheoceans.Addedtothisarespecificchemicals,suchasthoseusedtomakefabricsstainresistantandthepesticidesrequiredtoprotectcropssuchascotton.(時裝業(yè)是世界上用水最多的行業(yè)之一，每年的用水量在20萬億到200萬億升之間。還有微塑料。當(dāng)我們清洗聚酯纖維和其他基于聚合物的紡織品時，塑料纖維被釋放出來，構(gòu)成了阻塞海洋的20%到35%的微塑料。除此之外，還有一些特殊的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，比如用來使織物耐污的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，以及保護(hù)棉花等作物所需的農(nóng)藥)”可知，作者在第二段中提到“水”、“微塑料”和“化學(xué)品”的目的是為了證明一個觀點，也就是“快時尚”正在對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生驚人的影響。故選B?！镜淅縒hyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity(群體)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity.Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefinedandcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.4.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?【答案】C【解析】篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。根據(jù)第四段“Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.”中的“equallyimportant”和第五段的“moreover”可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要論點，故選C。_____優(yōu)選操優(yōu)選操練【真題回顧】【例1】Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?

A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小組成員StevenMoran說:“自從人類出現(xiàn)以來，我們使用的語音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各種語音都是生物變化和文化進(jìn)化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物?！保笨芍?，StevenMoran認(rèn)為語音是一個復(fù)雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項。【例2】Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.15.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但這項研究的規(guī)模很小，需要在更大的人群中重復(fù)進(jìn)行，以確定日常鍛煉的哪些方面會產(chǎn)生最大的影響。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建議進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的研究。故選C。【例3】Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewereasleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'dgetuptomischief.We'dcomedowninthemorningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.ThereweresometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohaveabitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup“tigermilk”,washingbabybottles,andcleaningthefloors.WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopendoorsandjumpfences,andweknewitreallywastimeforthemtogo.Itwashardforustofinallypartwiththem.Forthefirstfewdays,Kynanwasalwaysabitdisappointedthatthecubsweren'tthere.I'mnotsadaboutit.I'mhands-onwiththemeverydayatthezoo,andIdolookbackveryfondlyonthetimethatwehadthem.Whatdidtheauthorthinkofraisingthetigercubsathome?A.Boring. B.Tiring. C.Costly. D.Risky.【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中“Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.ThereweresometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.(由于需要大量的精力來照顧它們，事情很快變得非常緊張。有一段艱難的日子，我只是覺得非常累)”可推知，作者認(rèn)為在家里養(yǎng)小老虎累人。故選B?！纠?】Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan?"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy.Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages（圖像）ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.Picturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferent.D.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethetest.【解析】推斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句"Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining."可知，訓(xùn)練時和測試時使用的人臉照片完全不同，故選C?！纠?】Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional（情感的）intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills."Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis（重視）onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.