牛津高中高考英語寫作謀篇布局之8大步

高中英語寫作之謀篇布局八大步

縱觀近年來的江蘇高考，英語作文主要有讀寫任務(wù)型作文和圖畫作文兩種形式。為讓考生掌握這兩種文體的寫作技巧和結(jié)構(gòu)范式，本部分從謀篇布局等寫作技巧入手，通過感悟范文和案例仿寫，讓考生在動(dòng)手動(dòng)腦中感悟滿分作文的組織架構(gòu)和寫作技巧，把作文寫得規(guī)范合體、像模像樣。讀寫任務(wù)型作文主要以記敘文和議論文為主。從近年江蘇高考書面表達(dá)來看，都是議論性的讀寫任務(wù)型作文。讀寫任務(wù)型作文的寫作內(nèi)容分為兩個(gè)部分：1.摘要寫作，即概括短文2.就某個(gè)主題發(fā)表看法“讀寫任務(wù)”是“讀”和“寫”的有機(jī)結(jié)合?！白x”的材料是為了后面的“寫”提供情景；同樣，“寫”也是對(duì)“讀”的材料的思考和延伸。在寫作時(shí)，常運(yùn)用“三段式”或“四段式”作文法。首段概括文章信息中段詳寫論證(有時(shí)可用兩段)末段總結(jié)，升華主題2015江蘇高考閱讀文字及圖表，按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章Theotherday,anetizen(網(wǎng)民)sharedaphotoonSinaWeibo.Itwasaboutanoldladystandinginfrontofacarthatwasonabicyclelane,andinsistingthatitleavethetrack.Thephotodrewabout7,000commentsonthesocialmediaplatform.Despitethethumbs-up(點(diǎn)贊)giventotheoldlady,somearguedthatattentionshouldbepaidtoourheavyroadtraffic.Someridersofe-bikesandbicyclescomeandgoinalldirections,ignoringtrafficlightsandothervehicles.Suchruderidingcontributestothedisorderoftraffic.Thustheavoidableroadaccidentsbecomeunavoidable.From2005to2014,thetotalnumberof

privatecarsinChinarosesharplyfrom32

millionto154million.Currently,Chinahad

15%oftheworld'stotalvehicles.內(nèi)容1．用約30個(gè)單詞概述上述信息的主要內(nèi)容2．結(jié)合上述信息，簡(jiǎn)要分析導(dǎo)致交通問題的主要原因3．根據(jù)你的分析，從社會(huì)規(guī)范(rulesandregulations)和個(gè)人行為兩方面談?wù)勀愕玫降膯⑹?不少于兩點(diǎn))要求1．寫作過程中不能直接引用原文語句2．作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱3．不必寫標(biāo)題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)容完整，語言規(guī)范，語篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)滿分范文Thetrafficissueisahardnuttocrack.Itnotonlyaffectsoureverydaylife,butmayalsothreatenpeople'slives.Thethreeselectionspresentedabovearetypicalexamples.Quiteafewthingsgiverisetothetrafficproblem.Inspiteofthelarge-scaleconstructionofroadsandhighways,thereisstillmuchroomforimprovement,becauseoftheeverincreasingnumberofcarstheseyears.What'sworse,somedrivers,cyclistsandpedestriansdonotthinkitvitaltoobeytrafficrules.

Infact,trafficrulesarepartoftherulesandregulationscloselyrelatedtopublicorder.Withoutthem,peoplecouldnotenjoyharmonyorthecountrywouldbeinchaos.Butrulesalonedon'tsecureanorderlysociety.Itisthepeoplewhoobeytherulesthatmatter.Itiseverybody’sdutytoobservethemtokeepoursocietyinorderandgoingontherighttrack.總結(jié)信息主題句：交通問題很難解決擴(kuò)展句：從結(jié)果(notonlyaffects...butmayalsothreaten...)上進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明分析原因主題句：道路設(shè)施有待提升；汽車數(shù)量增加；一些人不遵守交通規(guī)則擴(kuò)展句：我們之前做的工作不夠好(用讓步狀語從句)；具體講哪些人不遵守交通規(guī)則個(gè)人啟示主題句：社會(huì)規(guī)范的重要性；個(gè)人做法擴(kuò)展句：從反面說明遵守交通規(guī)則的重要性(用虛擬語氣，這也是寫作的常用手段)一、寫作步驟讀寫任務(wù)型作文從審題到成文可采用以下七個(gè)步驟：第一步：仔細(xì)審題，明確題目要求通過審題明確文章主題、寫作文體、寫作內(nèi)容、主要時(shí)態(tài)和主體人稱等問題。其中主體人稱，就是要確定以第幾人稱進(jìn)行寫作，需要同學(xué)們特別注意。第二步：閱讀短文，抓住內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)記敘文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、原因(why)、經(jīng)過(how)，這是記敘文的六要素。議論文的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)：論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。其關(guān)鍵是找出主題句或結(jié)論句即論點(diǎn)。若文中有一分為二的觀點(diǎn)，則兩種觀點(diǎn)都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的觀點(diǎn)。第三步：概括大意，轉(zhuǎn)述作者觀點(diǎn)記敘文——用自己的語言將記敘文的六要素串聯(lián)起來。但有時(shí)也不一定面面俱到，只需回答下列問題即可：誰做了什么事(whodidwhat)？結(jié)果怎樣(whatwastheresult)？文章揭示了什么道理(不一定有)?議論文——用自己的語言將論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證表達(dá)出來。第四步：順承過渡，引出自己觀點(diǎn)寫完摘要后，用過渡句再引出自己的觀點(diǎn)(贊成或反對(duì))或引出類似的故事。第五步：詳寫例證，論證自己觀點(diǎn)記敘文——編寫與閱讀文章主題相同但情節(jié)不同的故事(親身經(jīng)歷或虛構(gòu))。議論文——在提出自己的觀點(diǎn)后，用具體的事例來論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。第六步：得出結(jié)論，注意前后呼應(yīng)舉完事例論證之后，要進(jìn)一步概括歸納自己的觀點(diǎn)，升華主題，并注意首尾照應(yīng)。第七步：修飾潤色，使其錦上添花一查人稱是否符合要求；二查語法方面的問題，包括用詞、時(shí)態(tài)等方面；三查邏輯關(guān)系，看前后觀點(diǎn)是否一致；四查是否使用了一些較為高級(jí)的詞匯和句型，如非謂語動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、定語從句、倒裝句型、恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞、短語動(dòng)詞等。(2016·江蘇高考)請(qǐng)閱讀下面短文，并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章。

