2023年理工類職稱英語練習

2023理工類職稱英語練習

第1局部：詞匯選項(第115題，每題1分，共15分)

下面每個句子中均有1個詞或者短語劃有底橫線，請為每處劃線局部確定1個意義最為接近的選項。

1.Therevelationofhispastledtohisresignation.

A.imaginationB.confirmation

C.recallD.disclosure

答案為D.revelation(揭露)disclosure(揭露)

2.Jensenisadangerousman,andcanbeverybrutal.

A.carelessB.cruel

C.strongD.hard

答案為B.brutal(殘忍的)cruel

3.Youllhavetosprintifyouwanttocatchthetrain.

A.jumpB.escape

C.runD.prepare

答案為C.sprint(快速奔馳)run(奔馳)

4.Weareworriedaboutthisfluidsituationfullwithuncertainty.

A.changeableB.stable

C.suitableD.adaptable

答案為A.fluid(不穩(wěn)定的)changeable(易變的)

5.Thenewgarmentfitsherperfectly.

A.haircutB.purse

C.clothesD.necklace

答案為C.garment(衣服)clothes(衣服)

6.Thephobiamayhaveitsrootinachildhoodtrauma.

A.fearB.joy

C.hurtD.memory

答案為C.trauma(精神上的創(chuàng)傷)hurt(感情上的難過或苦痛)

7.Theyhavetobuildcanalstoirrigatethedesert.

A.decorateB.water

C.changeD.visit

答案為B.irrigate(澆灌)water(給澆水)

8.Heroveralllanguageproficiencyremainsthatofatoddler.

A.disabledB.pupil

C.teenagerD.baby

答案為D.toddler(學(xué)步的`兒童)baby(嬰兒)

第2局部：閱讀推斷(第1622題，每題1分，共7分)

TheGreatestofVictorianEngineers

Inthehundredyearsupto1860,theworkofasmallgroupofconstructionengineerscarriedforwardtheenormoussocialandeconomicchangethatweassociatewiththeIndustrialRevolutioninBritain.ThemostimportantoftheseengineerswasIsambardKingdomBrunel,whoseworkinshipping,bridge-building,andrailwayconstruction,tonamejustthreefields,bothchallengedandmotivatedhiscolleagues.Hewasthedrivingforcebehindanumberofthehugelyambitiousprojects,someofwhichresultedinworkswhicharestillinusetoday.

Thesonofanengineer,BrunelapprenticedwithhisfatheratanearlyageonthebuildingoftheThamesTunnel.Attheageofjusttwenty,hebecameengineerinchargeoftheproject.ThisimpressiveplantoboreundertheThamestwicesufferedtwomajordisasterswhentheriverbrokethroughintothetunnelwhenthesecondbreach(決口)occurredin1872,Brunelwasseriouslyinjuredduringrescueoperationandfurtherworkwashalted.

Whilerecoveringfromhisinjuries,BrunelenteredadesigncompetitionforanewbridgeovertheAvonGorgenearClifton.TheoriginaljudgeofthecompetitionwasThomasTelford,aleadingcivilengineerofhisday,whorejectedallentriestothecompetitioninfavorofhisowndesign.Afterconsiderablescandal,asecondcontestwasheldandBrunelsdesignwasaccepted.Forreasonsoffunding,however,exacerbated(加劇)bysocialunrestinBristol,theprojectwasabandonedin1843withonlythetowerscompleted.AfterBrunelsdeath,itwasdecidedtobeginworkonitagain,partlysothatthebridgecouldformafittingmemorialtothegreatengineer.Theentirestructurewasfinallycompletedin1864.Today,thewell-knownCliftonSuspensionBridgeisasymbolofBristol,justastheOperaHouseisofSydney.Originallyintendedonlyforhorse-drawntraffic,thebridgenowbearsoverfourmillionmotorvehiclesayear.

16.BrunelwasanimportantairplaneengineerinBritainduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

17.Brunelwasinvolvedlessinrailwayconstructionthaninotherengineeringfields.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

18.Brunelworkedonlyonshipping,bridge-buildingandrailwayconstruction.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

19.Brunelworkwaslargelyignoredbyhiscolleagues.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

20.SomeprojectsBrunelcontributedtoarestillinusetoday.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

21.Brunelbecameanapprenticewithhisfatherwhenhewasveryyoung.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

22.TheThamesTunnelprojectwasmoredifficultthananypreviousprojectsundertakeninBritain.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

標準：CCBBAAC

第3局部：概括大意與完成句子(第2330題，每題1分，共8分)

