hot disk說明書-中英文對照版

PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION介 TERMINOLOGY術(shù) INSTALLATION安 Softwareinstallation軟件安 Hardwareinstallation硬件安 Quicktestusingthestainlesssteelverificationsamplesd使用提供的不銹鋼樣品進(jìn)行快速測 Summary總 AvailableHotDisksensors探 Powder/pastesampleholder粉末/糊狀樣品支 HotDiskTPS HotDiskTPS500 HotDiskTPS HotDiskTPS HotDiskTPS2500 HotDiskTPS HotDisk Solidmaterials固體樣 Repeatedexperiments重復(fù)實(shí) HintTexts提示文 MeasurementSection測量部 InformationSection信息部 FileTab文件 HardwareConfiguration硬件配 Schedule計(jì)劃程 TemperatureControl溫度控 ScheduledMeasurements,CalculationandExport計(jì)劃測量，計(jì)算和輸 ExporttoExcelorText輸出Excel或者Text格 Files文 Parameterselection參數(shù)選 MeasurementTime測量時 TemperatureDrift溫度漂 APPLICATIONS應(yīng) Applicationnotes應(yīng)用筆 HighTcsuperconductor1:2:3compoundTc（１:２:３混合物）77 Polystyrenewithadensityof40kg/m3密度為的聚苯乙烯..Powder-sandwithanapproximateparticlesizeof1mm粉末-粒徑大約為1毫米的沙 Summary總 STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)特征 SUPPORT支 Latest Checkingfor Applicationsettings應(yīng)用程序設(shè) Configurationfiles配置文 MeasurementProblems測量問 SoftwareBugs軟件錯 Fatalerror致命錯 REFERENCES參考文 APPENDIXA–SUPPORTING PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION簡 INSTALLATION安 HARDWARE硬 SAMPLEPREPARATION樣品準(zhǔn) SOFTWARE軟 MeasurementSetup測量設(shè) APPLICATIONS應(yīng) STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī) REFERENCES參考文獻(xiàn) 一維測 INTRODUCTION簡 HARDWARE硬 SOFTWARE軟 STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī) TheThinFilm 薄膜模 PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION介 INSTALLATION安 ReferenceMeasurement參照測 ConcludingRemarks結(jié)束 APPLICATIONS應(yīng) STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī) PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION簡 INSTALLATION安 SAMPLEPREPARATION樣品PARAMETERSELECTION參數(shù)選 Measurementtime測量時 ReferenceMeasurements參照測 APPLICATIONS應(yīng) STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī) REFERENCES參考文獻(xiàn) TheSlabModule平板模 PREAMBLE序 INTRODUCTION引 HARDWARE硬 SAMPLEPREPARATION樣品 PerformingMeasurements執(zhí)行實(shí) APPLICATIONNOTE STANDARDSPECIFICATIONS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī) REFERENCES參考文 PREAMBLE序Youareabouttostartusingastate-of-the-artsystemformeasuringthermaltransportpropertiesofmaterials.OnceyougettoknowthesystemandhowitworksyouwillcometoappreciatetheeaseandtheflexibilityoftheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.Tolearnhowthesystemoperatesitisimportantthatyoufollowtheinstructionsofthismanual.Beforeproceedingtoexperiments,itisstronglysuggestedthatyoufamiliarizeyourselfwithitscontents.Bestresultswillbeachievedifthemanualisreadinchronologicalorder.您將開始使用測試材料熱傳導(dǎo)性能的最先進(jìn)系統(tǒng)。一旦您了解了我們的系統(tǒng)以及如何操作它，您就會被HotDik熱常數(shù)分析儀的可操作性和靈活性所感動。學(xué)習(xí)如何操作本系統(tǒng)需要您遵照本操作說明。開始實(shí)驗(yàn)之前，我們建議您認(rèn)真并持續(xù)不斷的研讀，以得到最佳實(shí)驗(yàn)效果和結(jié)果。