考研英語寫作技巧講義

如何準備考研英語寫作（田育英）英語寫作對許多考生來說是令人頭痛的難題。究其原因，造成寫作困難的因素很多，根據(jù)我們對考生的了解,可歸結(jié)為以下兩個主要方面。第一，在外語學習五項能力——聽、說、讀、寫、譯——的訓練方面，學生從中學到大學在聽、說、讀三項能力方面得到的訓練比較多，而在寫的能力上得到的培養(yǎng)最少，有時最基本的寫句訓練都是靠做選擇項的形式來完成的，很少有真正動手寫的機會；因而很多學生在做語法題或改錯時有敏銳的辨別力，能夠找出很復雜的語法錯誤，可是一旦自己真正動筆寫，卻錯誤多得不得了，而且很多都是最簡單最基本的語法錯誤。所以，平時寫的少，練的少，是構(gòu)成寫作困難的主要原因。第二，不少學生缺乏對寫作知識和寫作技巧的了解和學習。他們一寫作文，就感到腦子空空，不知如何下筆，寫起來也是想到哪兒，寫到哪兒，有時還東拼西湊，因而寫作文時，常常是低水平上的重復，提高不快。如果能了解和學習一些英語寫作知識，加上適當?shù)闹笇Ш陀柧殻瑢懽魉綍芸斓玫教岣?。全國碩士生入學英語考試大綱對短文寫作做了明確的規(guī)定?？忌鶕?jù)所給題目、素材、寫作提綱、規(guī)定情景或圖表等在40分鐘內(nèi)寫出不少于150詞的短文。要求內(nèi)容切題，表達清楚，意義連貫，語言比較規(guī)范。根據(jù)大綱的要求，考生要想在短文寫作中取得高分，首先要具備兩方面的英語基本功：一是較強的句子表達水平，句子要寫正確、表達準確到位，要有一定的英語修辭知識。二要具備英語語篇寫作知識，這樣才能適應不同類型的命題，主動靈活有條理地運用自己的語言知識和能力寫好短文。此外，考生還應對作文考題有一定的了解，知己知彼才能穩(wěn)操勝券?？碱}特點：（1）作文選材均為熱門話題并貼近生活作文選題范圍均為當今社會的熱門話題，從電視廣告到希望工程，從父母與子女的關(guān)系到擁有健康的重要性，從世界煙民現(xiàn)狀到近年盛行一時的“承諾”，環(huán)境保護，無不反映了當前公眾最為關(guān)注的事。（2）文體多為說明文與議論文說明文和議論文用途較廣，我們平時接觸的文章、報紙、信件等等多為這兩種體裁。在工作崗位上所撰寫的材料大多也是說明或議論文。因而考這種體裁的寫作比較符合實際需要。（3）出題形式趨于多樣化1991年至1996年的作文題一直呈一種模式，直到1997年才被打破。這一變革顯示了國家教委對提高考生的實際運用語言能力的重視，同時也要求考生要在多寫多練上下功夫，這樣才能在作文考試中奪取高分。提高筆頭表達能力是關(guān)鍵：我們希望廣大考生要在切實提高英語寫作水平上下功夫，不能靠扣題、押題或背誦一些短文應付考試，其結(jié)果必然與希望的相差甚遠。背誦是學習英語的一種好方法，但僅靠背誦來提高英語寫作水平是不夠的。寫作水平的提高還是要靠親自動筆寫，多寫多練，把學到的語言知識運用在寫作中去?？忌梢詤⒖家韵路椒ㄟM行寫作練習。1．多讀范文多讀范文能使考生了解寫作方法，寫作的常用詞匯，記住其中一些比較好的用法。2．多寫作文12月前應該每周寫一篇作文并且要把每一篇寫好，不要在一個水平上反復重復，要力爭寫好每一篇，這樣寫幾篇后就會有收獲。臨近考試，可以按照規(guī)定時間寫作，此時寫作的題目要廣泛，各種話題都要寫一些，以增強適應性。3．寫作時可以多查字典，不看范文。寫作時遇到不會寫的詞句要多查字典，還要看該詞的用法，這樣才能保證正確使用；寫前不要看范文，看了范文會影響自己的思路，寫完后再參看范文。4．注意書寫整齊平時寫作就要注意書寫整齊，規(guī)范，要在平時養(yǎng)成良好習慣，在考場上才能發(fā)揮得好。字跡潦草，卷面不干凈會影響成績?？佳卸涛膶懽鞯幕灸Ｊ剑ㄖ焯╈鳎ㄒ唬┳h論文Itisgenerallybelievedthat..isahottopicwhichiswidelytalkedaboutbothathomeandabroad.Nowourgovernmentattachesgreatimportancetosolvingthisproblem.Scientistsinthisfieldhaveputforwardanumberofsuggestionstendingtorelieveit.Tobeginwith,weshould..Furthermore,..Itisclearthat..People,however,differintheiropinionsonthismatter.Somepeoplethinkthat..Accordingtothem,allofusshould..Othersarguethat..Intheiropinion,nobodycan..without..Thereisnodoubtthat..Asaconsequence..Inshort,Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat..Itisbecause..Somyconclusionisthat..(107words)Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…ispopulartopicwhichismuchtalkedaboutnotonlyby…、butalsoby…，Itisgenerallythoughtthat…，Thereasonsfor…areasfollows.Tobeginwith,…Secondly,…Therefore,weshouldattachgreatsignificancetosolvingtheproblem.Thereare,Ithink,atleasttwopossiblewaystocopewithit.Thefirstwaytotackleitistoappealtotheauthoritiestotakedrasticmeasuresto(do)…Theotherpolicythatisworthadoptingistoworkoutnewregulationsto(do)…，Onlyinthiswaycanwesucceedindealingwiththeprobleminthenearfuture.Toconclude,itseemsobvious…Sotheprospectwearelookingforwardtowillbebothbrightandencouraging.