【解析】2推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息的paragraph2，定位到第二段Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceas…；分析可知，我們更喜歡把情商稱作是一套特定的技能，它既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于壞的目的。而后作者便分別列舉了doctor和cheater用于解釋說明?"好目的"?和?"壞目的"?。由此我們可以推測，作者提及doctor和cheater是為了闡明前句所提到的關(guān)于情商的概念。故選B。3推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息popularizationofemotionalintelligence定位到第三段：Althoughpopularbeliefsregarding…?theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.分析可知，雖然大眾對于情商的普遍認(rèn)知遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了目前研究可以支持的觀點，但是宣傳的總體效果（對于情商的發(fā)展研究）是利大于弊的。而后作者便進(jìn)一步列舉了好處體現(xiàn)在哪些方面（themostpositiveaspectofthispopularization…）?？芍?，作者對此態(tài)度是正向的、支持的。故選A。【例6】[1]．..[2]Doyouknowwhata“territory”is?Aterritoryisanareathatananimal，usuallythemale，claimsasitsown.Onlyheandhisfamilyarewelcomethere.Nootherfamiliesofthesamespeciesarewelcome.Youryardandhouseareyourterritorywhereonlyyourfamilyandfriendsarewelcome.Ifastrangershouldenteryourterritoryandthreatenyou，youmightshout.Probablythiswouldbeenoughtofrightenhimaway....Whatisabird's“territory”？A．Aplacewherefamiliesofotherspeciesarenotaccepted.B．Aplacewhereabirdmayshoutatthetopofitsvoice.C．Anareaforwhichbirdsfightagainsteachother.D．Anareawhichabirdconsiderstobeitsown.[解析]文章第二段首先提出什么是“territory”，緊跟著就是對“territory”的解釋，由定義可推知，這里“territory”指的是“鳥類的地盤”。[答案]D【例7】Therewasagardenerwholookedafterhisgardenwithgreatcare.Towaterhisflowers，heusedtwobuckets.Onewasashinyandnewbucket.Theotherwasaveryoldanddilapidatedone，whichhadseenmanyyearsofservice，butwasnowpastitsbest.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dilapidated”probablymean?A．Dirty. B．Dark.C．Worn－out. D．Plain－looking.[解析]由“one...theother...”結(jié)構(gòu)可知，“oldanddilapidated”對應(yīng)前面的“shinyandnew”。由此可判斷dilapidated的意思應(yīng)與shinyandnew相反，即worn－out。[答案]C【例8】...Inhisbook，hehadchallengedreaderstomakedeepcutsinpersonalemissionstokeeptheworldfromreachingextremelyimportanttippingpoints，suchasthemeltingoftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica...Theunderlinedwords“tippingpoints”mostprobablyreferto“________”．A．freezingpoints B．burningpointsC．meltingpoints D．boilingpoints[解析]本題要求猜測tippingpoints的意思，根據(jù)下文的例子“suchasthemelting(融化)oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica”可知，tippingpoints的意思為“融化點”，與C項同義。[答案]C【例9】[1]．..[2]Ofcourse，thegoodofoxenisnotlimitedtoplowing.Infact，theyareseenas“boatsonland”fortheirabilitytocarryloads.Besides，thewholebodyofanoxisfulloftreasures.Theirmeatandmilkarefoodfullofnutrition，andtheirskincanbeusedtomakeclothesandshoes.Withallthesequalities，oxenareregardedasgenerouscreatures....Thewords“boatsonland”underlinedinParagraph2referto________.A．a(chǎn)nimalsfortakinggoodsB．creaturesforpullingplowsC．treasuresofthefolkcultureD．toolsinthefarmingeconomy[解析]畫線部分后的fortheirabilitytocarryloads是對前面的解釋說明，由此可以很輕松地得到結(jié)果：牛被看作“陸地之舟”，是一種運輸貨物的動物。[答案]A_____好題必好題必測1.【復(fù)旦附中2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期月考】Clotheswereonceuseduntiltheyfellapart.Nottoday.Inhigh-incomecountriesinparticular,clothingandfootwearareincreasinglyfrequentlybought,thrownawayandreplacedwithnewfashions,whicharethemselvessoonthrownawayandreplaced.Theso-called‘Fastfashion’ishavingasurprisingenvironmentalimpact.‘Takewater.Thefashionindustry,oneoftheworld’slargestusersofwater,consumesanywherefrom20trillionto200trillionlitreseveryyear.