考研英語新題型歷年真題含答案

考研英語新題型歷年真題（含答案）

新題型全真試題(2005—2009年)

Passage1

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost

suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,

whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Canada'spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftafter

complainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodo

something,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.

They'reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhich

arepharmaceuticalcosts.

41.[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrug

costshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincrease

comesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugs

costingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.

Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare-to

saynothingofreportsfromotherexperts—recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.

Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresand

limitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanational

institution.

42.[C]Whatdoes"national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirby

recommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealth

Council.

But“national”doesn'thavetomeanthat."National”couldmeaninterprovincial-provinces

combiningeffortstocreateonebody.

Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,if

possible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince—oraseriesofhospitalswithin

aprovince-negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywould

negotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.

Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagency

wouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotential

consumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.

43.[G]Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;

theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovinceto

another.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcause

otherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldlead

themtodealwithit.

Asmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationofthe

CanadianCoordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandthe

provinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugs

shouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.

Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularly

QuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,strings

attached.That'sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn'tgoneanywherewhiledrugcosts

keeprisingfast.

44.[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovethey

canrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,save

administrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainfor

betterdrugprices.

PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow'sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmore

federalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:"Anationaldrug

agencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinorderto

constraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”

45.[B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby'sreport:44thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchan

agencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowest

possiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.^^

SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,they

shouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsand

patients.

[AJQuebec'sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.Oneofthefirst

advocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec'sDrugInsuranceFund

hasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!

[B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby'sreport:"thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagency

wouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossible

purchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.^^

[C]Whatdoes“national"mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendeda

federal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.

[DJTheproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinueto

increasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.

[EJAccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshave

risensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfrom

drugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscosting

morethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.

[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,

startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,

preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.

[G]Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycan

lobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.

Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseothersto

includeitontheirs.Theywouldn'tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodeal

withit.

Passage2

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost

suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,

whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andof

ariverboatcasinowheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthat

casino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehad

nevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.

Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasino

issuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,aFunCard,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsfor

mealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,

theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine.

(41).In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997he

lost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedal5

a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,

chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhe

hadaproblem.

InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams'sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterfor

addictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams'sgamblingproblems.Thecasinoincluded

aphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions^^

letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthat

beforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformation

demonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.

(42).

TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning:4tEnjoythefun...and

alwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit."Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberfor

counselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams'ssuitcharges

thatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling,intentionallyworkedto“l(fā)ure”

himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill."Well.

(43).

ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-IV)

says"'pathologicalgambling^^involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessof

moneythanofthrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.

(44).Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhat

oncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysical

disabilities.

(45).

Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovarying

degreesdependenton—youmightsayaddictedto-revenuesfromwagering.Andsincethefirst

Internetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers'dollarshasbecomeintense.

TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinos

everyweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassed

pornographyastheWeb'smostprofitablebusiness.

[A]Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino'smarketingdepartmentcontinued

topepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeing

detected.

[B]Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsense

washiswilloperative?

[C]Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,he

wouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.

[D]GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwas

broadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantand

aggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment.

[EJDavidWilliams'ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon'tbetonit.

[F]Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,often

definingasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.

[G]Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductive

tocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,

whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?

Passage3

PartB

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguide

theirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA-Gthatbestfitsthemeaningof

eachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.

Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEET1.(10points)

A.SetaGoodExampleforYourKids

B.BuildYourKids'WorkSkills

C.PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities

D.TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis

E.HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies

F.HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre

G.BuildYourKids,SenseofResponsibility

HowCanaParentHelp?

Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkids.

Evenifajob'sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult'sneedforrapidcontent,

thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthe

move.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,that

parentscantaketopreventwhatcall“work-lifeunreadiness.”

(41).

Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodicallyreviewtheiremerging

strengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyin

communicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingback

to,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.

(42).

Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels-asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstars

andvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsand

howtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourage

yourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,they

shouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea."Theycanchangetheirminds200times,but

havingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.

(43).

Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsible

forteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomework

deadlinesaremet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpractice

delayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeand

settingpriorities.

(44).

Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswith

cannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,

listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidsto

stayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthe

growthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelop

thekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.

(45).

Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressandfeelingofinadequacy.Theyshould

alsoleamhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.

Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillsto

everydaylifesituations.

Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwandering

aimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismore

delicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshould

exhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveor

illconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostof

all,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciates

them.

Passage4

PartB

Directions:

PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions

41—45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.

Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinstead

ofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingthe

inevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)

Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonot

permitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.

(42)Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhat

youaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthan

inanervoussearchforerrors.

(43)Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,and,ifyouhavetoclipa

paragraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworking

onawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsas

wellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftware

programscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)

Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.

Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesis

andaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudent

whowrote"TheA&PasaStateofMind“wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhether

Sammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)

Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermany

times-andthenagain-workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwith

severalentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldbe

relatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothatthereareno

abruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphs

shouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.

(AJTomakerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyou

can

easilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]After

youhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattention

totheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It'sprobablybesttowritetheintroduction

last,

afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequal

attentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.[C]It'sworthremembering,

however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,

itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywriters

prudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoid

losinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifference

howyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicinto

atentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyou

have

made.[E]Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,which

explainshowthe

settinginfluencesSammy'sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,she

addedonethatdescribedLengefscrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleadupto

theA

&P"policy"heenforces.[F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin”A

&R"thestudentbringstogether

thereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengeFsstorepolicies.[G]

Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikely

discovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon'tuseoutlines

at

allbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectly

correct

draftthefirsttimearound.

Passage5

PartB

PartB

Directions:

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45),

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Thereare

twoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.

(10points)

CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritish

naturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhis

owntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,

includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41..

AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofcultural

evolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylor,wasoneofthefoundersofmodem

anthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherinthe

evolutionofsocieties.42..

Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoas

developedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,

whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.

43..

Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistory

andnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.

44..

HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmerican

anthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberof

anthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorof

diffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofa

few,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.

45..

Alsointheearly1900s,Frenchsociologist?mileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculture

thatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedto

reinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyand

culture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,

anthropology.

[AJOtheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingle

originandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.

[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledin

linguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyand

anatomy.

[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe"survivalof

thefittest,“inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,more

advancedracesandsocieties.

[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople'ssocial

structure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren'sentranceintoadulthood.

[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsof

marriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,and

systemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.

[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogetherto

keepasocietyfunctioning.

[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectly

suggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgy

alloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,allofthesecultural

developmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.

第七部分新題型大綱樣題及模擬試題

第一章新題型大綱樣題

一、七(六)選五

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemost

suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,

whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

LongbeforeManlivedontheEarth,therewerefishes,reptiles,birds,insects,andsome

mammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswereancestorsofkindslivingtoday,othersarenow

extinct,thatis,theyhavenodescendantsalivenow.41)Veryoccasionallytherocks

showimpressionofskin,sothat,apartfromcolor,wecanbuildupareasonablyaccuratepicture

ofananimalthatdiedmillionsofyearsago.Thekindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefoundtells

usmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginalland,oftenoftheplantsthatgrewonit,andevenofits

climate.

42).Nearlyallofthefossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedby

wateraction,andmostoftheseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.Thusitfollowsthatthere

mustbemanykindsofmammals,birds,andinsectsofwhichweknownothing.

43)Therewerealsocrab-likecreatures,whosebodieswerecoveredwithahorny

substance.Thebodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegs,onepairforwalkingonthesandy

bottom,theotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairofcompoundeyes,

oftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwolongbutsomewere2feet.

44).Ofthese,theammonitesareveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashell

composedofmanychambers,eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyoung

grewlargeritgrewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe

seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.

45).

About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthegroupsdiedout.

Themammalsquicklydeveloped,andwecantracetheevolutionofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchas

theelephantandhorse.Manyofthelatermammals,thoughnowextinct,wereknowntoprimitive

manandwerefeaturedbyhimincavepaintingsandonbonecarvings.

[A]Theshellfishhavealonghistoryintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.

IBJNevertheless,weknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthembecausetheirbonesandshells

havebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils.Fromthemwecantelltheirsizeandshape,howthey

walked,thekindoffoodtheyate.

[C]Thefirstanimalswithtruebackboneswerethefishes,firstknownintherocksof375

millionyearsago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibians,theanimalsabletolivebothon

landandinwater,appeared.Theyweregiant,sometimes8feetlong,andmanyofthemlivedin

theswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseam,orlayer,formed.Theamphibiansgaverisetothe

reptilesandfornearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonland,inthesea,

andintheair.

[DIThebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures.Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyand

spreadoverlargeareasoftheworld.

[E]Theearliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsandlived

inthesea.Laterformsaremorecomplex,andamongthesearethesea-lilies,relationsofthe

star-fishes,whichhadlongarmsandwereattachedbyalongstalkto