In

recentyears,internetvotinghasbecomeincreasinglypopularinChina.Peoplenotonlycaston-linevotesthemselves,butalsourgeotherstovoteforcompetitionslikethe“MostBeautifulTeacher”andthe“CutestBaby”．

LiJiang,ahighschoolstudent,isinvitedtovoteinthe“BestPoliceOfficer”competition,organizedbythelocalgovernmenttoletthepublichaveabetterunderstandingofpoliceofficers'dailywork.LiJiangvisitsthewebsiteandreadsallthestories.Heisdeeplymovedbytheirgloriousdeeds.Heisalreadythinkingofbecomingapolicemanhimselfinthefuture.SuHuaisinvitedbyhisuncletovoteforhiscousininthe“FutureSinger”competition.Hehasalreadyreceivedthreesimilarinvitationsthisweek.Hisuncletellshimthatifhiscousinwinsthecompetition,thefamilywillwinanoverseastourforfree.SuHualikeshiscousinverymuch,buthefindsothersingersperformevenbetter.Tovote,ornottovote?Thisisaquestionthattroubleshimverymuch.內(nèi)容1．用約30個(gè)單詞寫出上文概要2．用約120個(gè)單詞闡述你對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)投票的看法，并用2～3個(gè)理由或論據(jù)支撐你的看法要求1．寫作過程中不能直接引用原文語句2．作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱3．不必寫標(biāo)題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)容完整，語言規(guī)范，語篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)?shù)谝徊剑鹤屑?xì)審題，明確題目要求1．確定文體：本文是對(duì)“網(wǎng)絡(luò)投票”發(fā)表看法，應(yīng)為議論文。2．確定主體時(shí)態(tài)：本文為議論文，主體時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。3．確定主體人稱：本文應(yīng)以第一人稱為主。第二步：閱讀短文，抓住內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)根據(jù)寫作內(nèi)容和寫作要求可以列出以下三個(gè)要點(diǎn)：1．寫出文章的摘要。2．發(fā)表支持或反對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)投票的觀點(diǎn)。3．概括觀點(diǎn)，得出結(jié)論。第三步：概括大意，轉(zhuǎn)述作者觀點(diǎn)本文為“對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)式”議論文，寫作時(shí)要從正反兩個(gè)方面入手。以支持該觀點(diǎn)為例，可以寫出下列摘要：第四步：順承過渡，引出自己的觀點(diǎn)根據(jù)摘要寫出過渡性用語，引出自己的觀點(diǎn)。Inmyopinion,on-linevotingisaninseparablepartofmodernlifeandshouldbewelcomed,sinceitisnomorethanawaytoparticipateinpubliclife.或者：Inmyopinion,internetvotinghasbeguntoshowitsnegativeimpactsonpeopleandsociety.第五步：詳寫例證，論證自己的觀點(diǎn)用2～3個(gè)理由或論據(jù)論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。Itmakesnodifferencefromordinaryvotingevents,inwhichcandidatesgoaroundtoseeksupports.Inaddition,theInternetmakessurveyingandvotingeasyandconvenient,regardlessoftimeandspace.Furthermore,votingontheInternetmakesinstantfeedbackpossible.或者：Firstly,peoplemayfeelforcedwhenaskedtodothingsthattheydon'twantto.Secondly,votingofthiskinddoesnotdependonthestrongpointsofthecompetitors,butratheronhowmanysocial-networkingresourcestheyhave.Thirdly,thevotersoreventhecompetitorsinmanycasesarepossiblytakenadvantageofbytheorganizersforcommercialpurposes.第六步：得出結(jié)論，注意前后呼應(yīng)對(duì)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行論證之后，進(jìn)一步概括歸納自己的觀點(diǎn)，升華主題，并照應(yīng)開頭。Therefore,Iholdapositiveattitudetowardson-linevoting或者：Inshort,internetvoting,tosomeextent,isunfair,ifnotimmoral,andcannotbetrusted.第七步：修飾潤色，使其錦上添花On-linevotingbecomesincreasinglypopular,andmanycompetitionsgetpeopleinvolvedinit.Itisbeneficialtosomepeople,whileitputsothersintoadilemmaoverwhethertovoteornot.Inmyopinion,on-linevotingisaninseparablepartofmodernlifeandshouldbewelcomed,sinceitisnomorethanawaytoparticipateinpubliclife.Itmakesnodifferencefromordinaryvotingevents,inwhichcandidatesgoaroundtoseeksupports.Inaddition,theInternetmakessurveyingandvotingeasyandconvenient,regardlessoftimeandspace.Furthermore,votingontheInternetmakesinstantfeedbackpossible.Tobehonest,voterssometimesfeelannoyed,notbecausetheyhatevoting,butbecausetheyaredividedbetweenemotionandfairness.Thingswillturnforthebetterifwecanworkoutsomeparticipationrulesforpeopletoobey.Therefore,Iholdapositiveattitudetowardson-linevoting.二、記敘文摘要對(duì)記敘文進(jìn)行概括時(shí)，要抓住原文的人物、事件、結(jié)果三大要素。有些記敘文的結(jié)尾有一個(gè)點(diǎn)題句，表達(dá)深刻內(nèi)涵或故事帶給人們的啟示，在寫摘要時(shí)也需把故事寓意表達(dá)出來。一、記敘文摘要的模板1．沒有寓意只單純介紹事件的記敘文摘要模板(1)人物-事件(2)人物-事件-結(jié)果2．篇末有表示文章內(nèi)涵的記敘文摘要模板人物-事件-結(jié)果-啟示二、記敘文摘要的寫法—要素串聯(lián)法1．尋詞摘句，確定要素記敘文通常包含時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、原因(why)、經(jīng)過(how)六大要素。在閱讀時(shí)要圈定這些要素。2．整合信息，串聯(lián)要素列出上述要素和關(guān)鍵詞后，需要對(duì)其進(jìn)行整合，把所圈定的要素按一定的邏輯順序排列，在整合時(shí)要有所取舍，對(duì)于有助于揭示主題的主要信息，應(yīng)該全部概括；而對(duì)于主題之外的內(nèi)容要毫不猶豫地舍棄。3．認(rèn)真審題，注意表達(dá)表達(dá)時(shí)要注意以下三點(diǎn)：(1)確定人稱：如果原文是第一人稱，在轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)一般要改為第三人稱。(2)確定時(shí)態(tài)：記敘文以一般過去時(shí)為主。若記敘文中有作者從中得到的“啟示”或“意義”等，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)。

