2023年高中英語閱讀理解-第三部分-名人故事(四)練習

第三部分名人故事（四）16.AlexanderGrahamBellandHisFirstTelephone亞歷山大?格雷厄姆?貝爾和他的第一部機亞歷山大·格雷厄姆·貝爾，美國著名發(fā)明家和企業(yè)家。他發(fā)明了世界上第一臺可用的機，創(chuàng)建了貝爾公司，被譽為“之父”。他出生在蘇格蘭的愛丁堡，并在那里接受了早期的教育。除了發(fā)明外，他還研制了助聽器，改進了愛迪生發(fā)明的留聲機。他對聾啞語的發(fā)明貢獻甚大。從1875年到1922年間，他從美國政府那里就取得了三十項專利權(quán)。Today,aswelookupoverourbeadatthetelephonewiresthatcarryourwordsfromoneplacetoanother,wecannothelpthinkingofAlexanderGrahamBell,inventorofthetelephone.AlexanderGrahamBellwasborninScotland,butwhenhewasyounghisfamilymovedtoBoston,USA.Hismotherwasalmostdeaf,soAlexanderbecameinterestedinhelpingdeafpeoplecommunicateandindeafeducation.ThisinterestledhimtoinventtheBellneversetouttoinventthetelephoneandwhathewastryingtodesignwasamultipletelegraph.ThisoriginaltelegraphsentamessageoverdistancesusingMorsecode.Butonlyonemessagecouldgoatatime.Bellwantedtoimproveitsothatitcouldsendseveralmessagesatthesametime.Hedesignedamachinethatwouldseparatedifferentsoundwavesandallowdifferentconversationstobeheldatthesametime.Buthefoundtheproblemdifficulttosolve.Onedayashewasexperimentingwithastrawjoinedtoadeafman’sear,Bellnoticedthatwhenhespokeintotheear,thestrawdrewsoundwavesonapieceofsmokedglass.Suddenlyhehadaflashofinspiration.Ifsoundwavescouldbereproducedinamovingelectricalcurrent,theycouldbesentalongawire.Insearchingtoimprovethetelegraph,Bellinventedthefirsttelephone! OnMarch10,1876,BellandhisfriendThomasWatsonwereattheirpostsseveralroomsapart,readytobeginanotherexperiment.Whileworking,Bellgothisleghurt,andhecriedforhelp.“Mr.Watson,comehere,Iwantyou!”andWatsonheardBellcryingoverhisreceiver!Thatwasthefirstsentenceeverspokenoveratelephone.ThatnightBellwrotetohismother:“Thisisagreatdaywithme.Ifeelthatthedayiscomingwhenthetelephonewireswillbelaidontohousesjustlikewaterorgas,andfriendswilltalkwitheachotherwithoutleavinghome.”Twoyearslater,telephoneswereinstalledinmanycitiesintheUnitedStates.Thenumberoftelephonesinusekeptgoingupveryfastyearafteryear,andin1922therewereover20milliontelephonesintheUnitedStatesonly.C.hewasalmostdeaf.D.hismotherwasalmost.2.Bellinventedthetelephone______A.becausehehadadeafmother.B.buthehadneverintendedtodosointhebeginning.C.becausehehadmadeuphismindtorealizethisdream.D.sothathecouldtalktohisassistant,Mr.Watson.3.Thefirstsentenceeverspokenoveratelephonewas______A.saidbyBell.B.toaskforhelp.C.toaskWatsontocometoBell'splace.D.allmentionedabove.4.Theoriginaltelegraphhadadisadvantagebecause______A.itcouldsendseveralmessagesatthesametime.B.onlyonemessagecouldgoatatime.C.itsentamessageoverdistancesusingMorsecode.D.itseparateddifferentsoundwavesandallowdifferentconversationstobeheldatthesametime.5.DuringBell’sfuneral,allthetelephonesinNorthAmericaweresilent______A.becausetherewasanelectricityfailure.B.inordertoshowrespectandadmirationofthepeopletothegreatinventor.C.tocelebratetheinventionofthetelephone.D.rememberthedayofBell’sdeath.