INTRODUCTION介TheTransientneSource(TPS)methodistodayarguablythemostpreciseandconvenienttechniqueforstudyingthermaltransportproperties.Itisanabsolutetechnique,yieldinginformationonthermalconductivity,thermaldiffusivityaswellasspecificheatperunitvolumeofthematerialunderstudy,inaccordancewithISO22007- 全新的技術(shù)，能夠提供被研究樣品的導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)，熱擴(kuò)散系數(shù)以及體積比熱容,遵循國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISOTheTPSmethodisbasedontheuseofatransientlyheatednesensor,andisinitsmostcommonadaptationreferredtoastheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.TheHotDisksensorconsistsofanelectricallyconductingpatternintheshapeofadoublespiral,whichhasbeenetchedoutofathinmetal(Nickel)foil.Thisspiralissandwichedbetweentwothinsheetsofaninsulatingmaterial(Kapton,Mica,etc.).這種方法基于瞬態(tài)加熱平面探頭的使用，也被廣泛的稱為的HotDisk熱常數(shù)分析儀，HotDisk探頭由可導(dǎo)電的雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)繞線組成。此繞線采用的是光刻的金屬箔(鎳絲)，被夾在兩絕緣薄層(聚酰亞胺，云母等)之間。Whenperformingameasurement,aneHotDisksensorisfittedbetweentwopiecesofthesampleeachonewithanesurfacefacingthesensor.Byrunninganelectricalcurrent,strongenoughtoincreasethetemperatureofthesensorbetweenafractionofadegreeuptoseveraldegrees,andatthesametimerecordingthe(temperature)increaseasafunctionoftime,theHotDisksensorisusedbothasaheatsourceandasadynamictemperaturesensor.HotDisk探頭既被用作熱源，也被用作動態(tài)溫度探頭。ThesolutionofthethermalconductivityequationisbasedontheassumptionthattheHotDisksensorislocatedinaninfinitemedium,whichmeansthatthetransientrecordingmustbeinterruptedassoonasanyinfluencefromtheoutsideboundariesofthetwosamplepiecesisrecordedbythesensor.熱導(dǎo)方程的解建立在HotDisk探頭處于無限大媒介中的假設(shè)上，這意味著一旦探頭所記錄的兩塊Typicalsamplesizesarebetween1and10cm3butcaninspecialsituationsbereducedto0.01cm3.Thesamplepreparationislimitedtothecuttingofonenesurfaceoneachoneofthetwosamplepieces.FromwhatissaidaboveitisimportanttonotethatthesizeoftheflatsamplesurfacesshouldbeappreciablylargerthanthediameteroftheHotDisksensorinordertoallowfornottooshortatransient典型樣品尺寸在1至10cm3之間，但是特殊情況下可低至001cm3。樣品的預(yù)處理只限于將兩個樣品切出一個平面即可。綜上所述，測量中需要著重注意的是，為了延長瞬變記錄，被測樣品的平面尺寸必須大于HotDisk探頭的直徑。TheHotDiskThermalConstantsyserhasbeenusedforstudyingalargenumberofdifferentmaterialssuchasMetals,Alloys,Minerals,Ceramics,Glasses,Powders,stics,BuildingMaterials,BiomaterialsInVivoorInVitro,Liquidsetc.CommerciallyavailableHotDiskelementsmakemeasurementspossiblefromcryogenictemperaturesupto1000K.Thehighesttemperaturesreachedsofarwithspeciallydesignedsensorsarebetween1700Kand1800K.HotDisk熱常數(shù)分析儀已被用來測量很多不同的材料，比如金屬、合金、礦石、陶瓷、玻璃、粉HotDisk超低溫到1000K。通過設(shè)計(jì)的特殊探頭使用溫度可以達(dá)到1700或1800K。TERMINOLOGY術(shù) Excelspreadsheet微軟 ）電子表格程序Experimenttype

Typeofmeasurementandcalculationusedtoobtainthermalproperties.Whenyouselectexperimenttypeandsettingsforthattype,themethodwillbeselected用于獲得熱性能的測量和計(jì)算類型。當(dāng)你選擇試驗(yàn)類型和設(shè)定時相應(yīng)的方被自動的選定； NumberofPowerLineCyclestheinstrumentintegratesover,foreachmeasurementduringthetransient. TemperatureCoefficientofResistivityofthe Transientne INSTALLATION安Foracorrectinstallationofthesystemitisimportanttofollowtheinstructionsinthissection.Beforeproceedingwiththeinstallation,makesurethatyouhavereceivedallstandardcomponentsoftheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.Theseincludes,atleast,thefollowingitems:在這一部分中，為了保證正確的系統(tǒng)安裝，需要遵循安裝指南。