(3)確定詞數(shù)與句數(shù)：摘要要求是“以約30個(gè)單詞概括”，從近兩年高考閱卷的實(shí)際來看，滿分作文概括的詞數(shù)在26～38個(gè)單詞之間。三、記敘文摘要的常用句式1．Thewritertellsushisexperiences...2．Theauthorshareshisexperiences...3．Fromthepassage,weknowthat...4．Thepassagetellsusthat...5．Inthepassage...典題示例(2017·江蘇省高考猜題卷第五模擬)請(qǐng)閱讀下面短文，并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章。

The23-year-oldsonhadhisowndrivinglicensebuthedidn'thaveacarofhisown,andwasdyingtodrivehisfather'scar.Hisfatherapproved.Heaskedhissontodrophimoffbeforethesontookthecartogotowork.Thefatherthenwantedhissontopickhimup

atfiveintheafternoonsothattheycouldgohometogether.Thesonpromisedandwenttowork.

Afterworkhewenttothecinema.Losingtrackoftime,hecontinuedto

watchthefilm

untilseven.

Afraidhisfatherwouldscoldhimforbeinglate,thesonarrivedattheplaceandsaid,“Dad,I'msorryI'mlatebutIworkedlongerthanusualuntilseven.”“Son,Iphonedyourmanager，”hisfatherreplied.“Youfinishedyourworkatfour.”Thesonlookeddownandsaid,“I'msorry,butIwenttowatchafilm.”“Son,I'mveryangry，”repliedthefather.“Butnotwithyou.I'mangrywithmyself.WheredidIgowrongasafather?Whydidyouhavetolietome?Takethecarhome.IwillreflectonitasIwalk.”Thesonfollowedhisfather,begginghimtositinsidethecar.Buthisfathercontinuedwalkingsilentlyallthewaybackhome.Fromthatdayonthesonneveragainliedto