(DBDBB)17.AlexanderFleming,DiscovererofPenicillin亞歷山大?弗萊明—青霉素的發(fā)現(xiàn)者青霉素（也叫盤尼西林）的發(fā)明者亞歷山大·弗萊明，于1881年出生在蘇格蘭的洛克菲爾德，英國著名細菌學家。弗萊明從倫敦圣馬利亞醫(yī)院醫(yī)科學校畢業(yè)后，從事免疫學研究。1928年弗萊明發(fā)現(xiàn)了青霉素。如今，青霉素已經(jīng)救活了數(shù)以百萬計的人們的生命，而且將來肯定還會救活更多的生命。\doinganyharmtoman.Flemingwroteapaperinwhichhedescribedpenicillinindetails.Thepaperwaspublishedin1929.Becauseofthelackofenoughmeans,hecouldnotgetenoughquantityofpenicillintobeusedforman.Itwasonly12yearslaterthattwootherscientistssucceededingettingenoughpenicillinforthedoctorstouseinhospitals.Inhislifetime,AlexanderFlemingreceivedalotofawardsforhisachievements.Forhisdiscoveryofpenicillin,hewontheNobelPrizein1945.ComprehensionQuestions:1.Flemingbeganhissearchforsuchasubstanceaspenicillin______A.whilestudyingatcollege.B.assoonashegraduatedfromcollege.C.duringtheFirstWorldWar.D.whenWorldWarIended.2.Penicillin______A.cancureanypatient.B.cankillthedangerousgermswithoutdoinganyharmtoman.C.isonlyusedonwounds.D.waswidelyusedinthe1920s.3.Penicillinwasfirstusedinhospitals______A.in1928.B.in1929.C.in1950.D.in1941.4.Flemingbecameworld-famousfor______A.hisexperimentsinthelaboratory.B.alotofawardshehadreceived.C.hisdiscoveryofpenicillin.D.thepaperinwhichhedescribedpenicillinindetails.5.Thepassagemainly______A.givesusabriefintroductionofAlexanderFleming.B.tellsushowpenicillinwasdiscovered.C.givesusabriefintroductionofpenicillin.D.describestheusesofpenicillin.(CBDCA)對人類認識自我有著巨大的啟發(fā)與推動作用。CharlesDarwinwasaworld-famousnaturalist,whowasbornin1809atShrewsbury,Britain.Afterfinishingschool,hewenttoAfteryearsofcarefulobservation,thoughtandstudy,inNovember1859,Darwin'smainwork,TheOriginofSpecies,waspublished.Inthebook,Darwinstatedthatdifferenttypesoflivingcreatureshadnotbeencreatedsuddenly,buthadbeendevelopingoverthousandsofmillionsofyears.Inthestruggleforlife,somespecieshadfailedanddiedoutwhileotherslivedonbecausetheycouldfitinwiththeirsurroundings.Thiswascalled“thesurvivalofthefittest”.Darwin'sideasarousedmanyarguments.Buthedidnotgiveuphisviewsbecausehehadscientificprooftosupporthim.Later,moreandmorepeoplebelievedhistheory.CharlesDarwindiedin1882.Hisgreatcontributiontosciencewasthetheoryofevolution,whichwasknownasDarwinism.ComprehensionQuestions:1.Anaturalistisapersonwho______A.experimentsonplantsinalaboratory.B.makesexperimentsonpatientsinhospital.C.studiesmedicine.D.studiesanimalsandplants.2.CharlesDarwinoncemadealongjourneytostudyanimalsandplantsabroadbecause______A.hedidn'tliketostudyanimalsandplantsinhisowncountry.B.theplantsandanimalsinothercountriesweredifferentfromthoseinhisowncountry.C.hewantedtolearnmoreaboutanimalandplantlife.D.hewantedtolearnexactlyhowmanykindsofanimalstherewere.3.WecanconcludethatTheOriginofSpecieswaspublished______A.whenhewaslivinginLondon.B.whenhewasfiftyyearsold.C.beforehetraveledthedifferentpartsoftheworld.D.thirtyyearsbeforehedied.A.theywerenottakengoodcareofbypeople.B.itwastoohotinsummerandtoocoldinwinter.C.theycouldn'tfitinwiththeirsurroundings.D.theywerekilledbypeopledaybyday.