‘Thentherearemicroplastics.Plasticfibresarereleasedwhenwewashpolyester(聚酯纖維)andotherpolymer-basedtextiles,andmakeupbetween20%and35%ofthemicroplasticschokingtheoceans.Addedtothisarespecificchemicals,suchasthoseusedtomakefabricsstainresistantandthepesticidesrequiredtoprotectcropssuchascotton.Changeisbadlyneeded,butwillrequirethefashionindustrytoworkhardertoembracemoreofwhatisknownasthecirculareconomy.Thatwillinvolveatleasttwothings:refocusingonmakingthingsthatlast,andsoencouragingreuse;andmorerapidlyexpandingthetechnologiesforsustainablemanufacturingprocesses,especiallyrecycling.There’sabigroleforresearch--bothacademicandindustrial--inachievingtheseandotherambitions.Researcherscouldbeginbyhelpingtoprovidemoreaccurateestimatesofwateruse.Thereisalsoworktobedoneonimprovingandexpandingtextilesrecycling.Undoubtedly,usedtextilesgotolandfillinpartbecausetherearerelativelyfewsystemsthatcollect,recycleandreusematerials.Suchrecyclingrequiresthemanualseparationoffibres,aswellasbuttonsandzips.Differentfibresarenoteasytoidentifybyeye,andoverallsuchmanualprocessesaretime-consuming.Machineryisbeingdevelopedthatcanhelp.Technologiesalsoexisttorecycleusedfibreschemicallyandtocreatehigh-qualityfibresthatcanbereusedinclothing.Butthesearenowherenearthescaleneeded.Anotherchallengeforresearchersistoworkouthowtogetconsumersandmanufacturerstochangetheirbehaviour.Otherresearchquestionsincludefindingwaystoencouragepeopletopurchaselonglastinggoods;exploringhowtosatisfydesiresforsomethingnewwhilereducingenvironmentalimpact;andunderstandingwhycertainmeasurescanbesuccessfullyscaledupwhereasothersfail.28.Whydoestheauthormention“water”,“microplastics”and“chemicals”inParagraph2?A.Tolistexamples.B.Toproveapoint.C.Toprovideanidea.D.Togiveadefinition.29.Whichofthefollowinggoesagainsttheconceptof“circulareconomy”?A.Effortsaremadetolengthenthelifespanoftextiles.B.Worn-outclothesareusedasdishclothsandoilrags.C.High-qualityfibresarecreatedtobereusedinclothing.D.Fashionindustryisencouragedtoreleasenewlinesmoreoften.30.Whatistherightthingforthefashionindustryresearcherstodo?A.Tomakesurethatalloftheusedtextilesgotolandfill.B.Toseparatefibres,aswellasbuttonsandzipsmanually.C.Toimproveandexpandtextilerecyclingtoalargerextent.D.Toencourageconsumerstosatisfytheirdesiresforfashion.31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Saynototheso-calledfastfashionB.AddressthechallengesforresearchersC.EmbracemoreofthecirculareconomyD.Cutfastfashion’senvironmentalimpact【答案】28.B29.D30.C31.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了所謂的“快時尚”潮流所帶來的環(huán)境危害，以及研究人員為了避免環(huán)境危害所進(jìn)行的努力措施?！?8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Theso-called‘Fastfashion’ishavingasurprisingenvironmentalimpact.(所謂的“快時尚”正在對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生驚人的影響)”和“Thefashionindustry,oneoftheworld’slargestusersofwater,consumesanywherefrom20trillionto200trillionlitreseveryyear.Thentherearemicroplastics.Plasticfibresarereleasedwhenwewashpolyester(聚酯纖維)andotherpolymer-basedtextiles,andmakeupbetween20%and35%ofthemicroplasticschokingtheoceans.Addedtothisarespecificchemicals,suchasthoseusedtomakefabricsstainresistantandthepesticidesrequiredtoprotectcropssuchascotton.(時裝業(yè)是世界上用水最多的行業(yè)之一，每年的用水量在20萬億到200萬億升之間。還有微塑料。當(dāng)我們清洗聚酯纖維和其他基于聚合物的紡織品時，塑料纖維被釋放出來，構(gòu)成了阻塞海洋的20%到35%的微塑料。除此之外，還有一些特殊的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，比如用來使織物耐污的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，以及保護(hù)棉花等作物所需的農(nóng)藥)”可知，作者在第二段中提到“水”、“微塑料”和“化學(xué)品”的目的是為了證明一個觀點，也就是“快時尚”正在對環(huán)境產(chǎn)生驚人的影響。故選B?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段的“Thatwillinvolveatleasttwothings:refocusingonmakingthingsthatlast,andsoencouragingreuse;andmorerapidlyexpandingthet