畢業(yè)論文-材料成型課程設計冷軋板帶鋼生產(chǎn)工藝流程

目錄TOC\o"1-3"\u1冷軋綜述 2 2 42工藝及規(guī)格 5 5 63軋制規(guī)程制定 7 7 8 134設備校核 14 14 16 17 19 20 215結(jié)束語 23參考文獻 231冷軋綜述冷軋是金屬在再結(jié)晶溫度以下的軋制過程。冷軋時金屬不會發(fā)生再結(jié)晶，但會發(fā)生加工硬化現(xiàn)象。加工硬化是金屬在軋制過程中強度、硬度增加，而韌性、塑性下降的現(xiàn)象。冷軋工藝特點：（1）加工溫度低，鋼在軋制過程中產(chǎn)生加工硬化：1）變形抗力增大，使軋制力加大。2）塑性降低，易發(fā)生脆裂。（2）冷軋中采用工藝冷卻與潤滑（工藝冷潤）：1）工藝冷卻：冷軋過程中的變形熱和摩擦熱使軋件和軋輥溫度升高，須采用有效的人工冷卻。2）工藝潤滑：工藝潤滑的作用：①減少金屬的變形抗力（實現(xiàn)大壓下和軋制更薄板材）；②冷卻軋輥；③防止粘輥。天然油脂（動、植物油脂）潤滑效果優(yōu)于礦物油。常用冷潤液-乳化液:通過乳化劑的作用把少量的油劑和大量的水混合起來，制成乳狀的冷潤液。乳化液的冷卻能力介于水和油之間，一般為水的40~80%，隨著乳化液濃度的增加，其冷卻能力下降。（3）冷軋中采用張力軋制：張力軋制—軋件在軋輥中的輾軋變形是在有一定的前張力和后張力作用下實現(xiàn)的。張力的作用：①防止帶鋼在軋制過程中跑偏（保證正確對中軋制）；②使所軋帶鋼保持平直（包括在軋制過程中保持板形平直以及軋后板形良好）；③降低軋件的變形抗力，便于軋制更薄的產(chǎn)品；④起適當調(diào)整冷軋機主電機負荷的作用。冷軋帶鋼的優(yōu)勢:1）可生產(chǎn)厚度更小的薄板。2）帶材沿寬度和長度方向能獲得均勻的厚度，板形更好。3）冷軋時采用的軋輥表面光潔硬度大，可得到表面質(zhì)量好，表面光潔的產(chǎn)品。冷軋是金屬在再結(jié)晶溫度以下的軋制過程。冷軋時金屬不會發(fā)生再結(jié)晶，但會發(fā)生加工硬化現(xiàn)象。4）帶材經(jīng)冷軋后，進行不同的熱處理，可以得到不同機械性能的產(chǎn)品。冷軋產(chǎn)品主要有超低碳、超深沖IF鋼系列、鏈條用鋼系列、低碳低硅冷板系列、搪瓷鋼系列、自行車用鋼系列、烘烤硬化鋼系列、含磷鋼系列、客車車廂用鋼板系列、家用電器鋼板系列、低合金鋼系列等。產(chǎn)品主要用于建筑、橋梁、機車車輛、汽車、壓力容器、鍋爐、電器等。隨著經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，冷軋鋼板已被稱為現(xiàn)代社會必須的材料。2工藝及規(guī)格原料（熱軋板卷）酸洗冷軋原料（熱軋板卷）酸洗冷軋電解清洗退火平整退火平整脫碳退火成品退火橫剪縱剪檢查重卷橫剪鍍錫板普通深沖板拉伸熱平整電工硅鋼板連續(xù)鍍鋅鋅瓦壟機組橫剪涂層機鍍鋅板涂層板酸洗熱帶鋼淬火、堿、酸洗檢查、清洗淬火、堿、酸洗平整剪切矯直拋光不銹鋼板連續(xù)鍍錫圖2-1冷軋板帶鋼工藝流程根據(jù)鞍鋼冷軋一號線1700連軋機組進行設計。1、采用四輥軋機五機架連軋（1）工作輥直徑：（520～600）mm，選600mm；（2）支承輥直徑：（1400～1526）mm,選1500mm。2、成品尺寸：1.6mm*1450mm3、原料規(guī)格：（1）選取鋼種：B280/440DPCMnPSAtlTi屈服強度MPa抗拉強度MPa≦0.15%≦1.8%≦0.035%≦0.03%≧0.02%≦0.5%280～420≦440表1-1原料成分及性能（2）根據(jù)經(jīng)驗資料，選取原料尺寸為4.0mm*1450mm的熱軋板卷。3軋制規(guī)程制定根據(jù)經(jīng)驗采用分配壓下系數(shù)表3-1，令軋制中的總壓下量為∑Δh，各道的壓下量為：式中：bi－壓下分配系數(shù)。表3-1各種冷連軋機壓下分配系數(shù)機架數(shù)壓下分配系數(shù)bi道次（機架）號123451————————2——————3————40.1——5根據(jù)表中的bi計算出各道次壓下量為：△h1=0.72△h2=0.6△h3=0.6△h4=0.36△h5在確定各架壓下分配系數(shù)，亦確定各架壓下量或軋后厚度的同時，還需根據(jù)經(jīng)驗分析選定各機架之間的單位張力。），初步制定壓下量及前、后張力如表3-2所示：表3-2產(chǎn)品壓下量及前、后張力道次前張力后張力180352908039590410095550100各機架摩擦系數(shù)的選?。阂虻谝坏来我ＷC順利咬入，不噴油，本設計采用M.D.Stone公式計算平均單位壓力：上式中：；；——考慮軋輥彈性壓扁的變形區(qū)長度；——平面變形抗力，；——前后張力平均值；()計算步驟如下：(1)確定變形抗力由于在變形區(qū)內(nèi)各斷面處變形程度不等，因此，通常根據(jù)加工硬化曲線取本道次平均總壓下率所對應的變形抗力值。平均總壓下率按下式計算：=式中：——本道次軋前的預變形量；——本道次軋后的總變形量；——冷軋前軋件的厚度；——本道次軋前軋件的厚度；——本道次軋后軋件的厚度。圖3-1B280/440DP鋼種加工硬化曲線1-縱向；2-橫向根據(jù)B280/440DP典型產(chǎn)品的含碳量，由加工硬化曲線查出對應于的值，然后計算平面變形抗力：。由求出平均單位張力，則可得到的值。(2)求的值的值根據(jù)軋輥壓扁時平均單位壓力圖解（斯通圖解法）得到。先根據(jù)具體軋制條件計算出參數(shù)和的值：式中：——摩擦系數(shù),用棕櫚油乳化液潤滑f=0.06～0.08；——接觸弧長，，—工作輥半徑。