2020年研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試試題(英語(yǔ)二)

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank

andmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Beingagoodparentis,ofcourse,whateveryparentwouldliketo

definingwhatitmeanstobeagoodparentisundoubtedlyvery__1__,

particularlysincechildrenresponddifferentlytothesamestyleofparenting.A

calm,rule-followingchildmightrespondbettertoadifferentsortofparenting

than,__2__,ayoungersibling.

be.But

__3__,there’sanothersortofparentthat’sabiteasierto__4__:apatient

parent.Childrenofeveryagebenefitfrompatientparenting.Still,__5__every

parentwouldliketobepatient,thisisnoeasy__6__.Sometimesparentsget

exhaustedandfrustratedandareunabletomaintaina__7__andcomposed

stylewiththeirkids.Iunderstandthis.

You’reonlyhuman,andsometimesyourkidscan__8__youjustalittle

toofar.Andthenthe__9__happens:Youloseyourpatienceandeitherscream

atyourkidsorsaysomethingthatwasabittoo__10__anddoesnobodyany

good.Youwishthatyoucould__11__theclockandstartover.We’veallbeen

there.

__12__,eventhoughit’scommon,it’simportanttokeepinmindthatina

singlemomentoffatigue,youcansaysomethingtoyourchildthatyoumay

__13__foralongtime.Thismaynotonlydodamagetoyourrelationshipwith

yourchildbutalso__14__yourchild’sself-esteem.

Ifyouconsistentlyloseyour__15__withyourkids,thenyouare

inadvertentlymodelingalackofemotionalcontrolforyourkids.Weareall

becomingincreasinglyawareofthe__16__ofmodelingtoleranceandpatience

fortheyoungergeneration.Thisisaskillthatwillhelpthemallthroughoutlife.

Infact,theabilitytoemotionallyregulateormaintainemotionalcontrolwhen

__17__bystressisoneofthemostimportantofalllife’sskills.

Certainly,it’sincredibly__18__tomaintainpatienceatalltimeswith

yourchildren.Amorepracticalgoalistotry,tothebestofyourability,tobeas

tolerantandcomposedasyoucanwhenfacedwith__19__situationsinvolving

yourchildren.Icanpromiseyouthis:Asaresultofworkingtowardthisgoal,

youandyourchildrenwillbenefitand__20__fromstressfulmomentsfeeling

betterphysicallyandemotionally.

1.AtediousBpleasantCinstructiveDtricky

2.AinadditionBforexampleCatonceDbyaccident

3.AfortunatelyBoccasionallyCaccordinglyDeventually

4.AamuseBassistCdescribeDtrain

7.AtolerantBformalCrigidDcritical

8.AmoveBdragCpushDsend

9.AmysteriousBillogicalCsuspiciousDinevitable

10.AboringBnaiveCharshDvague

11.AturnbackBtakeapartCsetasideDcoverup

12.AoverallBinsteadChoweverDotherwise

13.AlikeBmissCbelieveDregret

14.AraiseBaffectCjustifyDreflect

15.AtimeBbondCraceDcool

16.AnatureBsecretCimportanceDcontext

17.AcheatedBdefeatedCconfusedDconfronted

18.AterribleBhardCstrangeDwrong

19.AtryingBchangingCexcitingDsurprising

20.AhideBemergeCwithdrawDescape

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextby

choosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.

（40

Ratsandotheranimalsneedtobehighlyattunedtosocialsignalsfrom

otherssothatcanidentifyfriendstocooperatewithandenemiestoavoid.To

findoutifthisextendstonon-livingbeings,LolehQuinnattheUniversityof

California,SanDiego,andhercolleaguestestedwhetherratscandetectsocial

signalsformroboticrats.

Theyhousedeightadultratswithtwotypesofroboticrat-onesocialand

oneasocial一for5ourdays.Therobotsratswerequiteminimalist,resembling

achunkierversionofacomputermousewithwheels-tomovearoundand

colorfulmarkings.

Duringtheexperiment,thesocialrobotratfollowedthelivingratsaround,

ratsescape.

Meanwhile,theasocialrobotsimplymovedforwardsandbackwardsandsideto

side

Next,theresearcherstrappedtherobotsincagesandgavetheratsthe

opportunitytoreleasethembypressingalever.