hisparents.whoa23-year-oldsonandhisfatherwhenafterworkwhereonthewayhomewhatThesonpromisedtopickuphisfatherafterwork.However,hewaslatebecausehewenttothecinematowatchafilm.Afraidofbeingscoldedbyhisfather,thesonlied...第一步：圈定本文的要素(見原文畫線部分)第二步：確定人稱和時(shí)態(tài)人稱：用第三人稱；時(shí)態(tài)：用一般過去時(shí)。第三步：串聯(lián)要素，確定表達(dá)本摘要可以套用模板“人物——事件”。Asonliedtohisfatherwhenhefailedtokeephispromise.Insteadofscoldinghisson,thefatherwalkedhomealonetopunishhimself.Whenthesonsawit,hefeltguiltyandneverliedagain.(2017·江蘇省高考猜題卷第四模擬試卷)閱讀下面短文，然后用約30個(gè)單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。WilliamCampbell,SatoshiOmuraandTuYouyoujointlywonthe2015NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinefortheirworkagainstparasiticdiseases,theaward-givingbodysaidonMonday.Irish-bornCampbellandJapaneseOmurawonhalfoftheprizefordiscoveringanewdrug,avermectin,whichhashelpedthebattleagainstriverblindnessandlymphaticfilariasis,aswellasshowingeffectivenessagainstotherparasiticdiseases.

TheChinesescientistTuYouyouwasawardedtheotherhalfoftheprizefordiscoveringartemisinin,adrugthathassignificantlyreducedthemortalityratesofpatientssufferingfrommalaria.“Thesetwodiscoverieshaveprovidedhumankindwithpowerfulnewmeanstocombatthesedebilitatingdiseasesthataffecthundredsofmillionsofpeopleannually，”theNobelAssemblyatSweden'sKarolinskaInstitutesaidinastatementonawardingtheprizeof8millionSwedishcrowns($960,000).“Theconsequencesintermsofimprovedhumanhealthandreducedsufferingareimmeasurable.”Whattheyhavedonehasbeenconsideredagreatsuccessinthehistoryofhumanbeings.AndwinningtheNobelPrizeisagreatsuccessbelongingtoTuYouyouandherteam,too.TuYouyou,whohasmadeahugecontributiontomedicine,haswontheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinealongwithtwootherscientists,whichisalsoviewedasagreatsuccessinhumanhistory.三、議論文摘要議論文包括論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三部分，在寫議論文的摘要時(shí)要緊扣這些要素。一、議論文摘要的類型1．對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)式通常有兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)，而且都有各自的理由。寫摘要時(shí)要將觀點(diǎn)和理由按文章的順序用簡(jiǎn)練的語言組織起來。2．觀點(diǎn)—論據(jù)—論證式找出文章的主題句、論據(jù)以及結(jié)論，再用自己的語言進(jìn)行加工處理。3.主題概括法找出主題詞和主題句任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的。因此，許多文章最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一就是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便抓住了文章的中心。一般來說，主題詞通常是名詞、動(dòng)詞或形容詞。議論文通常用來講道理、論是非、提觀點(diǎn)，作者先正面或反面提出論點(diǎn)，然后用事實(shí)論證論點(diǎn)，最后以重申論點(diǎn)或提出建議的方式得出結(jié)論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。根據(jù)主題詞和主題句進(jìn)行概括根據(jù)圈定的主題詞和主題句進(jìn)行改寫，用相應(yīng)的同義詞進(jìn)行替換或進(jìn)行句型轉(zhuǎn)換，千萬不能原封不動(dòng)地抄寫原文。整合要點(diǎn)，限制詞數(shù)用相應(yīng)的連詞對(duì)各要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行連接，使其連貫；整合中心要點(diǎn)，使用形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞短語合并、簡(jiǎn)化句子，使之符合概括短文內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)的詞數(shù)(30個(gè)單詞左右)。典題示例(2017·南京師大附中高三二模節(jié)選)閱讀下面短文，然后用約30個(gè)單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。Ifyouaskpeoplewhatmakesthemhappy,youwillprobablygetmanydifferentanswersbuttherearetwofundamentalthings

thatwillensurehappiness.Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.

Whenyoufeellikeyouareimprovingyourlife,that'swhenyouare

happy.Itdoesn'tnecessarilymeanthatyouhavetoconstantlybuybiggerandbetterthings.Youneedtofeellikeyouaregrowingonapersonallevel.Youneedtoknowthattheessenceofwhoyouareiscontinuallyimprovinginsomeway.Keeplookingforwaystomakeyourselfbettertodaythanyouwereyesterday.Thiscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeoplebutthepointisthatyouhavetofeellikeyouareimprovingandgettingbetterasahumanbeingastimegoesby.Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.

Everyonewantstobelievethattheywereputheretodosomethinggreat.Aslongasyouknowthatbyyourbeinghere,bydoingwhatyouaredoing,youarehelpingsomeonesomewhere,itwillbringyouhappiness.Thesearetwowaysofhowtofindhappiness.

Arethesetheonlyanswerstowhatmakespeoplehappy?