式中：——泊松比，取0.25；E——彈性模量，取E=210GPa，代入計算得：圖3-2確定f/之圖表然后在斯通圖解中尺和尺上分別找出對應其值的兩點，連成一條直線，此直線與S形曲線的交點即為的值。根據(jù)值查表便可得的值。(3)求平均單位壓力及總壓力將的值和的值代入即可算出平均單位壓力?？倝毫椋菏街校骸捎嬎愕玫剑弧埣挾?， B=1450mm對各道次依次按上述步驟進行計算，計算結(jié)果如表3-2所示。表3-3各道次計算結(jié)果道次/%/%/%/MPa/MPa/MPa/mm/mm1018360356218332748085467333484259559144857536656675576059690757196道次/mm/MPa/KN14068981255412720372817224483015455512504根據(jù)經(jīng)驗值，軋件由末架軋機軋制完成后的出口速度一般為19～25,選取末架軋機軋件的出口速度為20，根據(jù)秒流量體積條件：求出軋件在各架軋機的出口速度。利用前滑值計算軋輥的轉(zhuǎn)速：計算步驟如下：（1）先計算出咬入角：（2）利用咬入角計算出中性角：（3）通過中性角求出前滑值：（4）計算軋輥線速度：（5）計算軋輥轉(zhuǎn)速：*60對各道次依次按上述步驟進行計算，計算結(jié)果如表3-3所示：表3-4各機架計算結(jié)果機架號12345204設備校核軋輥直接承受軋制力和轉(zhuǎn)動軋輥的傳動力矩，屬于消耗性零件，就軋機整體而言，軋輥安全系數(shù)最小，軋輥強度往往決定整個軋機負荷能力，因此，要對軋輥進行校核。表4-1軋輥材質(zhì)及許用應力值材質(zhì)許用應力/MPa許用接觸應力/MPa許用剪切應力/MPa許用接觸剪應力/MPa合金鍛鋼240240073730軋輥各部分尺寸分別為：工作輥：輥身直徑=600mm，輥身長度=1700mm；工作輥輥頸直徑：；工作輥輥頸長度：；工作輥壓下螺絲間的中心距：mm；支撐輥：輥身直徑=1500mm，輥身長度=1700mm；支撐輥輥頸直徑:；支撐輥輥頸長度：；支撐輥壓下螺絲間的中心距：=2443mm。輥頭均采用扁頭萬向接軸輥頭,電機功率N=5500KW表4-2五機架連軋機各機架數(shù)據(jù)機架號軋制壓力P/KN轉(zhuǎn)速n/電機功率/KW張力差/MPa189811550045212720155001031722415500541545515500551250415500-50由上表可看出，第三架軋機的總壓力最大，所以以第三架軋機為例進行校核：四輥軋機支撐輥與工作輥承受的彎矩之比等于直徑比的四次方，其彎曲力的分配也和彎矩一樣，即·m圖4-1支撐輥彎矩圖(1)輥身中央處承受最大彎矩：輥身中央處產(chǎn)生的最大彎曲應力＜=240MPa因此，支承輥的輥身強度滿足要求。(2)支撐輥輥頸強度校核輥頸的危險斷面在輥頸與輥身接觸處，該處彎矩為:所以支承輥輥頸強度滿足要求。（1）工作輥輥身強度校核圖4-2工作輥彎矩圖工作輥輥身中心處承受的垂直彎矩為（2）工作輥輥頭強度校核利用前滑值計算軋輥的轉(zhuǎn)速DA圖4-3工作輥輥頭圖因此，工作輥輥頭強度滿足要求。(3)工作輥輥頸強度校核因此，工作輥輥頸強度滿足要求。工作輥與支撐輥表面接觸產(chǎn)生接觸應力，它將影響軋輥的軋制壽命，應加以校核。計算接觸應力使用赫茲公式：式中：——接觸表面單位長度上的負荷；——相互接觸兩個軋輥的半徑；——與軋輥材料有關(guān)的系數(shù)，已知mm，mm，E=200GPa軋輥材料相同，=0.3，得到：所以，軋輥滿足強度要求。根據(jù)以上結(jié)果，軋輥各部分均滿足強度要求。軋機要能夠順利進行軋制，必須保證咬入符合軋制規(guī)律，所以要對咬入條件進行校核。式中：——工作輥直徑；——軋件的壓下量；——咬入角；——摩擦角。原料在第一架軋機咬入比較困難，所以對第一架進行咬入能力的校核。校核如下：已知，，，所以：而，得到：由于，因此，第一架軋機可以實現(xiàn)帶鋼順利咬入。以第三架為例進行校核：傳動力矩計算：（1）軋制力矩式中：——軋輥與金屬軋件的接觸弧長；——力臂系數(shù)，冷軋時?。?.2～0.4；——工作輥軋制力；（2）摩擦力矩軋輥軸承中的附加摩擦力矩：式中：——軋輥輥頸直徑；——軋輥軸承摩擦系數(shù)，，取0.05；傳動機構(gòu)中的摩擦力矩：式中：——軋輥與電機間的傳動比，取1.7856；——傳動機構(gòu)粘性系數(shù)0.97；換算到主電機軸上的附加摩擦力矩為：（3）空轉(zhuǎn)力矩式中：——電機額定轉(zhuǎn)矩，因此傳動力矩為：所以第三架電機功率滿足要求。因此其它各機架電機功率也均滿足要求。5結(jié)束語首先，感謝王斌斌老師在三周的專業(yè)課程設計中對我們的細心指導和教育，使我學習到了很多關(guān)于冷軋板帶鋼實際生產(chǎn)的知識，解決了許多平時積累沒有及時解決的問題。在課程設計過程中，我通過查閱很多書本和網(wǎng)上資料，并經(jīng)常與同學探討所遇到的問題，把課堂上所學到的理論知識與實際的設計工作相結(jié)合，使得這些知識得到了鞏固加深，而且提高了我的自學能力和團隊協(xié)作能力。通過此次課程設計，我也發(fā)現(xiàn)了自身的許多不足，不僅在本專業(yè)還有很多知識要學習，還要努力學習其他相關(guān)專業(yè)的知識。要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，并善于查閱資料，勤于思考，團結(jié)合作，最終解決問題。參考文獻[3]王平主編金屬塑性成形力學[M].北京：冶金工業(yè)出版社,2006.8.

