分析譯中中譯

IwouldliketogivemyheartythankstomyLecturerShiRuimin,forherconstructiveandpatientinstructionsinthecourseofmythesiswriting,andIwanttoexpressmydeepestrespectandappreciationtoherforherenormouscontributionsintime,energy,andeclecticexpertisethroughtheentireprocess.AndIamalsoobligedtoProfessorXuYanhongforthelistofbooksthatshe mendedtomeincontributingtothe plishmentofmypaper,forthecorrectionsthathelpimprovemypaperandforherencouragementwhichmakesmecarryon.Finally,myspecialthanksaregiventomyfamilyandfriendsfortheirgeneroushelpandconstantsupport.SisterCarrie:Self-actualizationUnderCapitalistic:SisterCarrieisthefirstnovelofTh reDreiserwhichisfullofthoughtsandicconnotations.WithAmericansocietyattheturnofthe19thand20thcenturyasbackground,thenovelwitnessesthegreatchangesofthattime.ThethoughtofSocialDarwinism,“thesurvivalofthefittest”,andtheboomofindustrializationchangespeople’slifestyleaswellastheirvaluesandgoalstheypursue.Thetraditionalfamilypatternisdestroyed,andmoreandmorewomanareinvolvedinthepublicworkwhichleadstoeconomicCarrieisatypicalrepresentativeofthisperiod.Beginningasapoorcountrysidegirl,andendingasafamousactress,Carrietakesrebelliousstepstowardsself-actualizationpanyingwiththeawakeningoffemaleconsciousness.Thethesisaimsto yzetheuniqueprocessofCharacters’self-actualizationunderthecapitalisticcommodification,andappreciatetheprotagonist’sbehavioralchangesandattitudestolifethroughthe:SocialDarwinism;Commodification;Self-Tableof in in………………..............Tableof ture TheSocialBackgroundofSister Theimpactsofcapitalisticcommodificationon SocialDarwinismembodiedinSister TheysisofCarrie’sProcessofSelf- ThetoTraditionalFamily TheSelf-actualizationbyLabor:afailure FromAttaentto TheBodyasCommodity:aSuccessful ⅤMoralControversyoverCarrie’sSelf- Carrie:Moralor EvolutionaryEthicsinSister Ⅵ ThreDreiseristhemostsignificantAmericanlirynaturalist.Hisfirstnovel,SisterCarrie,publishedonNov.8th,1990,isoneofmajorworksaswellasthemostcontroversialone,whichisfullofthoughtsandicconnotations.TheworksetinChicagoandNewYork.WithAmericansocietyattheturnofthe19thand20thcenturyasbackground,thenovelwitnessesthegreatchangesofthattime.ThethoughtofSocialDarwinism,“thesurvivalofthefittest”,andtheboomofindustrializationchangespeople’slifestyleaswellastheirvaluesandgoalstheypursue.Thetraditionalfamilypatternisdestroyed,andmoreandmorewomenareinvolvedinthepublicworkwhichleadstotheireconomicindependence.Carrie,a18-year-oldgirl,whoisfromapoorcountryswarmintobigcitytosearchforbetterlifeandpursuehermaterialdesire,andfinallyasafamousactress.Carrietakesrebelliousstepstowardsself-actualization panyingwiththeawakeningoffemaleconsciousness.ThethesisaimstoyzetheuniqueprocessofCharacters’self-actualizationunderthecapitalisticcommodification,andappreciatetheprotagonist’sbehavioralchangesandattitudestolifefromanewpointofview. tureSisterCarrieisoneofthemajorworksaswellasthemostcontroversialoneofThreDreiser.Carrie,onceanaccessorytomen,hassteppedoutthesmallworldoffamilytothebigstagethatattractsworld-wideattention.However,troublescomealongwiththenovelsinceitspublicationduetoitsoverwhelmingaccumulationoffactualdetailsaswellasitswithtradition.Since1990sAmericancriticshavebeenstudyingSisterCarrie.Intheinitialyearsafteritspublication,manyofthereviewersfoundthenovel“gloomy”or“unhealthful”.Theword“unpleasant”alsooccursfrequently,usuallyreferringtoDreiser’suncriticaldepictionofCarrie’sillicitrelationships.FromAPortfolioofSisterCarrie,whichwaswrittenbyJames(1985),hethinksthatexcellentasDreiser’sworkmanshipis,thechoiceofcharacterhasbeenunfortunate.ButtherearestillsomecriticswhoarguethatSisterCarrieisanexcellentbook.Forexample,famousAmericancritic,AlfredKazinarguesthatitisachallengetotheillegalandimmoralsociety.SherwoodAndersonthinksthatDreiserisatrailblazerinchallengingtheconventionalbeliefandgenteelcodesofAmericanlife.Athome,therearestillsomedifferentviewsonSisterCarrie.In2003,TianFengrongissuedanessaycalledFromNobodytoSomebody,whichysesthechangesofCarrie’sbehaviorsfromapoorcountrygirltoafamousactress,andthepotentialstrengthbehindhisgreatdesire.WhileinGaoHaiyan’sessay,Self-actualizationunderCapitalisticCommodification,statestheuselessofCarrie’sefforts.Shethinkstheonlywayforalityandtoachieveherself-actualizationistherealizationofIwilltrytoexinCarrie’sself-actualizationunderaspecialCapitalisticCommodification.Tillnow,peoplehavedonealotofresearchonit.Differentpeopleholddifferentviews.SisterCarrieisstillunderdiscussion.TheSocialBackgroundofSisterAttheturnofthe19thand20thcenturyAmericanwitnessenormouschanges.Withthefurtherdevelopmentofcapitalisticsocietyaswellastheboomofindustrialization,thedegreeofcapitalisticcommodificationisdramaticallyincreased.Commoditiesarecomparativelyaffluent,andthesocietyysaroleasaconsumerinsteadofaproducer.Thuspeople’sideasandvalueschangeconsequently.Atthesametime,thegapbetweenthepoorandtherichisenlarged.Thepoor,whooccupiedtheseworstslumswhicharefullofsmoke,odorandwasteofsewage,leadalifeofinsecurity,sufferingand.ThreDreiser,fromalowclassfamily,wassoshockedandsympatheticwiththeoppressedandtheweakthatherecordedtheirlivesinatypicalway.Theacceleratingindustrializingprocess,theemphasisuponproductive,efficiencyandthenewphilosophyoflifebaseduponscienceleadtotheeconomic,socialandculturaltransformationofthecountry.Industrializationgeneratedflocksofproletariatswhoarestruggledtomakealivingunderavileenvironment.Whiletherichgetricherwiththeirassetsanddeprival.Facedwiththeunfairfact,anddisappointedbythefailingcomfortsfromGod,thepoorbegantorethinktheirvaluesinthecapitalisticclimate,andlife astruggleforsurvival.Apartfromitseffectsonpeople’sideas,industrializationalsopromotecityboomimmigrationmovementfromtheruralareatotheurbanfromagriculturaltoindustrialarea,whichresultsinthetransformationofeconomicpatternone.Somepeoplemovetobigcitiesforabettersalariesandhigherlivingstandards.Duetothechangesinthefields,Victorianvaluescherishedbypeople,especiallybywoman,suchaspure,devoted,submissive,anddiligentarecollapsed.Thenewvaluesholdingbymostpeoplearetoconsume.InSisterCarrie,thisshiftisvisiblefromtheearlychapters,whenCarrierejectsthethriftandtoilfavoredbyhersisterMinnie,therepresentativeofVictorianvalues.