Thatdependsonhowyoudefinehappiness.第一步：圈定文章的主題詞和主題句(見原文畫線部分)第二步：根據(jù)文章大意可知本文為“對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)式議論文”1．人們的觀點(diǎn)：Peoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy.2．作者的觀點(diǎn)：Happinesscomesfromfundamentalsources.第三步：整合要點(diǎn)，確定答案Whilepeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy,thewriterthinksthathappinesscomesfromfundamentalsources:theimprovementofone’slifeandthesenseofcontribution.(2017·江蘇省高考猜題卷第二模擬)閱讀下面短文，然后用約30個(gè)單詞概括下文的主要內(nèi)容。Everyoneofus,richorpoor,shouldatleasthaveoneortwogoodfriends.MyfriendswilllistentomewhenIwanttospeak,willwipemyeyeswhenIcry,willtakecareofmewhenIamsick,andmyfriendswillgotogetherwithmesidebysidethroughthisjourneyoflife.Atruefriendshipcarriesalonghistoryofexperiencethatdetermineswhoweareandkeepsusconnected.Itisatreasureweshouldprotect.Justhangingouttogetherfromtimetotimeisnotfriendship.Friendshipmeanslifelongfriendswhofeelit'sverynecessarytogiveeachotherwhateverhelpthatmightberequired.Unfortunately,thebetterfriendsyouare,themoreprobablyyou'llhavedisagreements.Andtheresultcanbewhatyoudon'twant—anendtotherelationship.Thegoodnewsisthatmosttroubledfriendshipscanbemended.Thereisnodoubtthatfriendshipplaysaveryimportantroleinourlife.Itisactuallylikeacupoftea.Whenwearethirsty,it'llbeourbestchoice.Truefriendshiplastsforevereventhoughsometimesitistroubled.四、主題句和拓展局進(jìn)行讀寫任務(wù)型寫作時(shí)，因“寫作內(nèi)容”所列要點(diǎn)的順序已具有內(nèi)在的邏輯性，所以考生按照所給內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)順序?qū)懽骷纯?，無需重新調(diào)整。一般是每個(gè)寫作要點(diǎn)安排一段，且將寫作內(nèi)容的每個(gè)要點(diǎn)作為各段的主題句，放在句首。這樣既符合英語的寫作習(xí)慣，又可以避免寫作時(shí)跑題或漏掉要點(diǎn)，并且層次分明，方便閱卷老師落實(shí)要點(diǎn)是否齊全。當(dāng)然，如果所給要點(diǎn)之間有非常緊密的聯(lián)系，也可以安排在同一段內(nèi)。總結(jié)近兩年江蘇高考真題和各地市模擬題，主題句寫作模式可歸納為如下幾種：一、直接翻譯對(duì)不含提問性質(zhì)的要點(diǎn)，一般將其直接譯成英語即可，必要時(shí)可增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞。例如：1．其他督促學(xué)生認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)的辦法。However,

thereareotherwaystomakestudentsworkhard.2．中學(xué)生活和大學(xué)生活的差別。Frommypointofview,thecollegelifewillbedifferentfromthelifeinhighschool.二、回答要點(diǎn)主題句對(duì)要點(diǎn)提問作出明確回答。例如：1．要點(diǎn)：學(xué)生的壓力來源是什么？Nowadays,studentsareundergreatpressure,whichmainlycomesfromtheirschoolworkaswellaspeerrelationship.2．要點(diǎn)：在小孩幾歲的時(shí)候教他們理財(cái)？用什么形式理財(cái)？Ithinkfivetosixisanappropriateagetobeginteachingchildrenmoneymanagementskills.Parentsmay

accompanytheirchildrentothebankandhelpthemopenanaccountinwhichtheycansavetheirluckymoney.三、明確觀點(diǎn)對(duì)帶有一般問句性質(zhì)，要求考生作出肯定或否定回答的要點(diǎn)，考生要明確表示支持還是反對(duì)、贊同還是不贊同、該還是不該等，或表明會(huì)不會(huì)做某事。例如：你是否也埋怨過父母？Asforme,Ialwayscomplainaboutmyparents’highexpectationsonmeandtheirignoringmyrealfeelings.四、“重要”表達(dá)如果要點(diǎn)是“談?wù)劇闹匾浴?，主題句則為“……有重要作用”；如果要點(diǎn)是“談?wù)劇泻沃匾饬x”，主題句則為“……很有意義”等。說明必要、重要或意義的相關(guān)表達(dá)常用的有：①Weshouldattachmoreimportancetosth.②Itisimportant/significantforsb.todosth.③Sth.playsaveryimportantrole/partin...④Sth.isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlife.