(127words)(二)圖表作文Asisshowninthetable(orinthepictures),…droppedfrom…in1996.Accordingtothefiguresgiveninthetable,…h(huán)asgreatlyincreased(ordecreased)inthepast…years(ordecades),reaching…in1996.Fromthetablewecanalsoseethattherehasbeenasharpdecline(orrise)in…Itisclearthat…Thereareatleasttwogoodreasonsfor…Ontheonehand,…Let'shaveanexampletoillustratethegreatincreasein…Ontheotherhand,…isduetothefactthat…Inaddition,…isresponsiblefor…Maybetherearesomeotherreasonstoshow…Butitisgenerallybelievedthattheabovementionedreasonsarecommonlyacceptable.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ibelievethat I amsuremyopinionisbothsoundandwell-grounded.(126words幾種典型的作文開頭引述方法Type1引述他人觀點(為提出自己觀點鋪墊)Itiswidely(commonly)accepted(hold)+THATAwidelyaccepted(commonly)holdidea(pointofview,viewpoint,opinion,assumption)is+THAT/NPA/Thedominant(prevalent,prevailing)idea(see[2])isNP/toDOItistakenforgrantedTHAT(or:Weoften/frequentlytakeitforgrantedTHAT)People(Themajority)seemtogetaccustomedtotheidea(see[2]),withoutquestioning,THATPeoplearewillingtoregardNP1asNP2/ADJPeoplearewillingtoDO,whilereluctanttoDOType2提出異議However(But),…Suchidea(see[1-2]),ifnotentirelyADJ1,issomewhatADJ2andneedscarefulconsideration.ADJI=unreasonable,unacceptable,inappropriate,improper,undesirable,Etc。ADJ2=misleading,doubtrul,etcInfact(Asamatteroffact),…(follow[2])However,itisnot(quite,necessarily)thecase.This(It)isnot(quite,necessarily)thecaseandneedstobefurtherconsidered/discussed.(or:furtherconsideration/discussion)Type3論述的展開：說明原因和理由，層進，舉例，轉(zhuǎn)折Thereasonliesinseveralaspects,Thereasonwhyclause+[1,underlined]Thereareseveralremarkablereasons.[4]層進inaddition,besides,furthermore,what'smore,ontheotherhand,meanwhile,foronething…foranother。Finally,aboveall,inshort.[5]舉例forexample,forinstance,such(generalterm)as(specificterms),atypical(striking)exampleisthat,acaseinpoint[6]轉(zhuǎn)折however,but,nevertheless,onthecontrary[7]條件if,providedthat,unless,aslongas,etcType4就…而言；關(guān)于asfaras…?is/areconcerned:Asfarascurrentsituationisconcernedasto:theproblemastoNP有關(guān)…的問題Type5問題Althoughmuchefforthasbeenmade,thesituationisfarfromsatisfactory(or:theproblemremainsunsolved,littleimprovementhasbeenachieved)Thereisatendency,asrecentstudy(investigation)haspointedout(shown,revealed,indicated),+THATThereisgrowingconcernabout+NPItwillinevitably(islikelyto)resultin(leadto)unwanted(serious)consequence(orNP)Unfortunately,?Wewillnotbeabletoaffordtheriskofoverlookingtheseriousnessofthematter.Theprocess,onceinitiated,ismostlikelyirreversible.Weareconstantly(frequently)facedwithNPTYPE6重要與必要；(應)注意與重視NP1isofgreatimportance(necessity,value)inNP2(or:NPisofenormoussignificance)Theimportance(necessity)ofNP(todosth.)liesin(thefact)that?NP1plays,asisknown,anirreplaceablyimportantroleinNP2TheirreplaceablyimportantroleNP1playsinNP2issignificant(obvous)NP1isanindispensablepartofNP2Itisimportant(necessary)toDO(or:THAT)Specialattentionshouldbepayto…，(or:Weshouldpayspecialattentionto…)Whatweshouldtakeintoconsiderationis+NPType7行動[1](immediate,emergent,effective)Measuresarebeingtaken(hasbeentaken,shouldbetaken)toDO[3]Wehavemademucheffort,thereisstillmoreweneedtomake(cf.Wehavelearntalot,thereismuchmoreweneedtolearn.)Type8二擇其一Ifitwereleftformetodecidewhether(wh-clause),Iwould,withouthesitation,choose+toDO(or:Iwouldprefertheformer/thelatter)ToDO/NPisamatterofpresent.Itisdifficulttomakeachoiceforonecanhardlygainmostwithoutlosingany.Thedifficultyliesinthefactthattheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofbothcasesareequallyobvious.Infact,wemaywellpreserveadelicatebalanceorcompromisebetweenthetwothangotoextreme.Itisnotsensibletoexcludeoneofthechoicescompletely(oftwoconflictingideas,concepts)Thoughconflictingtooneanother,theyaresocloselyassociatedthatunderstandingonewillbeimpossiblewithoutdiscussingtheother.ThebenefitsofNParevaried[9]Whiledisadvantagesareunavoidable,itistheadvantagesthatprevail.朱泰祺的考研短文寫作常用句型和練習“引言”段落中的常用句型：.…isaverypopulartopicwhichismuchtalkedaboutnotonlybybutalsoby家庭人口多好還是家庭人口少好是一個非常通俗的主題，不僅是城里人，而且農(nóng)民都經(jīng)常談論這個問題。Weatheralargefamilyisagoodthingornotisaverypopulartopicthisoftentalkedaboutnotonlybycityresidentsbutbyfarmersaswell..Thereisnodenyingthefactrhat無可否認，空氣污染是一個極其嚴重的問題：城市當局應該采取有力措施來解決它。Thereisnodenyingthefactthatairpollutionisanextremelyseriousproblem:thecityauthoritiesshouldtakestrongmeasurestodealwithit..Asisknowntoall,眾所周知，假冒偽劣商品損害了消費者的利益。Asisknowntoall,fakeandinferiorcommoditiesharmtheinterestsofconsumers.(=doalotofharmtotheinterestsofconsumers).Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingtheimportanceof…現(xiàn)在越來越多的人認識到法制教育的重要性。為了維護社會治安，我們每人都應該接受法制教育。Todayanincreasingnumberofpeoplehaverealizedthatlaweducationisofgreatimportance.Inordertokeeplawandorder,veryoneofusissupposedtoget(=receive)alaweducation..FromwhatIhavementionedabovewecanseeclearlythat…從上面我所提到的，我們可以清楚地看到，電視暴力對青少年的影響是極其深遠的。FromwhatIhavementionedabove,wecanseeclearlythatviolenceonTVhas(a)greatinfluenceonyoungadults'behaviour.