Geothermal(地熱)Energy

1Sinceheatnaturallymovesfromhotterregionstocoolerones，theheatfromtheearthscenterflowsoutwardstowardsthesurface。Inthisway，ittransferstothenextlayerofrock。Ifthetemperatureishighenough，someofthisrockmeltsandformsmagma(巖漿)。Themagmaascendsinitsturntowardstheearthssurface。Itoftenremainswellbelowtheearthssurface，creatingvastareasofhotrock。Insuchregions，therearedeepcracks，whichallowrainwatertodescendunderground。Someoftheheatedrainwatertravelsbackuptotheearthssurfacewhereitwillappearasahotspring。However，ifthisascendinghotwaterreachesalayerofimpermeable(不行滲透的)rock，itremainstrapped，formingageothermalreservoir。Ifgeothermalreservoirsarecloseenoughtothesurface，theycanbereachedbydrillingwells。Hotwaterandsteamshootupthewellsnaturally，andcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityingeothermalpowerplants。

2。Afewgeothermalpowerplantsdependondry-stemreservoirswhichproducesteambutlittleornowater。Inthesecases，thesteamispipedupdirectlytoprovidethepowertospinaturbinegenerator。Thefirstgeothermalpowerplant，constructedatLardarelloinItaly，wasofthistype，andisstillproducingelectricitytoday。

3。Mostcurrentlyoperatinggeothermalpowerplantsareeitherflashsteamplantsorbinary(雙重的)plants。Flashplantsproducemainlyhotwaterrangingintemperaturefrom300to700Fahrenheit。Thiswaterispassedthroughoneortwoseparatorswherereleasedfromthepressureoftheundergroundreservoir，itflashesorboilsintosteamAgain，theforceofthissteamprovidestheenergytospintheturbineandproduceelectricity。Thegeothermalwaterandsteamarethenreinjecteddirectlybackdownintotheearthtomaintainthevolumeandpressureofthereservoir。Graduallytheywillbereheatedandcanthenbeusedagain。

4。Areservoirwithtemperaturesbelow300Fahrenheitisnothotenoughtoflashsteambutitcanstillbeusedtogenerateelectricityinbinaryfluid。Thesteamfromthisisusedtopowertheturbines。Asintheflashsteamplant，thegeothermalwaterisrecycledbackintothereservoir。

23.Paragraph1_____E____

24.Paragraph2____F_____

25.Paragraph3____C_____

26.Paragraph4____B_____

A.Recyclablewaterandsteam

B.Binaryplants

C.Flashsteamplants

D.Generationofelectricity

E.Originofgeothermalenergy

F.Drysteamplants

27.Ageothermalreservoirisformedwhenhotwateristrappedunder__B____.

28.Adry-steamreservoirproducessteamwith___C___.

29.Flashplantsproducehotwaterthrough___E___.

30.Inabinaryplant,theheatofthegeothermalwatercanbeconvertedinto__F____.

A.hotsprings

B.impermeablerock

C.littleornowater

D.turbineoperator

E.oneortwoseparators

F.theenergytoturnaturbine

參考答案：EFCBBCEF

閱讀理解

第一篇SportsStarYaoMing

IfYaoMingisnotthebiggestsportsstarintheworld,healmostcertainlythetallest.At2.26m,heisthetallestplayerintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)andholdstherecordasthemosttoweringOlympianevertocompeteintheGame.

Butwhatreallystandsoutaboutthegiantcenterishiscelebrity(名氣).Few,ifany,Chineseathletesareaswell-knownasYaoMingaroundtheworld.PeopleacrosstheglobearefascinatedwithYao,notonlyforhisbasketballprowess(接出色的才能)butalsoforbeingasymbolofinternationalcommerce.

WhenYaojoinedtheHoustonRocketsastheNo.1pickinthe2023NBAdrafthewasthefirstinternationalplayerevertobeselectedfirst.Hisassetsonthecourtareclearenough一noNBAplayerofhissizehaseverpossessedhismobility,soheisahandful(難應(yīng)付的人)foropponentsoneitherendofthecourt.ButwhatmakesYaoinvaluabletotheRocketsorganizationishisroleasaglobalcitizenandasabridgetomillionsofpotentialbasketballfansinChina.