⑤Peoplearecomingtorealizetheimportanceof...⑥Thesignificanceof...cannotbeovervalued.談獨(dú)立的重要性Inspiredbythestory,Isuddenlyrealizedtheimportanceofindependence.談在危急的狀況下保持鎮(zhèn)定的重要意義Firstofall,keepingcalminanemergencyisofgreatsignificance.五、表明看法對(duì)于“你對(duì)…的看法/態(tài)度”之類的寫作要點(diǎn)，考生可用inmyopinion/view,personally,asfarasI’mconcerned,frommypointofview等開頭，直接表明自己的看法。例：1．你對(duì)父母溺愛孩子的看法。Inmyopinion,overprotectionandtoomuchcareareextremelybadforchildren'sdevelopment.2．你對(duì)大學(xué)擴(kuò)招的看法。Frommypointofview,thistendencyshouldbecontinued,asweneedmorecapablepeopletocontributetothefast-growingeconomy.六、引出經(jīng)歷由別人的經(jīng)歷引出自己的經(jīng)歷時(shí)可用以下句型來表達(dá)：①Ialsoexperiencedasimilarcaraccident.②Afterreadingthestoryabove,Irecalltheexperienceofmyfriendwho...③Thestoryaboveremindsmeofoneofmyexperiences...例如：你(或你同學(xué))的一次車禍經(jīng)歷。Itremindsmeofanaccidentwhichhappenedseveraldaysago.根據(jù)所給要點(diǎn)寫出主題句1．要點(diǎn)：發(fā)脾氣的害處Asweknow,gettingangrynotonlydoesharmtoone’shealthbutalsohasabadeffectontherelationshipbetweenpeople.

2．要點(diǎn)：作為校方應(yīng)該采取哪些措施避免此類校園安全問題的發(fā)生。Morelecturesshouldbeheldonsafetytoenhancestudents'awarenessoftheissue.3．要點(diǎn)：北大不應(yīng)該拒絕游客ItsurprisesmetolearnthatPekingUniversityshutsitsdoortogrouptours,whichseemsinappropriate.

4．要點(diǎn)：你是否贊成文中對(duì)出國游學(xué)的看法Icouldn’tagreemorewiththeauthor./Itotallyagreewiththeauthor.

5．要點(diǎn)：日常生活中為了保護(hù)環(huán)境我們還要做些什么Ashighschoolstudents,wearesupposedtomakegreateffortstohelpprotectourenvironment.五、拓展寫作文章的一個(gè)段落通常包括主題句和拓展句兩部分(有的還有結(jié)尾句)。其中，主題句一般位于段首，提出段落主題、確定段落發(fā)展方向及展開模式，而拓展句則用以闡述、論證、支持主題句的要點(diǎn)，使段落更加豐滿。一般來說，圍繞主題句展開的拓展句的模式有以下幾種：一、解釋原因例如：在大城市工作有什么好處。Workinginabigcityisofcourseanexcitingthing,whichmeansbetteropportunitiesandmoreconveniences.It'seasiertofindawell-paidjoborabetterplatformtoimproveoneself.二、列舉支撐點(diǎn)例如：我們?nèi)绾巫霾拍芄?jié)省能源。Ifwewanttosaveenergythenweneedtochangethewaywebehave.Ontheonehand,weneedtobuyappliancesthataremoreenergyefficientandlimittheamountoftimeweusethem.Ontheotherhand,toreducetheeffectthegreenhousegaseshaveonouratmosphere,weshouldplantmoretrees.三、舉例例如：成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境對(duì)學(xué)生的影響。Sincestudentsarebroughtupindifferentenvironments,theywillhavedifferenthabitsandcharacters,whichwillcausemanyconflictsindailylife.Insuchcases,theseyoungsterswilloftenactimpulsively,quarrelingorevenfightingwiththeirclassmatesbecauseofsometrivialthings.Theymaycurseeachotherwithhatredwordsorasktheirfriendstoisolatethesestudents.What’sworse,theymayfindsomeexcusestohurt,beatorevenbullythosewhohaveconflictswiththem.四、比較和對(duì)比例如：是不是越快越好？Isitthefasterthebetter?Manypeoplebelievethatthefasterthebetter,becausetheycansavetimeinthisway.However,othersincludingmeholdtheopinionthat,inmanysituations,theresultisfarlessthanbeingsatisfactoryandquiteoftengoestotheopposites.Hastemakeswaste.五、細(xì)化主題句例如：你所喜歡的體育項(xiàng)目對(duì)你的影響。AsfarasI’mconcerned,I’mfondofjoggingwhichisveryessentialinmylife.Ononehand,it’snotaroughsportandconvenienttodoeveryday,fromwhichIrelaxmyselfalotandrefreshmymind.Ontheotherhand,itstrengthensmysuppleness,enduranceandperseverancetodealwiththedifficultiesinmystudy.六、引出經(jīng)歷例如：講述你(或你朋友)因?yàn)樘喔蓴_而受到影響的經(jīng)歷。ThisremindsmeofwhathappenedwhenIenteredhighschoolasaSeniorOnestudent.Iwassoexcitedtofindthattherewerevariousstudentorganizationsandafter-classactivitiesforusstudents.Itseemedthatmanygroupsweresuitableforme.Duringthisterm,IwasattractedwhenevertherewasanoticefromastudentgroupandIwaseagertofindoutmoreaboutit.Asaresult,Ididn’tspendenoughtimeonmystudies,norcouldIsettledowntomyhomeworkeveryday.Consequently,Ifailedinanimportantexam.七、說明結(jié)果例如：你對(duì)國家“禁止商場(chǎng)免費(fèi)提供塑料袋”的看法。Itisnecessaryforthegovernmenttoforbidshopsfromofferingfreeplasticbags.Withthisban,shoppingcustomerswouldgraduallyformahabitofbringingenvironmentally-friendlybagswiththemsothattheconsumptionofplasticbagswouldbegreatlyreduced.