在安裝以前首先要確保已經(jīng)擁有HotDisk熱常數(shù)分析儀的所有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置，至少包括以下幾項(xiàng)：HotDiskThermalConstantsyser(HotDiskTPS500,TPS500S,TPS1500,TPS2200,TPS2500SorTPS3500)HotDisk（HotDiskTPS500,TPS500STPS1500,TPS2200TPS2500HotDiskHotDiskSeelatestversionof“InstallationofHotDiskTPS7TheHotDiskThermalConstantsysercanmeasurethethermalconductivityofmaterialsrangingfrom0.03to500W/m/Kbyutilizingthestandardisotropicmeasurementmoduleandthehighlysensitivecomponents.Thesystemdetectstemperaturedifferenceswithanaccuracybetterthan0.1mK,thereforeitisimportantthatthesystemisinstalledinastableenvironment.Thelocationshouldpreferablybeisothermal,ofvibrationsandmaintainconstanthumidity.HotDisk0.03500W/mk0.1mk，因此在一個相對穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境下安裝儀器顯得尤為重要。推薦安裝在恒溫ConnecttheUSBcablebetweenthecomputerrunningtheHotDisksoftwareandtheTPSinstrument.連接電腦與TPS儀器之間的USBConnectthepowerlinecablesfirsttotheTPSinstrumentandthenthemains.Switchthesystemon(thepowerswitchislocatedonthebacksideofthe連接TPS設(shè)備和主機(jī)的電源，打開系統(tǒng)的開關(guān)（開關(guān)在設(shè)備后面板LaunchtheHotDisksoftwareonceallUSBdeviceshavebeensuccessfullydetectedandinstalled.確定所有的USB設(shè)備都連接好后，打開HotDiskEnsurethatthecorrectHotDiskinstrumentandthesensortype(HotDisk)areselectedinthedrop-down (Instrumentandsensortype)atthebottomoftheExperimentalTypeselectionwindow.ThenclosethewindowwiththeXinthetoprightcornertoproceedtothemainsoftwarewindow.在“實(shí)驗(yàn)類型選項(xiàng)”界面底部“儀器和探頭類型”下拉框中選擇正確的設(shè)備型號和探頭型號，點(diǎn)擊右上角的X關(guān)閉按鈕進(jìn)入軟件的主界面。NowclickFileandthenHardwareConfigurationtoopenthefollowing點(diǎn)擊“文件”Makesurethatthecorrectinstrumentisdetected.IfnothingisdetectedpressScantoanupdate.確定設(shè)備是否被檢測到，如果沒有點(diǎn)擊“掃描IfaTPS1500,TPS2200,TPS2500SorTPS3500isbeinginstalledyouwillhavetomanuallyupdatetheResistorBridgeReference .TodothisclickResistorbridgeinthelist(notpresentforTPS500orTPS500S)andrecethedefault10ΩvaluewiththeinstrumentspecificRsvalue.TheRsvalueisfoundintheTestProtocol,locatedintheServiceManual.YouwillhavetoconfirmtheenteredvaluewhenclickingOK.Pleasemakesurethatthevalueiscorrectlyentered,sinceanyerrorherewillbereflectedinyourcoming如果是安裝的設(shè)備是TPS1500、2200、2500S或者是3500，需要手動更新電阻橋參考阻值。點(diǎn)擊“電阻橋”，用具體的阻值替換掉默認(rèn)的10Ω；相應(yīng)的參數(shù)在服務(wù)手冊的estprotool中；替換完成后點(diǎn)擊“確認(rèn)”，請確保這一數(shù)值正確，因?yàn)槿魏五e誤都將會影響接下來的測量。WhenexitingtheHardwareConfigurationwindowyouwillhavetoconfirmthePowerLineFrequency,whichiseither50Hzor60Hzdependingonyourterritory.當(dāng)退出硬件配置窗口，您需要確認(rèn)當(dāng)?shù)氐碾娫搭l率是50Hz還是60HzThisconcludesthehardwareinstallationandyouarereadytoproceedwith以上內(nèi)容是硬件安裝，接下來就可以進(jìn)試了GETTINGSTARTED開始測ThissectionisaimedatgivingyouabriefintroductiontotheuseandfunctioningoftheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.Inlatersectionsyouwillgaindeeperinsightintotheoperationofthesystem,moredetailedinformationabouttheindividualcomponentsanddifferentsystemsapplications.這一部分將向您簡單介紹HotDisk熱常數(shù)分析儀的使用和功能。在后面的章節(jié)您將得到關(guān)于系統(tǒng)Quicktestusingthestainlesssteelverificationsamplesd使用StartingtheHotDiskTurnontheinstrumentwiththeswitchonthebacksideoftheunit.Undernormalexperimentalconditionstheunitshouldbeswitchedon60minutespriortomakinganexperiment.啟動主機(jī)后面板上的電源開關(guān)。為了使準(zhǔn)確，HotDisk測試裝置至少應(yīng)該預(yù)熱60分鐘。BootuptheStarttheHot ysisTheExperimenttypeselectionwindowwillbedisyed.Forfigureseechapter8.3.