(或teenagers'behavior或youngsters'behavior)“正文”段落中常用的句型：.Therearesomegoodreasonsfor…(分析原因)twopossible人民生活狀況的改善原因有兩點。首先，我們一直在貫徹執(zhí)行改革開放政策。其次，國民經(jīng)濟正在迅速發(fā)展，而且出生率已經(jīng)得到控制。Therearetworeasonsfortheimprovementinpeople’slivingconditions.Inthefirstplace,wehavebeencarryingoutthereformandopening-uppolicy.Secondly,therehasbeenarapidexpansionofournationaleconomy.Furthermore,thebirthratehasbeenputundercontrol..Mysuggestionstodealwiththeproblemareasfollows.Inthefirstplace,…Secondly,???Finally…solvetacklerelieve（提出建議）我對解決這個問題的建議如下。首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保護區(qū)。其次，有些瀕臨滅絕的珍稀野生動物應該收捕、人工喂養(yǎng)并繁殖。最后，對于捕獵珍稀野生動物的人必須嚴懲。Mysuggestionstodealwiththeproblemareasfollows.Tobeginwith,itisurgenttocreatenaturereserves.Secondly,certainrarewildanimalsthataregoingtobeextinctshouldbecollected,fedandreproducedartificially.Finally,thosewhohunterthemmustbepunishedseverely..Differentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisquestion.Somepeoplebelievethat…OthersProblem.Matter.arguethat…Stillothersassertthat…（論述不同看法）人們對失敗持有不同的態(tài)度。面對失敗，有人能夠經(jīng)得起考驗，從失敗中汲取教訓，并努力去完成他們下定決心要做的事情。然而，另一些人卻喪失信心并退卻了。Peopledifferintheirattitudestowardsfailure.Facedwithit,someofthemcanstanduptoit.Drawusefullessonsfromitandtryhardtofulfillwhattheyaredeterminedtodo.Others,however,loseheartandgivein..Itisimportant（necessary,urgent,difficult,easy,expensive,desirable,advisable,convenient,comfortable）forsb.todosth.（發(fā)表意見）人們希望建立更多的醫(yī)院、購物中心、娛樂中心、電影院和其他公用設施來滿足人民日益增長的需求。Itisdesirabletobuildmorehospitals,shoppingcenters,recreationcenters,cinemasandotherpublicfacilitiestomeetthegrowingneedsofpeople..Asapopularsayinggoes“Everythinghastwosides.”(分析利弊)常言道：“事物總是一分為二的”。如今人們從科技發(fā)明中得到越來越多的好處。另一方面，科技進步也給我們帶來了許多麻煩?，F(xiàn)在許多國家的人民飽嘗公害之苦。Asapopularsayinggoes,“Everythinghastwosides.”Nowpeople(thepublic)arebenefitingmoreandmorefromscientificandtechnologicalinventions.Ontheotherhand,theprogressofscienceandtechnologyisbringingusalotoftrouble.Peopleinmanycountriesaresufferingfrompublichazards..Forexample,…(舉例闡述)Forinstance,…Let'stake…forexample.就拿汽車為例。汽車不僅污染城市空氣，而且使城市擁擠不堪。此外，汽車造成許多交通事故。汽車所產(chǎn)生的噪音使居住在街道兩旁的居民日夜不得安寧。Les’stakecarsforexample.Theynotonlypollutetheairincities,butmakethemcrowed.Furthermore,theycausealotoftrafficaccidents.(…,theyareresponsibleforalotoftrafficaccidents.)Thenoisemadebycarsdisturbstheresidentslivingonbothsidesofstreetsalldayandnight..Itisgenerallybelievedthat…accepted（弓I證觀點）thoughtheld普遍認為，在發(fā)達國家人口增長的主要原因與其說是出生率的上升，還不如說是由于醫(yī)療保健的改善的使死亡率下降了。Itisgen