根據(jù)所給主題句寫出相應(yīng)的拓展句1．Fromtheviewpointofamiddleschoolstudent,Ithinkitvitaltofightforourfreedom.Sinceeveryoneisbornequal,wearesupposedtoenjoyourpersonalrightsandliveaswelike.Asfreedomisfundamentaltoone'shappiness,weshouldsparenoefforttopursuethisGod-givenpresent.

2．Asstudents,wehavetheresponsibilitytolivealow-carbonlifeforthepurposeofreducinggreenhousegases.Firstly,washyourclothesbyhandsinsteadofusingwashingmachines.Secondly,don'ttakeelevatorsunlessitisnecessary,forusingstairsdoesgoodtoyou’reyourhealthandtheenvironment.Thirdly,remembertobringyourownshoppingbagswhenyougotothesupermarketandgotoschoolonfootorbybicycle.

3.Itotallyagreewiththeauthorthatgettingupearlyinthemorningisagoodhabitthatwillbenefitusalot.Justlikemanyofmyfriends,I'manearlybird.Ibenefitalotfromthehabitofgettingupearly.Aftergettingupearlyinthemorning,Ihaveenoughtimetomakeaplanfortheworkofthedayanddoitmoreeffectively.Ifgettinguptoolate,Iwillfeelgreatpressureandusuallycan'tfinishmyworkontime.4.Icameacrossmanysetbacksinmystudyandlife.Forexample,IfailedinmymathfinalexamwhenIwasinSeniorOne.Knowingtheresult,Icriedhard.Ianalyzedthesituationandstudiedharder.Withallmyeffortsandthehelpofothers,Ifinallybecamegoodatmathandpassedmanyexams.5．Reasonsfortheproblemsofbuyingticketsonlinearedivided.Ononehand,forpeasantworkers,lackingtheknowledgeofcomputershasgotthemintotrouble.Ontheotherhand,theticket-sellingsystemisnotadvancedenoughtodealwithdifferentsituations.六、記敘文主體出現(xiàn)在讀寫任務(wù)型作文中的記敘文要求考生描述一件與原閱讀材料有關(guān)聯(lián)的事件，并說出自己從事件中得到的啟示或?qū)λ枋霈F(xiàn)象發(fā)表自己的看法。1．寫作步驟概括原文→銜接過渡→描述事件→發(fā)表看法2．過渡語句①Thisremindsmeofthesimilarexperience.②Thisstorybringsmebacktoaneventmanyyearsago.③Ihadasimilarexperience.3．注意事項(xiàng)(1)注意時(shí)態(tài)記述經(jīng)歷類的記敘文，無論寫人還是記事，通常以過去時(shí)態(tài)為主。如果所寫的內(nèi)容不但有過去的人和事，而且還有現(xiàn)在的人和事，那么對(duì)過去的人和事應(yīng)采用過去時(shí)態(tài)，對(duì)現(xiàn)在的人和事應(yīng)采用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。(2)注意人稱要根據(jù)題目的要求選用合適的人稱，做到上下文人稱一致。(3)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)通常以時(shí)間或事件發(fā)展的順序?yàn)榫€索，有時(shí)也可采用倒敘手法。詳寫主要情節(jié)，略寫次要情節(jié)。(2017·江蘇儀征中學(xué)月考)請(qǐng)閱讀下面短文，并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章。TheElephantandtheFlyAnelephantwasstandingandpickingleavesfromatree.Asmallflycame,flyingandbuzzingnearhisear.Theelephantwaveditawaywithhislongears.Thentheflycameagain,andtheelephantwaveditawayoncemore.Thiswasrepeatedseveraltimes.Thentheelephantaskedthefly,“Whyareyousorestlessandnoisy?Whycan'tyoustayforawhileinoneplace?”Theflyanswered,“IamattractedtowhateverIsee,hearorsmell.MysensespullmeconstantlyinalldirectionsandIcannotresistthem.Whatisyoursecret?Howcanyoustaysocalmandstill？”Theelephantsaid,“Mysensesdonotrulemyattention.WhateverIdo,Igetinvolvedinit.NowthatIameating,Iamcompletelyabsorbedineating.InthiswayIcanenjoymyfoodandchewitbetter.Iruleandcontrolmyattention.Whenyouareinchargeofyoursensesandattention,yourmindwillbecomecalm.”寫作內(nèi)容1．以約30個(gè)單詞概括短文的內(nèi)容；2．然后以約120個(gè)單詞就“專注”這一主題發(fā)表你的看法，包括以下要點(diǎn)：(1)看完故事后的感受及啟發(fā)；(2)描述一次你或他人因受太多干擾而使學(xué)習(xí)、生活或工作受到影響的經(jīng)歷；(3)你打算在高三這一年里如何保持專注。寫作要求1．可以參照閱讀材料的內(nèi)容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；2．作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱。評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)容完整，語言規(guī)范，語篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)。審題本文為寓言性短文，要概括故事的內(nèi)容，就要讀懂故事的寓意。結(jié)合題目要求“就’專注’這一主題發(fā)表你的看法”，從而確定文章寫作應(yīng)圍繞“專注”這一主題。審題時(shí)應(yīng)做到：(1)定時(shí)態(tài)：本文在概括內(nèi)容和描述經(jīng)歷時(shí)用過去時(shí)，在寫打算時(shí)用將來時(shí)；(2)定人稱：描述自己的經(jīng)歷用第一人稱，他人的經(jīng)歷用第三人稱。第一段：概括短文內(nèi)容第二段：銜接過渡語引出主題句第三段：描述一次受干擾的經(jīng)歷第四段：保持專注的打算滿分范文①Anelephantwasconstantlydisturbedbyarestlessfly,whowonderedaboutthesecretofremainingcalm.②Theelephantrevealedthatcalmnesswouldbeobtainedwhenone'ssensesandattentionwerefocused.③Inspiredbywhattheelephantsaid,Irealizedtheabilitytofocusone'sattentionisthekeytosuccess.④Anyperson,ifeasilydistracted,isunabletoachievehissuccess.⑤Thisremindsmeofwhathappenedinmyprimaryschool.⑥Ioncesignedupfortoomanyvariousafter-classactivities.⑦Asaresult,Ididn'tspendenoughtimeonmystudies.⑧Consequently,Ifellbehindandfailedinexams.⑨SincethenIhaveknownthatoneshouldfocusononethingbeforeitiswelldone.⑩AsaSeniorThreestudent,havingsetacleargoal,Iwillgiveprioritytoit,tryingtoresistanytemptation.?I'mfullyawarethatonlywithadeterminedmindcanIachievemygoal.滿分理由1．行文架構(gòu)(1)概括短文內(nèi)容(2)通過銜接過渡語(Inspiredbywhattheelephantsaid...)引出主題：專注是成功的關(guān)鍵