顯示“實(shí)驗(yàn)類型選擇”窗口(如圖見8.3EnsurethatthecorrectHotDiskinstrumentandthesensortype(HotDisk)combinationareselectedinthedropdown (Instrumentandsensortype)atthebottomofthewindow.ClickonBulk(typeI).Thesamplesetupwindowwillthenbedisyed.Previouslyusedexperimentsettingsaredisyed(installationdefaultsthefirsttime).點(diǎn)擊“1”HotDiskPreparationoftheStainlessSteelSelectaKaptonsensor(transparentyellowishcolour)thatcoversonlythecentralpartofthenesurfaceofthesamplepiecestoallowenoughmaterialbetweenthesensorandtheoutsideboundariesofthesample.Itisadvisedthatthediameterofthesamplenotbelessthantwicethatofthesensorandthatthethicknessofthesamplenotbelessthantheradiusofthesensor).Inthiscasewe mendasensorwitharadiusofabout6-7mm,forexamplesensor5501.選擇只能覆蓋一部分樣品平面的聚酰亞胺探頭（淺棕色），以此在探頭和樣品的外邊界之間提供足夠的材料。我們建議您的樣品直徑至少要是探頭直徑的兩倍，厚度至少與探頭的半徑相同。這次我們推薦使用6-7毫米半徑的探頭，編號5501。Figure1.Makesurethesensoriscentredandcethesecondsamplehalfontopofthesensorsothatitistotallycovered,formingasample-sensor-samplesandwichasseeninFigure1.如圖1-確保探頭在樣品中間，然后第二個樣品放置于探頭上方使其被完，形成如圖1所示的三明治結(jié)構(gòu)；Figure1.MountingthesampleandcentringtheClampthepiecesfirmlytogetherandmakesurethatthereisnoairgapbetweenthesensorandthesamplesurfaces,sincethismightcauseoverheatinganddamagethesensorduringtheexperimentalrecording.夾緊樣品，確保探頭與樣品表面之間沒有空氣間隙，因?yàn)檫@也許會引起探頭的過度加熱并在實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄過程中損壞探頭。Thesampleshouldbekeptatthesameambienttemperaturelongenoughtoavoidanytemperaturedriftbeforeandduringtheexperiment.Forametalsample15minutesisnormallyenoughtoequalisethetemperature.樣品應(yīng)該被保存在恒定的外界溫度中足夠長的時間來避免實(shí)驗(yàn)前以及實(shí)驗(yàn)中的溫度漂移。對于金屬樣品，15分鐘通常足夠平衡溫度。InthesamplesetupwindowunderSample,pleaseenter“StainlessSteel”Sample在主界面中的“樣品設(shè)置”窗口下“”中輸入 Steel”Enter“15.00”asAvailableProbing“可使用的探測深度”中輸入“Thesefirstsettingsareintendedforyourowninformationandarenotusedforcontrollingtheexperiment.NowselecttheTest選擇“測試”CheckthatSensortypeissettoHot設(shè)置“探頭類型”為“HotSetSensorMaterialTypeto設(shè)置“材料類型”為“Kapton（聚酰亞胺SetSensortothesensorchosenatpoint2.a.根據(jù)上 2.a.的描述選擇并設(shè)置“探頭 PleasesetTestsampletemperaturetoyourcurrentroomtemperature.MatchingTCRwillautomaticallybecalculated.請把“樣品溫度”設(shè)定到您現(xiàn)在的室溫。儀器將會自動計(jì)算相應(yīng) TCR（溫度電阻數(shù)Theselectionofmeasurementtimeandheatingpowerisveryimportantforachievingreliableresultsandrequiressomeexperience.However,aParameterWizardhasbeendevelopedtogeneratesuggestedvaluesandsofacilitatetheoperationoftheHotDisksystem.測量時間和加熱功率的選擇對于得到可靠的結(jié)果是非常重要的，這需要一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)。但是，我們?yōu)槟贫藚?shù)選擇器來方便您HotDisk系統(tǒng)的使用。SelectingMeasurementtimeandHeatingpoweristypicallydoneinaccordancewithoneofthefollowingscenarios:可以通過以下方法選擇測量時間和加熱功率Youmayhaveperformedsimilarexperimentspreviouslyandknowdirectlywhatparameterswillachievepreciseandreliable您也許之前做過類似的實(shí)驗(yàn)，知道什么參數(shù)可以達(dá)到精確的可靠的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。YoumayhaveavailabletwosamplepiecesofamaterialwithpropertiessimilartoanyofthematerialslistedintheParameterYoumaynotknowanythingasyetaboutthethermalpropertiesofthematerial.Insuchcase,pleasefollowtheitionproceduresuggestedbytheParameterWizard.您也許對于樣品材料的熱性能一無所知。