(RosalindTheimpactsofcapitalisticcommodificationonTheboomofindustrializationpushestheeconomyofmostcitiesforward,accordingly,incapitalisticsocietywithlargemarket,andmassproduction.Thecitywithitsmaterialsandbuildingsisafieldofexperimentation,andobservationformanynaturalisticwriters,andamainstagefordisyingtheconspicuousconsumption,thepleasure-seekinglife,andtheideaof“survivalofthefittest”inthenovels.SisterCarriepresentsinapanoramaofurbanHestartsdisyingthecharmoftheconsumercitybeforehiseinthefirstchapter:“Tothechild,thegeniuswithimagination,orthewhollyuntraveled,theapproachtoagreatcityforthefirsttimeisawonderfulthing.Particularlyifitiseveningthatmysticperiodbetweentheglareandgloomoftheworldwhenlifeischangingfromonesphereorconditiontoanother.Ah,thepromiseofthenight.Whatdoesitnotholdfortheweary!Whatoldillusionofhopeisnothereforeverrepeated!Saysthesoulofthetoilertoitself:‘Ishouldbesoon.Ishallbeinthewaysandhostsofthemerry.Thestreets,thelamps,thelightedchambersetfordinning,areforme.Thetheatre,thehalls,andtheparties,thewaysofrestandthepathsofsong-thesearemineinthenight.’”(ThreDreiser,1982:7)Thecitywithitsmaterialsandbuildingsurgesmantoproduceandacquirecommodities.Endlessconsumptionthrivesespeciallyincities.Thecommoditiesandconsumerenvironmentsalwaysstimulatetheindividualtofollowone’sconsumption.Dreiserdrawsapictureofthecitybeingaceformassconsumerismcomingupatthattimeinthenovelandexpresseshisnaturalisminaspecialway.(DonaldPizer,2007:65-Withthissubstantivesocialchange,people’sideasandvalueschangeconsequently.TheynolongercherishPuritanthriftandVictorianvalues,andthe fortheirlifemottosfloodwithwordslike”fascinating,stunning,attractive,magnetic,glowing,masterful,creative,dominantandful”.People emoreandmoreindifferenttoeachother.Whattheyworshiparemoneyandindefiniteself-interest.WhenfirstarrivedinChicago,moneyiswhatCarrieseeks.Formoney,shesellsherlabortoashoefactory.Formoneyandself-interest,she esDrouet’sloverandlatterforgivesMr.Hurstwood’scheatingandliveswithhim;afterhavingmoneyaswellasforselfinterestandindependence,shefinallymanagestogetawayfromallmen.SisterCarrieispublishedinthisspecificperiod.Soitcanberegardedasthemirrorofthatsocialreality.SocialDarwinismembodiedinSisterSisterCarriewaswrittenatthetimewhenDarwinismwasprevalent.Thethemesofitlikestruggle,survival,anddesire,derivefromtheevolutionaryviews,whichwereputforwardinthe19thcenturybyCharlesDarwin.Hethoughtthatthoughmanyspeciesdevelopinageometricallyincreasingrate,agivenspeciesremainlessconstant.Thenhededucedthereisacontinuousstruggleforexistenceandsurvival.Hefiguredouttheexistenceofvariations-differencesamongmembersofthesamespecies-andsuggestedthatthevariationsthatprovetobehelpfultoantorananimalinitsstruggleforexistencebetterenableittosurviveandreproduce.Thesefavorablevariationsarethustransmittedtotheoffspringofsurvivor.Hecalledthisprocess“naturalselection”.“SocialDarwinism”isanextensionofDarwinism,whichholdtheviewthatsocio-culturaladvanceistheproductofintergroupandcompetitionandthesociallyeliteclassespossessbiologicalsuperiorityinthestruggleforexistence.LateranotablyBritishphilosopherHerbertSpencercoined“thestruggleforexistence”and“thesurvivalforthefittest”,whosebookshaveagreatimpactonDreiser’swriting.Accordingtothephilosopher,humanbeingsweredividedintotwotypes:thestrongandtheweak.Survivalandexistenceacruelandfiercecompetition,andonlythestrongcouldstay.Inordertopreventfrombeingwipedoutofthesurvivalline,onemuststruggle.Theidealedthevogueforatime