(3)描述經(jīng)歷：自己初中時(shí)參加多種課外活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致考試不及格(4)打算：在高三階段如何保持專注2．亮點(diǎn)詞匯constantly,obtain,focusone'sattention,distract,signup,consequently,givepriorityto,setacleargoal,achieveone'sgoal3．亮點(diǎn)句式句①含有who引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句；句②、句⑤、句⑨含有賓語從句；句③、句⑩使用了過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語；句④含有狀語從句的省略。句式改寫1．用only倒裝句改寫句②中的賓語從句Theelephantrevealedthatonlywhenone'ssensesandattentionwerefocusedwouldcalmnessbeobtained.

2．用強(qiáng)調(diào)句改寫句③Inspiredbywhattheelephantsaid,Irealizeditistheabilitytofocusone'sattentionthatisthekeytosuccess.

(2017·江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江市高三期末考試)閱讀下面短文，并按照要求用英語寫一篇150詞左右的文章。It'salwaysemotionalwhenasportssuperstarannounceshisorherretirement.AndwhenKobeBryant,37,wroteapoemcalledDearBasketballtosaygoodbyetooneofthegreatest,mostfascinatingcareersinNBAhistory,thesadnesswasoverwhelming.WhethercompetingintheFinalsormakingjumpshotsaftermidnightinanemptygym,hehasanunconditionalloveforthegame.WhenTeamUSAwastraininginLasVegasmonthsbeforeitheadedtoLondonforthe2012OlympicGames,Bryantstartedhisworkoutat5：30everymorninginthegymuntilteampracticebeganat11：00am.DuringeachpracticeBryantcountedeverysingleshothehit,andhewouldn'tleavethegymuntilhehadhitatleast400.Thiskindofhardworkcertainlypaidoff.HewonanNBAMVPaward,fiveNBAchampionshipswiththeLakersandtwoOlympicgoldmedals,makinghimoneofthegreatestplayersinNBAhistory.寫作內(nèi)容1．用約30個(gè)詞寫出上文概要2．用約120個(gè)詞發(fā)表你的觀點(diǎn)，內(nèi)容包括你對(duì)“成功源于堅(jiān)持不懈的努力”的看法用事例說明你或你朋友是怎么努力的寫作要求1．闡述觀點(diǎn)或提供論據(jù)時(shí)，不得直接引用原文語句2．作文中不能出現(xiàn)真實(shí)姓名和學(xué)校名稱參考范文：ThepassageabovetellsusthatpeoplegenerallyfeelsadatKobeBryant'sretirementandthathissuccessresultsfromhisloveforbasketballandyearsofhardwork.Kobe'sexampleremindsmethatone'ssuccessisbasedonbothpassionandhardwork.BesidesKobe,otherpeoplesuchasThomasEdison,SteveJobsandsoonhaveallproventhatperfectly.

WhenIwasachild,IwasfacedwithgreatdifficultyinlearningEnglish,especiallyinvocabulary.Nevertheless,withmyEnglishteacher'spatientinstructionandhelp,Ikeptonpracticing.Intheend,myperseveranceanddeterminationpaidoff.“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway”，astheoldsayinggoes.Ifwearedeterminedtodosomething,wewillfindawayofdoingitandachievesuccess.Withoutperseverance,it