(DCBAC)19.MarcoPolo,FamousItalianTraveler馬可?波羅—意大利著名旅行家馬可·波羅，1254出生于威尼斯。少年時便與其父親、叔父開始了他神奇而偉大的旅行——橫跨歐亞大陸。25年后才回到家鄉(xiāng)，著成《馬克·波羅游記》。他說：“無論什么種族，什么時代，從沒有人看見過或觀察過本書中所描述得如此多、如此偉大的事情?！睍忻枋隽瞬ㄋ怪衼喌雀鲊L光，中國的敦煌、哈密、酒泉，張掖等許多城鎮(zhèn)的風情；記載了元朝的都城建筑、官廷生活，典章禮儀、政治軍事……馬可·波羅對于京都的宏大氣勢，對于蘇州、杭州等城市的秀麗多姿，不僅描繪細膩，而且發(fā)出了由衷的贊嘆。MarcoPolowasborninVenicein1254.HewasthemostfamouswesternertovisitAsiaduringTheMiddleAges.Hisfather,NicoloPolo,andhisunclewerewealthytraderswhoregularlytraveledtopartsoftheEast.TheyvisitedChinaandbecamefriendswithKublaiKhan,thegreatMongolEmperor.ItwasonlywhentheyreturnedtoItalyfromChinathatMarco,whowasnow15yearsold,firstmethisfather.Marcodecidedtojointhemfortheirnexttrip.Ittookthemmorethanthreeyearstotravelthe9000milestoShang-tu,capitaloftheMongolEmpire.ThegreatKhangavethemafinewelcomeandtheystayedinahugemarbleplace.SoontheyoungMarcobecameagreatfavoriteoftheEmperorandwasoneofhismosttrustedfriends.MarcoquicklylearnedthelanguageandcustomsoftheChinesebecausehetraveledaroundandtalkedtomanypeople.Afternearly17yearsintheEast,Marcoandhisfatherpreparedtoreturnhome.NotlongafterMarcocamehome,theGenoesecaughthimduringabattleatsea.WhilehewasaprisonerhemetawritercalledRustichellowhowrotedownthelongstorythatMarcotoldhimabouthistravels.Hedidnotmakeanymorejourneysalterthepublicationofhisbooks,buthehadaplaceinhistory---hewasthefirstEuropeanevertotraveltheEastandtoreturnwithastorytotell..2.WecanconcludethatMarcobeganhistriptoChinafromItaly______A.beforehewas15yearsold.B.afterhisfatherandunclereturnedhomefromtheirfirsttriptoChina.C.whenhewas35yearsold.D.assoonashewas15yearsold.3.MarcoPololearnedtheChineselanguageandcustomsby______A.travelingaroundandtellingstoriestotheChinesepeople.B.readingandwritingChinese.C.hearingandspeakingChinese.D.talkingtomanypeoplewhiletravelingaround.4.WhenMarcoPoloreturnedtoItaly,hewasalready______A.32yearsoldB.30yearsold.C.atleast35yearsold.D.about42yearsold.5.TodayweknowMarcoPolo’striptoChinaverywellmainlybecause______A.Marcohimselfwroteatravelbook.B.someChinesewrotedownthestoryofhistrip.C.someonewrotedownthelongstorybasedonwhatMarcoPolohadtoldhim.D.manyprisonersheardthestoryandpasseditontous.(ABDCC)20.WilliamShakespeare,theGreatestEnglishPlaywright威廉?莎士比亞—英國最偉大的劇作家莎士比亞，公元1564年4月23日生于英格蘭斯特拉福鎮(zhèn)，1616年5月3日病逝。英國著名劇作家、詩人。主要作品有《羅密歐與朱麗葉》、《哈姆雷特》、《麥克白》、《李爾王》等。莎士比亞在1590～1612的20余年內(nèi)共寫了三十七部戲劇，還寫有二首長詩和一百五十四首十四行詩。他的戲劇多取材于歷史記載、小說、民間傳說和老戲等已有的材料，反映了封建社會向資本主義社會過渡的歷史現(xiàn)實，宣揚了新興資產(chǎn)階級的人道主義思想和人性論觀點。tenyear