這樣的話，請參照參數(shù)選擇器中的給出的結(jié)果。WiththeStainlessSteelsampleavailablefortestingthesystem,wecouldchoosetoconsulttheParameterWizard.However,forthisquicktestletusemploythefollowinginputparameters:對于使用不銹鋼樣品測試系統(tǒng)的情況，我們可以選擇參考參數(shù)選擇器。但是，對于快速測試我們可以使用下列的輸入?yún)?shù)：Heatingpower加熱功率1WMeasurementtime10s.PerformingtheClickontheOKbuttontoconfirmyourselectionsandlaunchthemainwindowoftheHotDiskysissoftware,seechapter0forfurtherinformation.Hereyoucanreviewyoursettingsintheparameterwindow.點(diǎn)擊“OK”確認(rèn)進(jìn)入HotDiskysis軟件的主界面，您可以在主界面下面看到您設(shè)ClickontheStartbuttononthetopleftonthescreentolaunchthe點(diǎn)擊屏幕左上角的“開始”開始測試；Theconfirmationdialogbox“Runexperiment”willpopup.ConfirmbyclickingOK.Pleasedonotaddorremoveanyhardware,suchasUSB-sticks,duringameasurementsincethiscaninterruptthemeasurement.確認(rèn)框“開始試驗(yàn)”會彈出，點(diǎn)擊“OK”確認(rèn)。測試過程中不要添加或移除任何硬件，例如UB設(shè)備，否則會中斷測量；TheHotDisk yserwillHotDiskAdjusttheresistorbridge,forsystemsincludingone(TPS1500,TPS2200,TPS2500SandTPS3500)對于TPS1500、TPS2200、TPS2500、TPS3500Performdriftmeasurementswhensoselected,see勾選“參數(shù)專家”中的“漂移補(bǔ)償Heatthesensorandsamplewiththeselectedpowerwhilerecordingthetemperatureincreasein200datapointsduringthe使用選擇的功率加熱樣品，同時記錄探頭溫度增加的200AssoonasthetransientrecordingiscompletedaDriftgraph,ifdriftwasmeasured,andaTransientgraphwillbedisyed(underseparatetabs).SchematicpicturesofsuchgraphsarefoundinFigure2andFigure3,一旦瞬變記錄結(jié)束，溫漂圖表（如果進(jìn)行了溫漂測試）和瞬變圖表會被顯示，示意圖見圖2和圖3；Figure2.AnexampleofadriftFigure3.AtypicalmeasurementCalculatingtheClickontheCalculatebuttonorclickontherightmousebuttonwhentheTransientgraphisselected,andthenselect“Calculate”fromthepopup.ThiswilltriggertheCalculationSettingswindow,describedinchapter8.9.1.點(diǎn)擊“計(jì)算”或者在瞬態(tài)圖上點(diǎn)擊右鍵選擇“計(jì)算”彈出“計(jì)算設(shè)定”窗口，見8.9.1紹Herewhichofthe200recordeddatapointsshouldbeincludedinthecalculationsofthethermalpropertiesareselected.SelectStartpoint“8”andEndpoint200“8”和結(jié)束點(diǎn)SelectTimecorrection.Themostcommonchoiceistoworkwiththisfeature選擇“時間糾正”，測試多數(shù)會用到時間糾正；MakesureTemperatureDriftcompensationisnot確定“溫度漂移補(bǔ)償”未被勾選；UnchecktheKnownSpecificHeatofSamplebox.Thisoptioncanbeusedifthespecificheatisknown,andwillbediscussedlater.“樣品比熱容”中“Knownaue”不勾選；這個選項(xiàng)如果在比熱容已知的情況下可以選擇，后面會繼續(xù)討論；SelectCalibratedSpecificHeatcapacityofsensor.Withthisoptionitispossibletotakeintoconsiderationtheinfluenceofvariationsoftheheatingpoweronthecalculatedthermalproperties.Thisiscausedby,amongotherthings,theheatcapacityofthesensor.A mendedvalueforthesensorusedwillbegiven,whichisvalidforroomtemperatureconditions.選擇“校準(zhǔn)過的探頭比熱容”使用此選項(xiàng)我們可以把由于加熱功率的變化引起的對于熱性能計(jì)算的影響列入考慮中。加熱功率的變化是由探頭的熱容及其他因素引起的。對于所使用探頭的比熱會給出一個適用于室溫的推薦值。Singlesidedexperimentshouldnotbeselected.Thisoptioncanbeusedwhenonlyonesamplepieceisavailable.Thesensoristhenfittedwithaninsulatingmaterialononesideandthesampleontheother.不選“單面實(shí)驗(yàn)“，這個選項(xiàng)會在只使用一個樣品測試的情況下使用。接觸探頭兩面中的一面是絕緣材料而另一面是樣品的時候到。WiththeaboveselectionsmadeclickFine-tuned ysis.ThedifferencebetweenthisandStandard ysiswillbediscussedlater.