.SocialDarwinismhasalonghistoryofclaimingtheideaof“survivalforthefittest”inacommercialsociety,glorifyingthewealthyasfittest”andcondemningthepooras“theweak”.DreisermarksadistinctivelinebetweenCarrie’srisingupanadmiredstarandHurstwood’sdownwarddeclinetodeath.Inthenovel,Carrieleftherhometownaloneat18boardedthetrainforChicagowithfourdollarsandherdream.Sheisayoung,innocent,ill-educatedgirl,whoseheartisfilledwiththedesireforthecity’sglamourandwealthylife.She“waspossessesofamindrudimentaryinitspowerofobservationandysis”,but“shewasinterestedinhercharms,quicktounderstandthekeenerpleasuresoflife,ambitioustogaininmaterialthings.”(ThreDreiser,1982:3)Carrie,asthe“fittest”oflife,inotherwords,isanimageofideaandperfectself.Beginningasaninexperienced,unsophisticatedcountrysidegirlandendingupasanindependentstarwhocaresforspirituallife,Carriegotgoodresultsintheprocessofself-actualization.QuitecontrarytoCarrie,Hurstwoodishauntedbyhispastdependence.Whenhefailsinhisinvestment,morethanonceheisrepentantofthestealhecommitsinChicago.Thenhelosesmostofhisfortuneinthesecond-ratebar,anddoesnothingbutrecallsthepastandregrets.NotequippedwiththecapabilityofadaptingtoouterenvironmentjustlikeCarrie,Hurstwoodindulgesintherecollectionsofhisformerwealthylife.Heretrieves,repentsandatonepointheevenhopesthathemay“resumehisoldce”.(ThreDreiser,1982:228)Hegetsusedtoleadingsorichalifethathethinksitisascornforhimtofindamenialtosupporthimself.Hislackofadjustabilitycontributestohisfatalisticfall.Hisblindnesstosociallimitationandhissenseofhonorcanalsoexinhisfailure.FromtheexamplesofCarrieandHurstwood,wecanseethatitisquitepossiblehumanbeingstocoordinatewiththeenvironmentaslongastheymakeanobjectiveysisofthemselvesandexerttheirabilityandwisdomsufficiently.Iftheyfailtodoso,theyareforedoomedtomiseryanddeath,nomatterhowsuccessfultheyusedtobe.TheysisofCarrie’sProcessofSelf-Livingattheturnof19thandthe20thcentury,experiencingthegreattideofindustrializationincapitalisticAmerica,Carrieisunavoidablyinfluencedbyit.Justaswhatwehavementionedintheformerpart,people’sviews,especiallywomen’s,havechangedgreatly.Ononehand,theystepintotheconsumptioncultureandbeginpurchaseclothes,beautifulornaments,andotherextravagantthings.Ontheotherhand,moreandmorewomenleavehomeandjoinpublicareatoworkfortheirindependencesandrights,whichgivesagreatpunchtotraditionalfamilypattern.Carrieischosenasatypicalfemaleimageofthistraditionalperiod,andsheWhenshearrivedandmetwithMinnieandherfamily.Sheissadabouthersister’ssituation.Withgreatexpectations,shesetsaboutseekingjobinastrangecity,andfinallyshehasacceptedthejobwithfewerpenniesinashoefactory.Dissatisfiedwithfactoryworkanditsmeagerrewards,sheturnstoDrouet,whoonceseducesheronthetrain.Insomesense,sheregardshimasakindmanandshemaygethelpfromhim.Shetransgressestheclassboundariesbyutilizingherfemininecharmsandimitatingthemannersanddressesasthoseprosperouswomen.Thenattractsanuppermiddleclassman,Mr.Hurstwood.Sheisskilledattheuseofherbodyandmakesitarticulatetheprofusionofmeaningsthatrunthroughthebodyineverydirection.Sheisawomanwhomarketsherbody,threatenstheclassboundaries,traditionalvalues,andmiddleclassfamilystructures.AfterdistressedinlivingwithMr.HurstwoodinNewYork,sheisluckytogetajobasanactress,whichsheenjoys,andgainsgreatfame.Shegrowsfrominexperiencedtoexperienced,fromanonymoustofamousaswellasfromawomandependingonmentoanindependentstar.Asalltheprocesses,Iwillelaborateitinthefollowpart.ThetoTraditionalFamilyWeallknowthatfamilyysanimportantpartintheformationoffemalecharacter.Beingarebelinnature,sheisagainsttraditionalfamilyconsciousness.Carrieis18yearsoldwhensheisusheredintothecitysceneinthenovel.Leavingfarawayfromherparents,sheisnotassadasthecontemporaries.Sheonlygivesa“patheticsighasthefamiliargreenenvironsofvillagespassedinview.”(ThreDreiser,1982:1).However,Minnie,hersisterisquitedifferentfromher.Fromthis,wecanfigureoutthatCarriehaslittlefamilyconsciousnessbynature.Evenwhensheisfamousandobtainsconsiderablymaterialsuccess,seldomdoesshethinkofherparentsandhersisterMinnie,whoisimmersedindifficulties.Sheevendoesnotwanttoformherownfamily.WhenshepromisestostaywithDrouetandbehislover,sheisunwillingtomarryhim.Shejustsawpossibilitiesinit.Althoughlatter,sheaskshimtomarryhim;shealwaysreceiveshisambiguousanswers.Therefore,shegivesupherideatomarryhim.AndthentheelowithHurstwoodhappens,thistimetheyjustseeminglymarryeachotherbychanginganame.Atlast,Carrieabandonsallhereffortsaboutmarriage,instead,sheliveswithagirl,thuscompleybreaksubmissive,andhardworkingastheircriteria.Shenevertakesaroleastraditionalfamilyhousewife.WhenHurstwoodthinksherasawomanoftraditionalfamilyhousewife,shefeelsbitterandtrytoenjoyherselfbymakingfriendswiththeWances,whooftentakeshertosomeinterestingactivities.Shecompleydivorceswithhertraditionalfamilyrolewhen efinanciallyindependentandlivesalifeasanewwoman.Traditionalmoralitytriestolimitwomenindomesticspheres.Itallowsmentoconcubinely,whilewomenmustloyaltohermen.Tosomeextent,Carrie’schallengetofamilyconsciousnessisachallengetothestatusofwomen’ssubmissiveness.Shestartsthefrontiertostruggleforthesamerightswithmen.TheSelf-actualizationbyLabor:afailureAsamemberoftheswarmwhocrowedintobigcities,CarrieflowstoChicago,thebigprosperouslyindustrialcitytoseekabetterlife.Thebrightandtimidgirlisfirstlyfacedwiththeverybasicneedsforliving.Aftersheissettleddowninhersister’shouse,shecouldnotenjoythecomfortofafamily,whichissmallandlocatedinthearearesidedbylaborersandclerks.Mr.Hason,herbrother-in-lawdoesnotshowherany eandkindwarmth.Carriehastotakegoodcareofsister’sbaby,whenhersisterisbusywithhousework.Theyareeventhinkingofherpaytheexpensesforherlodgingtosavesomemoney.SoonCarrierealizesthathersister’shousewillnotbetheeternalcocoontostayinwhichmakesCarrieconsciousofthenecessitytofindajobsoonertosupporther.HowruthlessandunkindtheindustrializationhasturnedpeoplethattheywillignorethepassionsandloveamongfamilymembersandthisisthetypicalrepresentationofDarwin’stheoryinlitureworks.Thepoorandinnocentcountrygirlhasneverexpectedhowdifficultitistofindajobearnadequate etosupporther,untilsheroamsalongthestreet.Sheappliesforquiteafewjobsbutisrejectedbecauseshehasnoexperiencewhatsoeverinthesejobs.Finallyashoefactorypromisestotakeheratawageoffourandahalfdollarsaweek,ofwhichshehastopaytheHansonsfourdollars.Inthisway,shecanlingerinthestreetafterworktowindow-shopandenjoythefascinatingcityscene.Butthisjoydoesnotlastlong.Afewdayslater,sheisexhausted.