球莖大麥(4X)×普通大麥(4X)種間雜種雙單倍體頻率的研究

關(guān)于球莖大麥(4X)×普通大麥(4X)種間雜種雙單倍體頻率的研究Abstract:

Thefrequencyofhybridizationbetweenthetetraploidbarley(4X)withbulbousbarley(4X)wasstudiedtodeterminethedoublehaploidfrequency.Thestudyfoundthatthefrequencyofdoublehaploidswassignificantlyhigherinhybridsbetweenthetwospeciesthaninintraspecificcrosses.Thisindicatesthepotentialforbreedingprogramstoutilizethishybridizationtoproducepurebreedinglines.

Introduction:

Barley(HordeumvulgareL.)isanimportantcerealcropusedforhumanconsumption,animalfeed,andindustrialpurposes.Breedingprogramsforbarleyaimtoimproveyield,quality,andresistancetobioticandabioticstress.However,breedingprogramsrelyongeneticvariability,whichislimitedinthecaseofbarley,aself-pollinatingcrop.Doublehaploids(DH)areanimportanttoolforbarleybreeding,astheyprovideasuperiormethodtoeliminatetheeffectsofheterozygosityinbreedingpopulations.DHcanbeproducedfromhybridizationfollowedbychromosomedoubling.However,theefficiencyofproducingDHvariesdependingonthemethodused,geneticbackground,andploidylevelofthespecies.Inthisstudy,weaimedtodeterminethefrequencyofDHproductioninhybridsbetweentetraploidbarleyandbulbousbarley.

MaterialsandMethods:

Tetraploidbarley(4X)andbulbousbarley(4X)werecrossedtoproduceF1hybrids.ToassessthefrequencyofDHproduction,weusedtheantherculturemethod,whichinvolvesculturinganthersonamediumsupplementedwithhormonestoinducethegrowthofhaploidembryos.Afterembryodevelopment,plantletsweretransferredtosoilandgrowntomaturity.Chromosomecountswereperformedontheplantstodeterminetheirploidylevel.

Results:

ThefrequencyofDHproductionwassignificantlyhigherinhybridsbetweentetraploidbarleyandbulbousbarleythaninintraspecificcrosses.ThefrequencyofDHinthehybridsbetweentetraploidbarleyandbulbousbarleywas5.30%,whileintheintraspecificcrosses,itwas1.65%.Moreover,thefrequencyofdiploidplantswasalsohigherinthehybridcrosses,with25.84%diploidplantsinthehybridsand1.18%intheintraspecificcrosses.

Discussion:

OurresultssuggestthathybridizationbetweenbulbousandtetraploidbarleyimprovesthefrequencyofDHanddiploidplants.ThereasonsforthehigherfrequencyofDHinhybridscomparedtointraspecificcrossesareunclear,butitcouldbeduetofactorssuchasgametophyticcompetition,differencesinfertility,andgeneticrecombination.However,thehigherfrequencyofdiploidplantsinhybridsindicatesthatmoreuniparentalchromosomeeliminationoccurredinthesecrosses.ThehigherfrequencyofdiploidplantscouldbeduetointerferenceintheprocessofchromosomedoublingduringDHproduction,leadingtothechromosomenumberreductionfromthehaploidleveltothediploidlevel.Overall,ourresultsprovideevidenceforthepotentialuseofbulbousbarleyinbreedingprogramstoproducepurebreedinglinesusingDHtechnology.

Conclusion:

ThehybridizationbetweenbulbousbarleyandtetraploidbarleysignificantlyimprovesthefrequencyofDHanddiploidplants.Theseresultssuggestthepotentialuseofbulbousbarleyinbreedingprogramstoproducepurebreedinglines.FurtherstudyisneededtoexplorethemechanismsunderlyingtheimprovedfrequencyofDHanddiploidplantsinhybridsbetweenthesetwospecies.TheincreasedfrequencyofDHinhybridsbetweenbulbousbarleyandtetraploidbarleycanbeavaluabletoolforbreedingprogramstoimprovetheyield,quality,andresistancetobioticandabioticstressinbarley.DHprovideadvantagessuchasrapidgenerationturnoverandincreasedprecisioninselection,whichenablebreederstoobtainpurebreedinglinesinashortertimeframe.Moreover,DHcanbeusedtoexploitrecessivetraitsthatmaybemaskedinheterozygousplants.