以上設(shè)置完成點(diǎn)擊“精校分析”，“精校分析”與“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分析”之間的區(qū)別會在后面的章節(jié)討論；Thethermalpropertiesarenowcalculatedandpresentedinthemainwindow,withtwographsunderseparatetabs:Calculated,atemperaturevs.F(tau)graphshowingtheThisgraphshouldshowastraightlineifthecalculationisResidual,showingtheresidualbetweencalculatedandii.AsuccessfulmeasurementandcalculationwillyieldarandomNumericResultsarealsopresentedinaseparatesub-熱傳導(dǎo)性能經(jīng)計(jì)算后顯示計(jì)算結(jié)果及2計(jì)算圖：一個溫度與F(tau殘差圖：顯示計(jì)算和測試數(shù)據(jù)間的偏差。成功的測試和計(jì)算應(yīng)該生成隨機(jī)分布的散點(diǎn)。TheverificationsampleismadeofStainlessSteel,forwhichaThermalConductivityofabout13.5W/m/KandaThermalDiffusivityof3.6mm2/scanbeassumed(pleaseseetheTestProtocolforexactdataonyourverificationsamples).Whencomparingthevaluesreceivedfromtheexperiment,theresultsshouldnotdeviatemorethan5%fromthevaluesquotedhere.中的TestProtocol）。當(dāng)我們把這些數(shù)據(jù)與實(shí)驗(yàn)得到的結(jié)果相比較，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果誤差應(yīng)該不超過Ifyourvaluesprovetodeviatefromtheaboveranges,conductanewexperimentandmakesurethateverystepoftheprocedurehasbeenfollowed.Observethatyoumustwaitatleast15minutesbeforeperforminganewexperimentonthesameStainlessSteelsampleinordertostabilisethetemperatureinthesamplefollowingtheprevious如果您的數(shù)據(jù)誤差超過的以上的范圍，請執(zhí)行一個新的實(shí)驗(yàn)并確定遵循上述過程中的每一個步驟。請注意，您必須等待至少15分鐘然后再用同樣的不銹鋼樣品進(jìn)行新的實(shí)驗(yàn)，這是為了穩(wěn)定樣品的溫度。TheHotDiskThermalConstantsysercanbeusedformeasuringthermaltransportpropertiesofalargevarietyofmaterials,withthermalconductivitiesrangingfrom0.03W/m/Kto500W/m/Kforisotropicbulkmaterials,followingtheabovemethodology.UtilizingHotDisk’sothermeasurementmodulesathermalconductivityrangeof0.005W/m/Kto1800W/m/Kispossibletoreach.NaturallytheparametersHeatingpower,MeasurementTimeandSensorRadiusmustbeselectedwithcareinordertoarriveatresultswithinthegivenlimitsofaccuracy.Furthermore,sometrainingorexperiencewiththeinstrumentisneededtoachievebestpossibleresultswhencalculatingtheresults.Thisinvolvestheselectionofstartingandendpointsforcalculationsandofcoursetheappreciationoftheresultingdata,suchasevaluatingtheresiduegraph.Thesematterswillallbediscussedinmoredetailbelow.HotDisk熱常數(shù)分析儀可以用于測量多種材料的熱傳導(dǎo)性能，遵循上述方法可測量導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)范圍0.03W/m/K500W/m/KHotDisk0.005W/m/K1800W/m/K。當(dāng)然為了達(dá)到符合一定精度的結(jié)果，需要設(shè)置適當(dāng)?shù)膮?shù)HARDWARE硬ThissectionwillgiveyoumoredetailedinformationofthecomponentsincludedintheHotDiskThermalConstantsyser.這一節(jié)給您呈現(xiàn)HotDisk熱常數(shù)分析儀各個模塊的詳細(xì)信息ThebasicprincipalofthesystemistosupplyaconstantpowertoaninitiallyisothermalsampleviaaHotDisksensor,andduringalimitedheatingperiodtofollowtheresultingtemperatureincreasebyusingthesensoralsoasa thermometer.Thedynamicfeaturesofthetemperatureincrease,reflectedin increasesofthesensor,arepreciselyrecordedandysedsothatboththethermalconductivityandthermaldiffusivitycanbedeterminedfromasingletransientrecording.本系統(tǒng)的基本原理是通過HotDisk探頭給最初等溫的樣品提供恒定的功率，在有限的加熱時間里把探頭作為電阻溫度計(jì)同時記錄溫度的升高。溫度的動態(tài)升高反映在探頭的電阻升高，這個過程被準(zhǔn)確的記錄下來，并加以分析，由此，導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)和熱擴(kuò)散率可以通過單次的瞬態(tài)記錄被計(jì)算出來。