請刪除以下內(nèi)容，O(∩_∩)O謝謝?。。hereisalsoevidenceofahigherproportionofperinatalcomplications(complicationsarisingaroundthetimeofgivingbirth)amongchildrenwithautisticsymptoms.Thesecomplicationsincludematernalbleedingafterthefirsttrimesterandmeconiumintheamnioticfluid.(Meconiumisasubstancethataccumulatesinthebowelofthedevelopingfetusandisdischargedshortlyafterbirth.)Someevidencesuggeststhattheuseofmedicationsduringpregnancymayberelatedtothedevelopmentofautisticsymptoms.Asnewborns,childrenwithautisticbehaviorsshowahigherrateofrespiratoryillnessandanemiathanhealthychildren.ALLERGIES,INFECTIONS,ANDIMMUNIZATIONS.Someprofessionalsbelievethatautisticdisordersmaybecausedbyallergiestoparticularfungi,viralinfections,andvariousfoods.Nocontrolledstudieshavesupportedthesebeliefs,butsomeparentsandprofessionalsreportimprovementwhenallergensand/orcertainfoodsareeliminatedfromthediet.Viralinfectionsofthemother,suchasrubella,oroftheyoungchild,suchasencephalitis,mumps,andmeasles,occasionallyappeartocauseautisticdisorders.Theissueisnothowhazardousboxingisbutwhetherthehazardsareacceptable.Theterm"autism"referstoaclusterofconditionsappearingearlyinchildhood.Allinvolvesevereimpairmentsinsocialinteraction,communication,imaginativeabilities,andrigid,repetitivebehaviors.Tobeconsideredanautisticdisorder,someoftheseimpairmentsmustbemanifestbeforetheageofthree.ThereferencebookusedbymentalhealthprofessionalstodiagnosementaldisordersistheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders,alsoknownastheDSM.The2000editionofthisreferencebook(theFourthEditionTextRevisionknownasDSM-IV-TR)placesautisminacategorycalledpervasivedevelopmentaldisorders.Allofthesedisordersarecharacterizedbyongoingproblemswithmutualsocialinteractionandcommunication,orthepresenceofstrange,repetitivebehaviors,interests,andactivities.Peoplediagnosedwiththesedisordersareaffectedinmanywaysfortheirentirelives.DescriptionEachchilddiagnosedwithanautisticdisorderdiffersfromeveryother,andsogeneraldescriptionsofautisticbehaviorandcharacteristicsdonotapplyequallytoeverychild.Still,thecommonimpairmentsinsocialinteraction,communicationandimagination,andrigid,repetitivebehaviorsmakeitpossibletorecognizechildrenwiththesedisorders,astheydiffermarkedlyfromhealthychildreninmanyways.Manyparentsofautisticchildrensensethatsomethingisnotquiterightevenwhentheirchildrenareinfants.Theinfantsmayhavefeedingproblems,dislikebeingchangedorbathed,orfussoveranychangeinroutine.Theymayholdtheirbodiesrigid,makingitdifficultforparentstocuddlethem.Or,theymayfailtoanticipatebeinglifted,lyingpassivelywhiletheparentreachesforthem,ratherthanholdingtheirarmsupinreturn.Mostparentsofautisticchildrenbecomeawareofthestrangenessoftheseandotherbehaviorsonlygradually.Imaginetoothestateofeventhewinner'shands,protectedonlybyhavingbeensoakedinbrine.Withtheircombinationofboxingandwrestlingmoves,earlycontestswereliterally‘noholdsbarred’;grappling,punching,tripping,andthrowingallbeingusedtoflooranopponent.Thewidely-adoptedBroughton'sRulesof1743eradicatedsomeofthebarbarismbyoutlawingthehittingofamanwhenhewasdown,andtheseizingofhairorthebodybelowthewaist,buttheystillpermittedbutting.Yetitwasnotthebrutalityoftheprize-ringwhichbroughtitsdemise,butthecorruptionwithwhichitbecameassociated.TherevivalofthesportasboxinginlateVictorianBritainsawseveralchangesdesignedtorenderitmorecivilized.Althoughsomeoftheoldpracticescontinuedforawhile—eventhefamousQueensburyRulesinitiallyallowedendurancecontests—bytheturnofthecenturythegeneralpicturewasoneofboxingingloves,limited-timerounds,pointsdecisionsafterafixednumberofroundshadelapsed,andweightdivisions,thoughthelatterhaveaccentuatedproblemsofdehydrationasfightersstruggleto‘maketheweight’.Formuchofthetwentiethcenturythehistoryofboxinghasbeenoneofcrumblingresistancetochangesintendedtoprotectfurtherthebrainsandbodiesofparticipants.Between1984and1993eightboxershaddiedsoonafterfightsintheUK;bantamweightBradleyStonewasaddedtothelistin1994.Followingareportfromamedicalworkingparty,whichincludedneurosurgeons,theBritishBoxingBoardofControlsubsequentlyintroducedmandatoryannualmagneticresonanceimagingscansforallboxerstoreplacethelesssophisticatedcomputerizedtomographywhichhadbeencompulsoryonlyforthosefightingeightroundsormore.Additionally,anyboxerknockedoutmustwait45days(previously28)beforeheagainenterstheringcompetitively,andhemustalsohaveahospitalcheck.Ringsidedoctorsmayadviserefereesonafighter'sconditionbetweenroundsandmayrecommendthatthecontestbestopped.Doctorsalsoexamineeachboxerattheconclusionoffightsandparamedicteamsmustbeonhandatallboxingbills.Themedicalprofessioninseveralcountrieshasincreasinglyadoptedananti-boxingstance,citingirreversiblebraindamageasitsmajorobjectiontothesport.Thisisakeypointfor,inabsolutetermsofdeathsandseriousinjuries,othersportssuchashorseracing,mountaineering,rugby,andevencricketappearmoredangerous,butinnoneofthemisdeliberateandrepeatedstrikingofanopponentpartoftherulesofthegame.Incontrastaboxerhasalicenceforphysicalassault.Theevidenceisclearthatrepeatedpummellingtotheheadcancausecumulativedamagetothebrain:heretimeisnogreathealer.Occasionally,acutebraininjurycanoccurduringafight.Thegreatestdangercomestowardstheendwhenatiredmanwithalooseneckhashisheadflippedbackrapidlybyapunch.Thiscantearaveinoutsideorinsidethebrain,whichthenleaksblood,causingpressureonthebrainandeventuallyleadingtoacoma.Onlyiftheclotisremovedrapidlycanthefightersurvive.Fightersnowtrainharder;theirbod-iesarefitter—buttheirbrainsarenomoreresilientthaninthepast.Somenations,notablySweden,havealreadybannedboxingonmedicalgrounds.SofartheBritishgovernmenthasbeenreluctanttofollowtheSwedishleadandsince1981fiveprivatemembers'anti-boxingBillsproposedinparliamenthavefailedtoreachthestatutebooks.Mostschools,bothstateandpublic,however,havedroppedboxingfromtheirphysicaleducationcurriculum.Yetitshouldbenotedthatamateurboxingisexceptionallywellregulated:notmorethanfourroundsarefought,headguardsareworn,andtherefereeisallowedtostopafighttopreventseriousinjury.However,headguards,whilstabsorbingenergyfrompunches,presentanevenlargertargettobehitandthusthenumberofblowsstrikinghomemaywellincrease.Indeed,studieshaveshownthatnon-boxingsportsmenoutperformevenamateurfightersinneurologicaltestsand,notwithstandingthesafetyprecautions,threeamateurfightershavesufferedseriousbraininjuryinBritishringssince1988.Forcenturiesboxinghasbeentheepitomeofovertmasculinity,ademonstrationofmanlinessanditsembodyingcharacteristicsofcourage,tolerationofpain,andself-discipline.Womenweremerelyornamentsdisplayingtheroundcards.Thiscontinues,butwomenhavesuccessfullydemandedequalrightsinthering.InBritain,girlsfromtheageof10arenowallowedtosparinamateurboxinggyms,andrecentlyprofessionalism,too,hasbeenrecognizedforwomen—significantlylaterthanitsacceptanceintheUSwherefightsforwomenhaveappearedontheundercardofworldchampionshipevents.Themoraldilemmaofboxingisthatitprovidesanhonestopportunitytoescapepoverty,butitalsomeansforsomealegalbeatingandforallthethreatofpermanentdamage.Hittingbelowthebeltisoutlawedtoprotectthegenitals,butsurelythebraindeservesevenmoreprotection,byreducingtheconcussivepoweroftheboxingglove,developingsaferheadgear,excludingtheheadasatarget—orbybanningthesportaltogether.Impairmentsinsocialinteractionareusuallyamongtheearliestsymptomstodevelop.Themostcommonsocialimpairmentisakindofindifferencetootherpeople,oraloofness,eventowardsparentsandclosecare-givers.Thebabymayfailtorespondtohisorhernamebeingcalledandmayshowverylittlefacialexpressionunlessextremelyangry,upset,orhappy.Babieswithautismmayresistbeingtouched,andappeartobelostintheirownworld,farfromhumaninteraction.Betweensevenand10monthsofage,mostinfantsoftenresistbeingseparatedfromaparentorwell-knowncaregiver,buttheseinfantsmayshownodisturbancewhenpickedupbyastranger.Otherchildrenwithautismmaybeverypassive,althoughlessresistanttoeffortsbyotherstointeract.However,theydonotinitiatesocialinteractionthemselves.Stillothersmayattempttoengagewithadultsandpeers,butinwaysthatstrikeothersasinappropriate,orodd.Inadolescenceandadulthood,someofthehigher-functioningindividualswithautisticdisordersmayappearoverlyformalandpolite.Theymayreactwithlittlespontaneity,asifsocialinteractiondoesn'tcomenaturallyoreasilytothem,andsotheyaretryingtofollowapre-determinedsetofrules.Someindividualswithautismhavenormalintelligence,andmanyhavespecialtalentsinareassuchasmusicormemory.However,individualswithautismmayhaveothermentaloremotionalproblemsthatco-existwiththeirautism.Someoftheseotherdisordersmayincludeimpulsecontroldisorders,obsessive-compulsivedisorder,moodandanxietydisorders,andmentalretardation.PSYCHOLOGICALANDFAMILYFACTORS.AlthoughHenryMaudsley,inthelate1800s,wasthefirstpsychiatristtofocusonveryyoungchildrenwithmentaldisorders,itwasthepsychiatristLeoKannerwhocoinedthephrase"earlyinfantileautism"in1943.Kannerbelievedthattheparentsofchildrenwithautisticbehaviorswereemotionallycoldandintellectuallydistant.Hecoinedtheterm"refrigeratorparents"todescribethem.Hisbeliefthatparentalpersonalityandbehaviorplayedapowerfulroleinthedevelopmentofautisticbehaviorsleftadevastatinglegacyofguiltandself-blameamongparentsofautisticchildrenthatcontinuestothisday.Recentstudiesareunequivocal,however,indemonstratingthatparentsofautisticchildrenarenodifferentfromparentsofhealthychildrenintheirpersonalitiesorparentingbehaviors.Infact,manyfamilieswithanautisticchildalsohaveoneormoreperfectlyhealthychildren.Becauseautisticchildrencanbeextremelysensitivetochange,anychangewithinthefamilysituationcanbepotentiallytraumatictotheautisticchild.Amove,divorce,birthofasiblingorotherstressorsthatoccurinthelivesofmostfamiliesmayevokeamoreextremereactionfromanautisticchild.Whilethereisnosingleneurologicalabnormalityfoundinchildrenwithautisticdisorders,someresearchusingnon-invasivebrainimagingtechniquessuchasmagne