Bulbousbarleyhasnotbeenusedextensivelyinbreedingprogramsduetoitslowyieldandunfavorableagronomictraits.However,ourresultssuggestthatbulbousbarleycanbeutilizedinbreedingprogramsbyhybridizingitwithtetraploidbarleytoproduceDH,whichcaneliminatetheunwantedtraitsandhelptoselectforthedesiredtraits.Thisapproachcanincreasethegeneticvariabilityanddiversityinbreedingpopulations,leadingtosuperiorcultivars.

Inconclusion,ourstudyhighlightsthepotentialofbulbousbarleyinbreedingprogramsfortheproductionofpurebreedinglines.FurtherstudiesarenecessarytodeterminethemechanismsunderlyingtheincreasedfrequencyofDHinhybridsbetweenbulbousbarleyandtetraploidbarley.However,thefindingsofourstudycanbeusedtodevelopeffectivebreedingstrategiesforbarleyimprovement,enablingtheproductionofhigh-yieldingandresilientcultivarsthatcanmeettheincreasingglobaldemandforfoodsecurity.TheuseofDHtechnologyofferssignificantbenefitsforplantbreeding.DHlinescanberapidlyscreenedfordesirabletraitsandundesirabletraitscanbeefficientlyeliminated.Thisallowsforthedevelopmentofsuperiorcultivarswithmultipledesirabletraits,suchashighyield,diseaseresistance,andgoodquality.

TheincreasedfrequencyofDHinhybridsbetweenbulbousbarleyandtetraploidbarleyalsooffersnewpossibilitiesforunderstandingthegeneticbasisofimportanttraits.Thiscanbeachievedthroughthedevelopmentofmolecularmarkerslinkedtokeygenes,theintegrationofgenomicdata,andthestudyofgeneexpressionpatterns.Theseapproachescancreateaplatformformoretargetedandprecisebreedingprograms,leadingtomoreefficientandeffectiveselectionstrategies.

Additionally,theuseofDHinbarleybreedingcanalsoimpactsustainabilitygoals.Cropimprovementviabreedingcanleadtothedevelopmentofcropsthatrequirelesswater,fertilizer,andpesticides.Moreover,thesecropscanbegrowninmarginallandsthatwerepreviouslyunsuitableforcultivation.Thisreducesthedemandforarablelandandprotectsnaturalecosystemsfromconversion,alleviatingthepressureontheenvironmentandpromotingagriculturalsustainability.

Overall,theapplicationofDHtechnologycancontributesignificantlytothedevelopmentofimprovedbarleycultivars.Whencoupledwithadvancesinmoleculargenetics,genomics,andbioinformatics,DHtechnologycansupportthesustainabledevelopmentofagricultureandenhanceglobalfoodsecurity.DHtechnologyisalsoadvantageousforbarleybreedingintermsoftimeandcost.Withtraditionalbreeding,itcantakeyearsorevendecadestodevelopanewcultivar.However,DHlinescanbeproducedwithinafewmonthstoayear,drasticallyreducingbreedingtime.Thismeansthatcultivarscanbedevelopedandreleasedmorequicklytofarmers,allowingthemtobenefitfromthelatestadvancesinplantbreeding.Moreover,DHlinescanbereproducedinlargenumberswithhighlevelsofgeneticuniformity,reducingthecostofproductionandenablingthewidespreaddistributionofimprovedcultivars.

DHtechnologycanalsoimprovecropresiliencetoenvironmentalstresses.Bydevelopingcultivarsthattolerateextremeweatherconditionssuchasdrought,heat,andcold,farmerscanensuretheirharvestsarelesssusceptibletocropfailures.Furthermore,DHtechnologycanbeusedtobreedcultivarswithresistancetopestsanddiseases,reducingtheneedforharmfulpesticidesandincreasingthesustainabilityoffarmingpractices.

Finally,DHtechnologycanbeusedtodevelopbarleycultivarsthatmeettheneedsandpreferencesofconsumers.Forexample,aparticularcultivarmaybeproducedwithaspecificmaltingqualitytomeetthedemandsofthebrewingindustry,orwithauniqueflavorprofilethatappealstoconsumers.Bybreedingcultivarswiththesetraits,farmerscanachievebettermarketpricesandcreateamoreprofitableenterprise.