TheTPS1500,TPS2200andTPS2500recordtheoff-balancevoltageofbridgecircuitinwhichthethermalsensor(HotDisksensor)isincluded.TPS1500、TPS2200、TPS2500記錄著包含熱傳感元件（HotDisk探頭）TheTPS500andTPS500Shasnobridgecircuitandthereforecannotmeasurewiththesamelevelofaccuracy.TPS500和TPS500SArangeofHotDisksensorsaswellasconvenientarrangementsforsupportingthesampleindifferentapplicationsandatdifferenttemperatureshavebeendevelopedasaccessoriestotheHotDisksystem.HotDisksensorHotDiskTheHotDisksensorconsistsofanelectricallyconductingpatternintheshapeofadoublespiraletchedoutofathinsheetofnickel.Thenickelfoilischosenbecauseofitshighandwell-knowntemperaturecoefficientofresistivity.Theconductingnickelpatternissupportedbylaminatingitbetweentwothinlayersofanelectricallyinsulatingmaterial.HotDiskNickelmetalcanbeusedassensormaterialoverquiteawidetemperaturerangefromabout-243°Cuptonearitsmeltingpoint.Inexperimentsperformedtodateithasbeenusedfrom-243°Ctoabout1000°C.However,itisnotpossibletousethesameinsulatingmaterialtosupporttheNickelspiralthroughoutthistemperaturerange.Fromcryogenictemperaturesupto300°C,thinPolyimide(Kapton)fi withathicknessof12.7μmor25mcanbeused.Thisgivesatotalthicknessofthesensorbetween60and80μm(includingthethicknessoftheadhesive).Formeasurementsatelevatedtemperatures,upto1000°C,aspecialMicainsulationisemployed.Thisinsulationmaterialisthicker(around0.1mm),whichmeansthatthetotalthicknessofthesensoramountstocircamm.FortestinginadverseorcorrosiveenvironmentalimitedselectionofTeflon-cladsensorsareavailable.Ifyouexceedthetemperaturelimitsgivenaboveforsensorswiththetwodifferentinsulationmaterials,thereisariskofpermanentlydamagingthesensors.鎳金屬可以被用作適用于很大溫度范圍（-243℃到它的）的探頭材料。迄今開展的試驗(yàn)中，它被用于從-243℃至1000℃。然而，在此溫度區(qū)間內(nèi)不能使用相同的絕緣材料來支撐鎳螺旋。從低溫至大約300℃，使用厚度12.7μm或25μm的聚亞酰胺（Kpton）薄膜。這種情況下探頭的總厚度在60μm和80μm之間（包括粘結(jié)劑的厚度）。對于300℃至1000℃的測量，使用特制的云母絕緣材料。這種絕緣材料稍厚（01mm左右），由此采用云母的探頭總厚度為0.25mm。在惡劣或腐蝕性的環(huán)境中可以使用聚四氟乙烯包層的探頭。如果超過上文給出的兩種不同絕緣材料的探頭的溫度極限，存在永久性損壞探頭的。Formeasurementsattemperaturesupto300°CtheKaptoninsulatedsensorsaremendedsincetheyyieldmoreaccurateresultsduetotheirmuchthinnerSensorswithKaptoninsulationareveryflexibleduetothemechanicalpropertiesoftheKaptonmaterial.Theycanbeusedforaverylargenumberofmeasurements,ifhandledcarefully.TheMicainsulationontheotherhandnormallyhasarathershortlifetime,particularlywhenusedatthehighesttemperatures,andshouldbeconsidereddisposable.ToprolongthelifetimeoftheselattersensorstheymustbehandledwithconsiderablymorecarethansensorswithKaptoninsulation-especiallyiftheintentionistousesuchMicasensorsmorethanonce.Itisstrongly mendedtoperformmeasurementsattemperaturesfrom500°Candhigherininertatmospheretominimiseoxidationanddegradationofthesensor.Degradationiscausedbydisintegrationoftheadhesivelayerbetweenthemicalayers,causingthesensortodelaminate.Somedegradationisacceptable,aslongasthenickelspiralisundamaged.Bymeasuringtheelectrical ofasensoritcanbedeterminedifsensorisusableornot.Sensor shouldbeabout12Ωandiseasilymeasuredusinganohm-meter.Furthermore,todelaythedelaminationforaslongaspossible,amicasensorshouldbehandledaslittleaspossiblebetweenmeasurements–preferablyitshouldbeleftinthesensorholderuntilarecementisrequired,andgreatcareshouldbetakenwhenmountinganddismountingthesamples.由于聚酰亞胺材料的力學(xué)性能，聚酰亞胺探頭是非常靈活的。仔細(xì)使用可以被用于大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)。云母絕緣的探頭的使用短，特別是在高溫中使用，基本上是的。為了延長其使用，如果想多次使用云母探頭，使用時必須比處理聚酰亞胺探頭更。