Across18trialseach,thelivingratswere52percentmorelikelyon

averagetosetthesocialrobotfreethantheasocialone.Thissuggeststhatthe

ratsperceivedthesocialrobotasagenuinesocialbeing.Theymayhavebonded

morewiththesocialrobotbecauseitdisplayedbehaviourslikecommunal

exploringandplaying.Thiscouldleadtotheratsbetterrememberinghaving

freeditearlier,andwantingtherobottoreturnthefavourwhentheygettrapped,

saysQuinn.

Thereadinessoftheratstobefriendthesocialrobotwassurprisinggiven

itsminimaldesign.Therobotwasthesamesizeasaregularratbutresembleda

simpleplasticboxonwheels.“We'dassumedwe'dhavetogiveitamoving

headandtail,facialfeatures,andputasceneonittomakeitsmelllikeareal

rat,butthatwasn’tnecessary,”saysJanetWilesattheUniversityof

QueenslandinAustralia,whohelpedwiththeresearch.

Thefindingshowshowsensitiveratsaretosocialcues,evenwhenthey

comefrombasicrobots.Similarly,childrentendtotreatrobotsasiftheyare

fellowbeings,evenwhentheydisplayonlysimplesocialsignals.“Wehumans

seemtobefascinatedbyrobots,anditturnsoutotheranimalsaretoo,”says

Wiles.

[B]Itplayedwithsometoys.

[C]Itsetthetrappedratsfree.

[D]Itmovedaroundalone.

[A]triedtopracticeameansofescape

[B]expectedittodothesameinreturn

[C]wantedtodisplaytheirintelligence

[D]consideredthataninterestinggame

24.JamesWilesnotesthatrats________

[A]canrememberotherrat'sfacialfeatures

[B]differentiatesmellsbetterthansizes

ItistruethatCEOpayhasgoneup-toponesmaymake300timesthepay

oftypicalworkersonaverage,andsincethemid-1970sCEOpayforlarge

publiclytradedAmericancorporationshas,byvaryingestimates,goneupby

about500%ThetypicalCEOofatopAmericancorporationnowmakesabout

S18.9millionayear.

ThebestmodelforunderstandingthegrowthofCEOpayisthatoflimited

CEOtalentinaworldwherebusinessopportunitiesforthetopfirmsare

growingrapidly.TheeffortsofAmerica'shighest-earning1%havebeenoneof

themoredynamicelementsoftheglobaleconomy.It'snotpopulartosay,but

onereasontheirpayhasgoneupsomuchisthatCEOsreallyhaveuppedtheir

gamerelativetomanyotherworkersintheU.S.economy.

Today'sCEO,atleastformajorAmericanfirms,musthavemanymere

skillsthansimplybeingableto“runthecompany"CEOsmusthaveagood

senseoffinancialmarketsandmaybeevenhowthecompanyshouldtradein

them.Theyalsoneedbetterpublicrelationsskillsthantheirpredecessors,as

thecostsofevenaminorslipupcanbesignificant.Thenthere'sthefactthat

largeAmericancompaniesaremuchmoreglobalizedthaneverbefore,with

supplychainsspreadacrossalargernumberofcountries.Toleadinthatsystem

requiresknowledgethatisfarlymind-bogglingplus,virtuallyallmajor

AmericancompaniesarebeyondthismajorCEOsstillhavetodoallthe

day-to-dayworktheyhavealwaysdone.

ThecommonideathathighCEOpayismainlyaboutrippingpeopleoff

doesn'texplainhistoryverywell.Bymostmeasures,corporategovernmance

hasbecomealottighterandmorerigoroussincethe1970s.Yetitisprincipally

duringthisperiodofstrongergovemnancethatCEOpayhasbeenhighand

rising.Thatsuggestsitisinthebroadercorporateinteresttorecruittop

candidatesforincreasinglytoughjobs.”

Furthermore,thehighestCEOsalariesarepaidtooutsidecandidates,not

tothecozyinsiderpicks,anothersignthathighCEOpayisnotsomekindof

depredationattheexpenseoftherestofthecompany.Andthestockmarket

reactspositivelywhencompaniestieCEOpayto,say,stockprices,asignthat

thosepracticesbuildupcorporatevaluenotjustfortheCEO.