WhenitwasannouncedinFebruarythatYaowouldmisstherestoftheNBAseasonandpossiblytheOlympicswithastressfracture(骨折)inhisleftfoot,acollectiveshudderspreadacrossChina.Afterconsiderabledebateanddiscussion,Yaooptedtogethisfootsurgicallytreatedinanoperationthatplacedseveraltinyscrewsacrossthebone,toofferhisoverburdenedfootmoresupport.Thesurgerywasasuccess,andthoughtheestimatedfour-monthrecoveryperiodwillleavehimlittletimetopreparewithTeamChina.YaohasvowedtobereadyfortheBeijingOlympics.

Yaowrappedupa10-daytriptoChina,whereheunderwentaseriesoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)treatments,hopingtoacceleratehisrecoveryprocess.WesternexpertsaregenerallyskepticalofTCMsbenefits,althoughnewresearchfromtheUniversityofRochestersuggeststhatacertaincompoundderivedfromshellfishmayindeedstimulatebonerepair.

“ThereisnoreasontodismissTCM,“YaotoldapressconferenceinBeijing.“Itsbeenusedinourcountryforthousandsofyears.Idontthinkthatitsshortonscience.”

36.Theword“towering”inParagraph1means

A.large.

B.fat.

C.tall.

D.great.

37.OpponentsfinditverydifficulttocontrolYaoMingbecauseofhis

A.assault.

B.mobility.

C.defense.

D.celebrity.

38.YaoMinghadtoundergoaseriesofTCMtreatmentsbecause

A.hewantedtomakeamorerapidrecovery.

B.hisrightfoothadbeenhurting.

C.thesurgicaloperationhadbeenafailure.

D.hecouldntaffordallthemedicalexpenses.

39.WhichstatementaboutYaoMingisNOTtrue?

A.HeisanNBAplayer.

B.Hefracturedhisleftfoot.

C.HemissedtheAthensOlympics.

D.Heisaninternationalfigure.

40.Ingeneral,theWesternexpertsattitudetowardsTCMis

A.indifferent.

B.positive.

C.doubtful.

D.negative.

參考答案：CBACC

其次篇DeforestationandDesertification(沙漠化)

TheSahelzoneliesbetweentheSaharadesertandthefertilesavannahs(熱帶大草原)ofnorthernNigeriaandSouthSudan.ThewordsahelcomesfromArabicandmeansmarginalortransitional,andthisisagooddescriptionofthesesemi-arid(半干旱)lands,whichoccupymuchoftheWesternAfricancountriesofMail,Mauritania,Niger,andChad.

Unfortunately,overthelastcenturytheSaharadeserthassteadilycreptsouthwardseatingintoonceproductiveSahellands.UnitedNationssurveysshowthatover70percentofthedrylandinagricultureuseinAfricahasdeterioratedoverthelast30years.Droughtshavebecomemoresevere,themostrecentlastingovertwentyyearsinpartsoftheSahelregion.ThesameprocessofdesertificationistakingplaceacrosssouthernAfricaastheKalaharidesertadvancesintoBotswanaandpartsofSouthAfrica.

Oneofthemajorcausesofthisdesertadvanceispooragriculturallanduse,drivenbythepressuresofincreasingpopulation.Overgrazing一keepingtoomanyfarmanimalsontheland一meansthatgrassesandotherplantscannotrecover,andscarcewatersuppliesareexhausted.Overcultivation一tryingtogrowtoomanycropsonpoorland一resultsinthesoilbecomingevenlessfertileanddrier,andbeginningtobreakup.Soilerosion(侵蝕)follows,andthelandturnsintodesert.

Anothercauseofdesertificationislossoftreecover.Treesarecutdownforuseasfuelandtoclearlandforagriculturaluse.Treerootshelptobindthesoiltogether,toconservemoisture,andtoprovideahabitatforotherplantsandanimals.Whentreesarecutdown,thesoilbeginstodryandloosen,windandrainerosionincrease,otherplantspeciesdie,andeventuallythefertiletopsoilmaybealmostentirelylost,leavingonlybarerockanddust.

Theeffectsoflossoftopsoilandincreaseddroughtareirreversible.Theyare,however,preventable.Carefulconservationoftreecoverandsustainableagriculturallandusehavebeenshowntohaltdeteriorationofsoilsandlessentheeffectsofshortageofrainfall.OneprojectinKitainsouth-westMalifundedbyUNDPhasinvolvedlocalcommunitiesinsustainablemanagementofforest,whileatthesametimeprovidingaviable(有活力的)agriculturaleconomy.ThismaybeamodelforsimilarprojectsinotherWestAfricancountries.

35ordertopreventdesertification,theauthorproposes___.