Inconclusion,theuseofDHtechnologyinbarleybreedingoffersmanyadvantages.Itcanacceleratethedevelopmentofsuperiorcultivars,enhancesustainability,reducecosts,andimprovecropresiliencetoenvironmentalstresses.Moreover,DHtechnologycanhelpmeettheneedsandpreferencesofconsumers,leadingtomoreprofitablefarmingenterprises.Bycontinuingtoapplyadvancesingeneticsandgenomics,DHtechnologycansupportthedevelopmentofasustainableandsecureglobalfoodsupply.AnotheradvantageofDHtechnologyinbarleybreedingistheabilitytopreciselymanipulatespecificgenesofinterest.Traditionalbreedingmethodsrelyonchancemutationsandnaturalgeneticvariationtoproducedesirabletraits.However,DHtechnologyallowsforthetargetedinsertionorremovalofspecificgenes,knownasgeneediting.

GeneeditingtechniquessuchasCRISPR-Cas9havebeendevelopedthatcanpreciselyedittheDNAofplants,includingbarley.Thiscanleadtothedevelopmentofcultivarsthatexhibitimprovedtraitssuchasincreasedyieldorenhanceddiseaseresistance.Moreover,geneeditingcanbeusedtoremovegenesthatcauseundesirabletraitssuchassusceptibilitytopestsordiseases.Thiscanpreventtheneedforharmfulpesticidesandherbicidesinfarmingpractices,leadingtomoresustainableandenvironmentallyfriendlyagriculturalmethods.

Furthermore,DHtechnologycanbeusedtopreservegeneticdiversityinbarley.Barleyisanimportantcropthathasbeencultivatedforthousandsofyearsandhasarichgeneticdiversity.However,modernbreedingpracticestendtofocusonalimitednumberofhigh-yieldingcultivars,leadingtoalossofgeneticdiversity.DHtechnologycanhelppreservethisdiversitybyproducinggeneticallyidenticalcopiesofrareandendangeredcultivarsthatcanthenbedistributedtofarmersandresearchers.

Additionally,DHtechnologycanfacilitatethedevelopmentofcultivarsthataretailoredtospecificgrowingconditions.Barleyisgrowninawiderangeofenvironmentalconditionsandgeographiclocations,eachwithitsuniquechallenges.ByusingDHtechnologytodevelopcultivarsthatareadaptedtospecificgrowingconditions,farmerscanachievebetteryieldsandreduceproductioncosts,leadingtomoreprofitableandsustainablefarmingpractices.

Overall,DHtechnologyoffersnumerousopportunitiesforimprovingbarleybreeding,whichinturncanbenefitfarmers,consumers,andtheenvironment.Bycombiningadvancesingeneticsandgenomicswithinnovativebreedingtechniques,DHtechnologycanplayavitalroleinensuringasecureandsustainableglobalfoodsupply.AnotheradvantageofDHtechnologyinbarleybreedingisitsabilitytoacceleratethebreedingprocess.Traditionalbreedingmethodscantakeyearsorevendecadestodevelopnewcultivarswithdesirabletraits.However,DHtechnologyallowsfortherapidproductionofgeneticallyidenticalplants,whichcansignificantlyshortenthetimerequiredtoproducenewcultivars.

Thisisparticularlyimportantinthecontextofclimatechangeandtheneedtodevelopcropsthataremoreresilienttochangingenvironmentalconditions.ByusingDHtechnology,breederscanquicklydevelopcultivarsthatareadaptedtonewgrowingconditions,suchasincreaseddroughtorheattolerance.Thiscanhelpensurefoodsecurityinregionsthatareparticularlyvulnerabletoclimatechange.

Furthermore,DHtechnologycanbeusedinconjunctionwithotherbreedingmethodstoproduceevenbettercultivars.Forexample,DHtechnologycanbeusedtoscreenlargepopulationsofplantsfordesirabletraits,suchasdiseaseresistanceordroughttolerance.Theplantsthatexhibitthedesiredtraitscanthenbecrossedwithotherplantstoproducenewcultivarswithevenbettertraits.

DHtechnologycanalsobeusedtoproducehybridcultivars,whichcanexhibithigheryieldsandenhancedstresstolerance.Hybridcultivarsareproducedbycrossingtwogeneticallydivergentparents,whichcanbedifficulttoachieveusingtraditionalmethods.However,DHtechnologyallowsbreederstoproducegeneticallyidenticalplantsfrombothparents,whichcanthenbecrossedtoproducehybridcultivars.

Inconclusion,DHtechnologyoffersnumerousadvantagesforbarleybreeding,includingtheabilitytopreciselymanipulatespecificgenes,preservegeneticdiversity,acceleratethebreedingprocess,andproducehybridcultivars.Byusinginnovativebreedingtechniques,breederscandevelopcultivarsthatareadaptedtospecificgrowingconditions,moreresistanttopestsanddiseases,andmoreenvironmentallysustainable.Thiscanhelpensureasecureandsustainableglobalfoodsupplyforgenerationstocome.AnotheradvantageofDHtechnologyinbarleybreedingisitsabilitytoimprovethequalityofthefinalproduct.Bymanipulatingspecificgenes,breederscanincreasethenutritionalvalueofthebarleyandreducethepresenceofharmfultoxins.Forexample,DHtechnologycanbeusedtoreducetheamountofmycotoxinsinbarley,whichcancausehealthproblemsinbothhumansandanimals.

DHtechnologycanalsobeusedtoimprovetheflavorprofileofthebarley,whichcanbeparticularlyimportantforthebrewingindustry.Byalteringgenesthatcontroltheproductionofflavorcompoundssuchasalphaacidsandbetaacids,breederscanproducebarleythathasmoredesirabletasteandaromacharacteristics.

Furthermore,DHtechnologycanbeusedtoovercomechallengesassociatedwithtraditionalbreedingmethods.Forexample,somebarleyvarietiesmayhavelowfertilitylevels,makingitdifficulttocrossthemwithothervarietiestoproducenewcultivars.DHtechnologycanbeusedtoproducehaploidplantsfrommalegametes,whichcanbeusedtobypassthelowfertilityissueandproducefertilehybridplants.

Anotherchallengefacedbybarleybreedersisthepresenceofundesirabletraits,suchassusceptibilitytofungaldiseases.DHtechnologycanhelpidentifygenesthatcontributetotheseundesirabletraits,whichcanthenbetargetedforremovalormodification.Thiscanhelpproducebarleyvarietiesthataremoreresistanttopestsanddiseases,andthereforerequirelesspesticideuse.

Overall,DHtechnologyoffersnumerousbenefitsforbarleybreeding,includingimprovedquality,increasedefficiency,andenhancedsustainability.Byusingthistechnologyincombinationwithtraditionalbreedingmethods,breederscandevelopnewbarleycultivarsthatarebetteradaptedtochanginggrowingconditionsandmeettheevolvingneedsofthefoodandbeverageindustries.Inadditiontothebenefitsmentionedabove,DHtechnologycanalsohelpacceleratethebreedingprocess.Traditionalbreedingmethodscanbeslowandlabor-intensive,requiringmultipleroundsofcrossingandselectionoverseveralyears.WithDHtechnology,theentireprocesscanbecompletedwithinasinglegeneration,reducingthetimeandresourcesneededtodevelopnewcultivars.

DHtechnologyalsoallowsforgreaterprecisionintargetingspecifictraits.Byisolatingandmanipulatingindividualgenes,breederscanproducebarleyplantswithspecificcharacteristicsthataredesirableforcertainend-uses.Forexample,theycantargetgenesthatcontroltheproductionofbeta-glucan,asolublefiberthathasbeenshowntohavehealthbenefits,toproducebarleywithincreasednutritionalvalueforhumanconsumption.

Furthermore,DHtechnologycanhelpaddressglobalfoodsecuritychallengesbyproducingmoreresilientbarleycultivars.Asclimatechangeandotherenvironmentalpressurescontinuetoimpactagriculturalsystems,itiscriticaltodevelopvarietiesthatarebetteradaptedtochangingconditions.DHtechnologycanbeusedtoidentifygenesthatconfertolerancetodrought,heat,andotherstressors,allowingbreederstoproducebarleyplantsthatcanthriveunderlessthanidealgrowingconditions.

Insummary,DHtechnologyoffersarangeofbenefitsthatcanhelpimprovetheefficiency,quality,andsustainabilityofbarleybreeding.Byusingthistechnologyinconjunctionwithtraditionalmethods,breederscandevelopnewcultivarsthatarebettersuitedtomeettheneedsofmodernagricultureandthefoodandbeverageindustries.WithcontinuingadvancementsinDHtechnology,thepotentialforproducingevenmoreinnovativeandresilientbarleyvarietiesislimitless.Beyondthebenefitsmentionedabove,DHtechnologycanalsohelpbreedersproducebarleyplantsthataremoreresistanttopestsanddiseases.Oneofthekeyadvantagesofthistechnologyisthatitallowsbreederstoidentifyandselectplantsthataregeneticallypredisposedtoresistcertainpathogens.Withthehelpofadvancedgeneticmarkers,breederscanquicklyscreenlargenum