[B]financemoreresearchanddevelopment

[C]establishclosertieswithtechcompanies

[D]operatemoreglobalizedcompanies

28.CEOpayhasbeenrisingsincethe1970sdespite______

[A]continualinternalopposition

[B]motivateinsidecandidates

30.Themostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe______

[A]CEOsAreNotOverpaid

[B]CEOPay:PastandPresent

[C]CEOs'challengesofToday

[D]CEOTraits:NotEasytoDefine

Text3

MadridwashailedasapublichealthbeaconlastNovemberwhenitrolled

outambitiousrestrictionsonthemostpollutingcars.Sevenmonthsandone

electiondaylater,anewconservativecitycouncilsuspendedenforcementof

thecleanairzone,afirststeptowarditspossibledemise.

MayorJoseLuisMartinez-Almeidamadeoppositiontothezonea

centrepieceofhiselectioncampaign,despiteitssuccessinimprovingair

quality.Ajudgehasnowoverruledthecity'sdecisiontostoplevyingfines,

orderingthemreinstated.Butwithlegalbattlesahead,thezone'sfuturelooks

uncertainatbest.

Amongotherweaknesses,themeasurescitiesmustemploywhenleftto

tackledirtyairontheirownarepoliticallycontentious,andtherefore

vulnerable.Thatsbecausetheyinevitablyputthecostsofcleaningtheaironto

一ratherthanon

tothecarmanufacturerswhosecheatingistherealcauseofourtoxicpollution.

London.Thenew

ultra-lowemissionzone(Ulez)islikelytobeabigissueinnextyear'smayoral

election.AndifSadiqKhanwinsandextendsittotheNorthandSouthCircular

roadsin2021asheintends,itissuretosparkintenseoppositionfromthefar

largernumberofmotoristswhowillthenbeaffected.

It'snotthatmeasuressuchasLondon'sUlezareuseless.Farfromit.Local

officialsareusingtheleversthatareavailabletothemtosafeguardresidents'

healthinthefaceofaseriousthreat.Thezonesdodeliversomeimprovements

toairquality,andthesciencetellsusthatmeansrealhealthbenefits-fewer

heartattacks,strokesandprematurebirths,lesscancer,dementiaandasthma.

Feweruntimelydeaths.

Butmayorsandcouncillorscanonlydosomuchaboutaproblemthatis

farbiggerthananyonecityortown.Theyareactingbecausenational

governments一BritainsandothersacrossEurope-havefailedtodoso.

Restrictionsthatkeephighlypollutingcarsoutofcertainareas-city

centres,。schoolstreets",evenindividualroads-arearesponsetotheabsence

ofalargerefforttoproperlyenforceexistingregulationsandrequireauto

companiestobringtheirvehiclesintocompliance.Waleshasintroducedspecial

lowspeedlimitstominimisepollution.Weredoingeverythingbutinsistthat

manufacturerscleanuptheircars.

[B]Ithasbeenopposedbyajudge

[C]Itneedstougherenforcement

32.Whichisconsideredaweaknessofthecity-levelmeasurestotackledirty

air?

[B]ensureKhan'selectoralsuccess.

[C]improvethecitystraffic.

[B]Mayors.

[D]Nationalgovernments.

NowthatmembersofGenerationZaregraduatingcollegethisspringthe

mostcommonly-accepteddefinitionsaysthisgenerationwasbomafter1995,

giveortakeayear-theattentionhasbeenrisingsteadilyinrecentweeks.GenZs

areabouttohitthestreetslookingforworkinalabormarketthat'stighterthan

it'sbeenindecades.Andemployersareplanningonhiringabout17percent

morenewgraduatesforjobsintheU.S.thisyearthanlast,accordingtoa

surveyconductedbytheNationalAssociationofCollegesandEmployers.

Everybodywantstoknowhowthepeoplewhowillsooninhabitthoseempty

officecubicleswilldifferfromthosewhocamebeforethem.

If"entitled"isthemostcommonadjective,fairlyornot,appliedto

millennials(thosebombetween1981and1995),thecatchwordsforGeneration

Zarepracticalandcautious.Accordingtothecareercounselorsandexpertwho

studythem,GenerationZsareclear-eyed,economicpragmatists.Despite

graduatingintothebesteconomyinthepast50years,GenZsknowwhatan

economictrainwrecklookslike.Theywereimpressionablekidsduringthe

crashof2008,whenmanyoftheirparentslosttheirjobsortheirlifesavingsor

both.Theyaren,'tinterestedintakinganychances.Theboomingeconomy

seemstohavedonelittletoassuagethisunderlyinggenerationalsenseof

anxiousurgency,especiallyforthosewhohavecollegedebt.Collegeloan

balancesintheU.S.nowstandatarecord$1.5trillion,accordingtotheFederal

Reserve.

OnesurveyfromAccenturefoundthat88percentofgraduatingseniors

thisyearchosetheirmajorwithajobinmind.Ina2019surveyofUniversityof

Georgiastudents,meanwhile,thecareerofficefoundthemostdesirabletraitin

afutureemployerwastheabilitytooffersecureemployment(followedby

professionaldevelopmentandtraining,andtheninspiringpurpose).Job

securityorstabilitywasthesecondmostimportantcareergoal(work-life

balancewasnumberone),followedbyasenseofbeingdedicatedtoacauseor

tofeelgoodaboutservingthegreatgood.

36.GenerationZsgraduatingcollegethisspring_____.

[A]arerecognizedfortheirabilities

[C]howtheydifferfrompastgenerations

[D]Ihowvaluableacounselorsadviceis

38.Theword"assuage"(line9,para2)isclosetinmeaningto_____.

[A]define[B]relieve[C]maintain[D]deepen

39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatGenerationZs_____.

[A]carelittleabouttheirjobperformance

[B]givetopprioritytoprofessionaltraining

[C]thinkithardtoachievework-Lifebalance

[D]haveaclearideaabouttheirfuturejob

40Michelsenthinksthatcomparedwithmillennials,GenerationZsare_____.

[A]lessrealisticB]lessadventurous[C]morediligent[D]moregenerous

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemost

suitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).

Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.Markyour

answersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Givecompliments,justnottoomany.

[B]Putonagoodface,always.

[C]Tailoryourinteractions.

[D]Spendtimewitheveryone.

Isitpossibletolikeeveryoneinyouroffice?Thinkabouthowtoughitis

togettogether15people,muchless50,whoallgetalongperfectly.Butunlike

infriendships,youneedcoworkers.Youworkwiththemeverydayandyou

dependonthemjustastheydependon

getthewholeofficeonyourside

you.Herearesomewaysthatyoucan

Ifyouhaveabonetopickwithsomeoneinyourworkplace,youmaytry

staytight-lippedaroundthem.Butyouwon'tbehelpingeitheroneofyou.A

HarvardBusinessSchoolstudyfoundthatobserversconsistentlyratedthose

whowerefrankaboutthemselvesmorehighly,whilethosewhohidlost

trustworthiness.Thelessonisnotthatyoushouldmakeyourpersonallifean

openbook,butrather,whengiventheoptiontoofferupdetailsaboutyourself

orpainstakinglyconcealthem,youshouldjustbehonest.

42._____

Justasimportantasbeinghonestaboutyourselfisbeingreceptiveto

others.Weoftenfeeltheneedtotellothershowwefeel,whetherit'saconcern

aboutaproject,astraythought,oracompliment.Thoseareallvalid,but

you

needtotaketimetohearout

yourcoworkers,too.Infact,rushingtogetyour

ownideasouttherecancausecolleaguestofeelyoudon'tvaluetheiropinions.

Doyourbesttoengagecoworkersinagenuine,back-and-forthconversation,

ratherthanprioritizingyourownthoughts.

It'scommontohavea“cubiclemate"orspecialconfidantinaworksetting.

Butinadditiontothosetrustedcoworkers,youshouldexpandyourhorizons

andfindoutaboutallthepeoplearoundyou.Useyourlunchandcoffeebreaks

tomeetupwithcolleaguesyoudon'talwayssee.Findoutabouttheirlivesand

interestsbeyondthejob.Itrequiresminimaleffortandgoesalongway.This

willhelptogTowyourinternalnetwork,inadditiontobeinganicebreakinthe

workday.

Positivefeedbackisimportantforanyonetohear.Andyoudon'thaveto

besomeone'sbosstotellthemtheydidanexceptionaljobonaparticular

project.Thiswillhelpengendergoodwillinothers.Butdon'toverdoitorbe

fakeaboutit.Onestudyfoundthatpeoplerespondedbesttocommentsthat

shiftedfromnegativetopositive,possiblybecauseitsuggestedtheyhadwon

somebodyover.

Thiso