A.makinggooduseofinternationalaids

B.developingasustainableagriculturaleconomy

C.gaininginternationalsupport

D.convertingagriculturallandintoforest

答案：b

36.TheSahelzoneisanareawhich___.

A.iscoveredwithsadandgrass

B.hasalonghistory

C.occupiesmuchofSouthNigeria

D.belongstoSudan

答案：a

37.WhatisthesituationaboutthedesertificationinAfrica?

A.Thedesertsarereplacedwithgrasslands

B.Thedesertsareexpanding

C.thedesertsaremovingnorthwards

D.thedesertsarebeingdeserted

答案：b

38.Theword“deteriorated”inparagraph2means___.

A.deepened

B.suffered

C.slipped

D.worsened

答案：d

39.Whatistherootcauseofdesertification?

A.poorfarming

B.overpopulation

C.radicalclimatechange

D.disappearanceofrareplantspecies

答案：a

40.Inordertopreventdesertification,theauthorproposes___.

A.makinggooduseofinternationalaids

B.developingasustainableagriculturaleconomy

C.gaininginternationalsupport

D.convertingagriculturallandintoforest

答案：b

第三篇

OlderVolcanicEruptions

Volcanoesweremoredestructiveinancienthistory,notbecausetheywerebigger，butbecausethecarbondioxide(二氧化碳)theyreleasedwipedoutlifewithgreaterease.

PaulWignallfromtheUniversityofLeedswasinvestigatingthelinkbetweenvolcaniceruptionsandmassextinctions.Notallvolcaniceruptionskilledofflargenumbersofanimals,butallthemassextinctionsoverthepast300millionyearscoincidedwithhugeformationsofvolcanicrock.Tohissurprise,theolderthemassivevolcaniceruptionswere,themoredamagetheyseemedtodo.Hecalculatedthekillingefficiencyforthesevolcanoesbycomparingtheproportionoflifetheykilledoffwiththevolumeoflava(熔巖)thattheyproduced.Hefoundthatsizeforsize,oldereruptionswereatleast10timesaseffectiveatwipingoutlifeastheirmorerecentrivals

ThePermian(二疊紀)extinction,forexample,whichhappened250millionyearsago,ismarkedbyfloodsofvolcanicrockinSiberiathatcoveranarearoughlythesizeofwesternEurope.Thosevolcanoesarethoughttohavepumpedoutabout10gigatonnes(十億噸)ofcarbonascarbondioxide.Theglobalwarmingthatfollowedwipedout80percentofallmarinegenera(種類)atthetime,andittook5millionyearsfortheplanettorecover.Yet60millionyearsago,therewasanotherhugeamountofvolcanicactivityandglobalwarmingbutnomassextindtion.Someanimalsdiddisappearbutthingsreturnedtonormalwithintensofthousandsofyears.Themostrecentoneshardlyhaveaneffectatall,Wignallsays.Heignoredtheextinctionwhichwipedoutthedinosaurs(恐龍)65millionyearsago,becausemanyscientistsbelieveitwasprimarilycausedbytheimpactofanasteroid(小行星).HethinksthatoldervolcanoeshadmorekillingpowerbecausemorerecentlifeformswerebetteradaptedtodealingwithincreasedlevelsofCO2.

VincentCourtillot,directoroftheParisGeophysicalInstituteinFrance,saysthatWignallsideaisprovocative.Buthesaysitisincrediblyhardtodothesesortsofcalculations.Hepointsoutthatthekillingpowerofvolcaniceruptionsdependsonhowlongtheylasted.Anditisimpossibletotellwhetherthehugeblastslastedforthousands

ormillionsofyears.Healsoaddsthatitisdifficulttoestimatehowmuchlavaprehistoricvolcanoesproduced,andthatlavavolumemaynotnecessarilycorrespondtocarbondioxideemissions.

41.Oldervolcaniceruptionsdidmoredamagethanmorerecentonesbecause

A.oldervolcanoeswerebrighter.

B.carbondioxidemadetheearthmuchwarmer

C.oldervolcanoeswerehotter

D.carbondioxidekilledofflifemoreeasily

答案：d

42.Wignallcalculatedthekillingpowerofthoseoldervolcaniceruptionsby

A.estimatinghowlongtheylasted

B.countingthedinosaurstheykilled

C.comparingtheproportionoflifekilledwiththevolumeoflavaproduced

D.studyingthechemicalcompositionoflava

答案：c

43.Whendiddinosaursbecomeextinct?

A.300millionyearsago.

B.250millionyearsago

C.65millionyearsago

D.60millionyearsago

答案：c

44.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatthecauseofdinosaurextinctionis_______

A.apoliticalissue.

B.self-evident.

C.quitecertain

D.controversial

答案：d

45.Whatisthemainthesisofthearticle?

A.Volcaniceruptionsarenotalwaysdeadly.

B.Carbondioxideemissionsoftengiverisetoglobalwarming.

C.Oldervolcaniceruptionsaremoredestructive

D.Itisnoteasytocalculatethekillingpowerofavolcaniceruption

答案：c

第四局部補全短文

ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalkingUpright

Mostofuswalkandcarryitemsinourhandseveryday.Theseareseeminglysimpleactivitiesthatthemajorityofusdontquestion.Butaninternationalteamofresearchers,includingDr.RichmondfromGWsColumbianCollegeofArtsandSciences，havediscoveredthathumanwalkingupright,mayhaveoriginatedmillionsofyearsagoasanadaptationtocarryingscarce,high-qualityresources.TheteamofresearchersfromtheU.S.,England,JapanandPortugalinvestigatedthebehaviorofmodern-daychimpanzeesastheycompetedforfoodresources，inanefforttounderstandwhatecologicalsettingswouldleadalargeapeonethatresemblesthe6million-yearoldancestorwesharedincommonwithlivingchimpanzeestowalkontwolegs.

“Thesechimpanzeesprovideamodeloftheecologicalconditionsunderwhichourearliestancestorsmighthavebegunwalkingontwolegs,，saidDr.Richmond.

Theresearchfindingssuggestthatchimpanzeesswitchtomovingontwolimbsinsteadoffourinsituationswheretheyneedtomonopolizearesource.Standingontwolegsallowsthemtocarrymuchmoreatonetimebecauseitfreesuptheirhands.Overtime，intenseburstsofbipedalactivitymayhaveledtoanatomicalchangesthatinturnbecamethesubjectofnaturalselectionwherecompetitionforfoodorotherresourceswasstrong.

TwostudieswereconductedbytheteaminGuinea.ThefirststudywasconductedbytheteaminKyotoUniversitys“outdoorlaboratory”inanaturalclearinginBossouForest.Researchersallowedthewildchimpanzeesaccesstodifferentcombinationsoftwodifferenttypesofnuttheoilpalmnut，whichisnaturallywidelyavailable,andthecoulanut,whichisnot.Thechimpanzeesbehaviorwasmonitoredinthreesituations:(a)whenonlyoilpalmnutswereavailable,(b)whenasmallnumberofcoulanutswereavailable，and(c)whencoulanutswerethemajorityavailableresource.

Whentherarecoulanutswereavailableonlyinsmallnumbers,thechimpanzeestransportedmoreatonetime.Similarly,whencoulanutswerethemajorityresource,thechimpanzeesignoredtheoilpalmnutsaltogether.Thechimpanzeesregardedthecoulanutsasamorehighly-prizedresourceandcompetedforthemmoreintensely.

Insuchhigh-competitionsettings，thefrequencyofcasesinwhichthechimpanzeesstartedmovingontwolegsincreasedbyafactoroffour.Notonlywasitobviousthatbipedalmovementallowedthemtocarrymoreofthispreciousresource,butalsothattheywereactivelytryingtomoveasmuchastheycouldinonegobyusingeverythingavailable一eventheirmouths.

Thesecondstudy,byKimberleyHockingsofOxfordBrookesUniversity,wasa14-monthstudyofBossouchimpanzeescrop-raiding,asituationinwhichtheyhavetocompeteforrareandunpredictableResources.Here,35percentofthechimpanzeesactivityinvolvedsomesortofbipedalmovement,andonceagain,thisbehaviorappearedtobelinkedtoaclearattempttocarryasmuchaspossibleatonetime.

參考答案：BAEFC

完形填空

CellPhoneLetsYourSecretsOut

Yourcellphoneholdssecretsaboutyou.Besidesthenamesandnumbersthatyouveprogrammedintoit,______traces____(51)ofyourDNAlinger(遺留)onthedeviceaccordingtoanewstudy

DNAisgenetic(遺傳的)material_____that_____(52)appearsineverycell.Likeyourfingerprint,yourDNAis_____unique______(53)toyouunlessyouhaveanidenticaltwin.ScientiststodayanalyzeDNAinblood,saliva(唾液),orhairleft____behind_______(54)atthesceneofacrime.Theresultsoftenhelpdetectivesidentify____criminals______(55)andtheirvictims.Yourcellphonecanrevealmoreaboutyou____than_____(56)youmightthink.

MeghanJ.M