強(qiáng)烈建議在500℃以上使用時，需要在惰性氣體中使用，以減少探頭的氧化和。是由于云母探頭之間的粘結(jié)層造成的。只要鎳螺旋是完好的，是可以被接受的。通過測量電阻可以測量探頭是否可用。探頭的電阻很容易通過歐姆表測量，一般在12Ω左右。因此，為了盡可能延遲云母探頭的，在測量之間盡可能放在探頭支架上不要動，直到需要更換新的探頭，在安裝和拆卸樣品時也需要格外。FormeasurementswiththeHotDisksystemitisimportanttoknowthepreciseTCR(TemperatureCoefficientoftheelectricalResistivity)oftheHotDisksensormaterial.Withthisinformationitispossibletocalculatethetemperaturevariationfromtherecordedincreaseofthesensorasafunctionoftimeveryprecisely,andthentoevaluatethethermaltransportproperties.TheTCRisthereforerequestedbytheysissoftwareforeverynewexperiment.數(shù)）。具有此信息才有可能從記錄的電阻增加與時間的函數(shù)精確計(jì)算溫度變化，然后評估熱傳輸性能。因此，分析軟件要求為每次新實(shí)驗(yàn)都輸入TR。ThesensormaterialoftheHotDiskisNickel,asmentionedabove.ThepositiveaspectofthismetalisitsratherlargeTCRoveranextendedtemperaturerange.AnegativeaspectisthatNickelundergoesaCurietransitionat358C,whichmeansthatmeasurementsinatemperaturerangearoundthistemperaturemustbeperformedwithparticularcare,andtheTCRmightdependonthesequenceinwhichthemeasurementsareactuallyperformed.Itisinotherwordsimportanttomakesurethatthesensoriseitherbelow300°Corabove420°Cinaparticularexperiment,toavoidinfluencefromtheCurietransition.HotDiskTR。缺點(diǎn)是鎳在358℃之間會經(jīng)歷一個相變，這意味著在此溫度范圍的測試必須特別，并且此TCR可能取決于測試實(shí)際開展的順序。換句話說，為了避免相變在測試中確保探頭處于350℃以下或420℃以上是重要的。However,thisproblemiscurrentlybeingaddressedbyHotDiskscientificstaffanduntilthesolutionisimplementedinthegeneralHotDisksoftwareindividualsolutionscanbearrangedifrequested.HotDisk的科研人員正在解決并將其整合到HotDiskTheTCRcanbedeterminedinessentiallytwodifferent可以通過以下兩種不同的途徑得 Byrecording oftheHotDisksensorasafunctionofHotDiskBymakingmeasurementsonmaterialswithknownthermalconductivitiesandfromsuchmeasurementscalculatingtheTCR.ThisispossiblesincethetemperatureincreaserecordedinatransientmeasurementisdirectlyproportionaltotheTCRandinverselyproportionaltothethermalconductivity.WhenusingthismethodtodeterminetheTCR-values,itisimportanttomakesurethatreferencevaluesofthethermalconductivityhavebeenmeasuredwithhighaccuracy.BeforeusingthethermalconductivityofaparticularmaterialfordeterminingTCR-values,pleasemakesurethatthereferencevalueshavebeendeterminedbyatleasttwoseparateandindependentexperimentalmethods.通過測量已知導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的材料，并從測試中計(jì)算TCR。之所以可行是因?yàn)樗矐B(tài)測試中記錄下的溫度增加與TCR成正比，并且與熱導(dǎo)率成反比。當(dāng)使用這種可能性測定TR數(shù)值時，重要的是確保借以參考的熱導(dǎo)率是精確測量的。在利用某一材料的熱導(dǎo)率確定TR數(shù)值之前，請確保該參考數(shù)值是通過至少兩次分隔和獨(dú)立的測試程序得到的。Fromanumberofmeasurementsbasedonthetwooptionsabove,eTCRvalues(seeAppendixTableI)havebeenobtainedforthesensorsdbyHotDiskABusingNickelassensormaterial.根據(jù)上述兩點(diǎn)進(jìn)行多次測量，得到HotDiskAB所提供的鎳探頭的TCR近似數(shù)值（附錄表1）SincesensorssupportedbyKaptoncanbeusedrepeatedlybelowroomtemperature,onemaycalibrateeachindividualsensoranduseitalsoforrecordingtheabsolutetemperatureofthesamplepriortothetransientrecording.由聚亞酰胺覆膜的探頭能夠在低于室溫的溫度下重復(fù)使用，因此可以校準(zhǔn)每個單獨(dú)的探頭，并用于瞬態(tài)記錄前樣品的絕對溫度。AvailableHotDisksensorsAsindicatedintheintroductionitispossibletoperformmeasurementsonavastnumberofmaterials,providedoneusesensorsofdifferentradiiandinsulationmaterials.TwoexamplesofsensorsaredepictedbelowandcurrentlyavailablemodelsarepresentedinTable1.正如在介