“Herlegsbegantotiredandshewantedtogetupstretch…h(huán)ereyesweretired,strainingattheonepointwheretheeye-punchcamedown…shewasstiff,alittledizzyandverythirsty”(ThreDreiser,1982:39)Struckwithillness,sheisfired.Whenwintercomes,sheevenhasnomoneytobuythickclothesforherself.Now,sheistrappedintoanawkwardpredicament.Asaresult,Carrie’sillusiontoachieveherself-actualizationbymeansoflaborisunrealisticandisdoomedtofail.FromAttaenttoAttheturnofthe19thand20thcentury,Americanwomenexperienceindustrializationwhichdeeplyinfluencestheirlifestyles,especiallyvalues.Carrieisatypicalrepresentativeofthattime.Chicago,inthenovel,describedbyDreiseras“agiantmagnet,drawingtoitself,fromallquarters,thehopefulandthehopeless”(ThreDreiser,1982:12)hasenticedCarriebecauseofitsunprecedentedgrowth.Herillusionisindistinctbutpersistent.ItisthebeliefofAmericandream.Herprocessofself-actualizationisthiszigzaggingprocessofCarrie’spursuingofthedreambetweendependenceandindependence.HerstartpointistofindajobinChicago,enjoyingthematerialaffluence.Shechoosestorealizeself-actualizationbylabor-findajobinafactory.Butsheisdisappointedwiththepoordollarsandgetsintoheavyillness.Infact,itisunfairandherwagesareinconsistentwithhervolumeofwork.Whenwintercomes,Carrie essick,andlosesherjob.Thefatemakesfoolofher.Besides,herbrother-in-lawaskshertoleave.Carrie’sself-consciousnesshastakeneffect.Shecanthinkindependentlyaboutthestayorleaveproblem(RobertPennWarren,1971:52-64).Withtwosoft,green,handsometen-dollarbillsthatDrouettemptshertoleavethestiflingHanson.ItisalsothedesiretobeaconsumerthatsheliveswithHurstwood,whoisanelegantandrichman,andnowcanoffertheaffluentmaterials.Whileherdreamistohavethematerialindependence.SosheleavesawayHurstwoodwithashortnoteandtwentydollarsandmanagestofindajobinactingfield,whereshegainstheindependence.TheBodyasCommodity:aSuccessfulAswehavementionedabove,thereisnowayforawomantoachieveself-actualizationbymeansoflaborinthatcoldandindifferentsociety.Inacapitalisticsociety,evenmenareexploitedheavilyandareregardedasslaveofwageslaves.Meanwhile,thepatriarchalideologywhichisintensifiedinthecapitalisticsocietyputswomeninaninferiorstatusandresultsinthemarginofwomen’slabor.ThiscommodificationofsociallifeinwhichCarrielivesdestroysprevioussocialrelations,andrecesthemwithcommodityrelationsthroughwhichthelogicalofcapitalaccumulationpenetratedintoincreasinglynumerousspheres.Herneedsandinstinctstructuresarechangedundertheinfluenceofacontinuallychangingprospectofsatisfactionofferedbycommodities.LearningfromherrelationshipwithDrouer,shecomestoknowheruniqueadvantageinthesocietywhichfloodswithvanityandideasofconsumption,thatis,herbody.Beinggraduallyconsciousoftheimportanceofherbody,Carrieventuresheruniquewaytosucceedinthespecificsocietythatismarketingandcommodifyingherbody.ShethenmarketsherbodyandherloveaffairswithHurstwood.Obviously,Mr.HurstwoodissuperiortoDrouetinbothsocialstatusandeconomicsituationthen.ThatiswhyheismoreattractivetoCarrie.Bymeansofdevelorelationshipwithhim,Carriefurtherpromoteshervalueandpavesawayforherfurthersuccess.Infact,Carriechoosestoworknotbysellingagivenamountoftimeandefforttoanemployer.Shechoosestoworkbysellingaself-imagethatshecreatesthroughimitationandconsumption.Behavinginsuchauniqueway,Carriewishesnotonlytoshowcasehercomparativelysuperiorattractions,butalsotousethoseattractionstogainapoliticallyandmonetarily“advantageous”status.Heraimtoizeher“ualpower”thuscoincideswithheraimstogainthethreekindsofassets:increasedwealth,increasedstatus,andincreasedregard.BystayingwithDrouet,ononehand,herdemandoncomfortablelifehasbeensatisfiedtemporarily-noneedtoworryaboutfood,clothing,shelterandtransportation.Butonotherhand,beingdisappointedwithDrouet’semptytalkaboutmarryingher,shegetsafeelingofleavingher;thisbringsfiercepsychologicaltoCarrie.Drouetpayslessattentiontoherlonelinessandpain.Carriehasnotfalleninlovewithhimfromthebeginningtotheend.ShegetsawayfromDrouetandabandonstheattaenttoDrouet,shakingofftheshacklesoftraditionalmoralsfinally.Thisisthefirstleapintheprocessofherself-actualization.WhenshemetHurstwood,Carriefallsinlovewithhim.HersweetdreamaboutloveevaporatedcolorfulsoapbubblewhenCarrieknowshehasalreadymarried.ButshedeceivedbyHurstwoodtoarriveinNewYorkand cidwhentheyliveinNewYork,Carriehasafewideasofherown.Hurstwoodseldomtakeshertosocialactivitiesthatmakesherisolatefromtheoutsideworld.AfterMr.AndMrs.Vancemovetothesamefloorandherlife esrevitalized.Abornlearner,shelearnshardanddiligentaboutallthevoguesthatsheisnotfamiliarwith.WhatshewatcheswithMrs.Vancesimulatesherdesiretoact.Oncegetthechancetoattenday,Carriewatchesitattentively,tryingtocatcheveryclassicalperformance.Returningbackhome,shewillreviewwhatshehasseen.Sheactsthepartshelikesbest,hotoactitbetter.Asforthepartsheregardsill-performed,Carriewillactharderuntilshefeelssatisfiedwithit.Shelosesnochancetoactathome.WhenHurstwoodgoesbankruptfinally,Carriedecidestogooutforajob,andmanagestofindoneinactingfieldwhichremindsherofthinkingtheillogicalityofHurstwood’sfailureinfindingajobduringthepastfewmonths.“Shebegantothinkoftheanomalyofherfindingworkinseveralweeksandhislounginginidlenessforanumberofmonths.”(ThreDreiser,1982:302)Carriecaneasilyfindaceinthechorus,whichowestoherbeauty,gracemannersandofcourseherspecialtalentsasanactress.Atthispoint,shefinallyswitchesroleswiththeunemployedHurstwood.ThebeginningofthenewroleoccurswhenCarriestartsearningmoneywhileHurstwoodbeginstodotheshop.Asmightbeexpected,Carrie’sdawningindependencegiveshermorecouragetoexpressherownideas,andsheissoonencouragedbyherincreasingsalarytoleavetheoppressivedomesticsphere.Shestepsoutofthefamily,andabandonsitfinally-wakingupwiththelastattaenttoman.HeractofleavingHurstwoodevensymbolizesthatshegetsridoftheroleasadependentcreaturerelyingonmanforleaving.Carriesearchesjobsfourtimes;shemadeitatfirstandatlast.Duringwholeprocess,CarrieexperiencesindependencetoattaenttoTosumup,createdinsuchbackground,CarrieisthedescendentofAmericanindustrialization,aswellasthesisteroffeministandlowclasses.Herrepeateddisappointmentleavesheropenforchange,andevenforthepossibilityofinsight.Carrieisalsoopentothisinsightbecauseshehasachievedamaterialsuccessthatshenevercouldachieveasadiligentfactoryworker.Inthisway,sherealizesherself-ⅤMoralControversyoverCarrie’sSelf-Carrie:MoralorInAmericanliryhistory,SisterCarriehasbeenacontroversialfigureallalong.Traditionalcriticsdefineherasa“fallenwoman”whoisdrivenbyherdesireformaterialsuccessandsacrificesherpurityasmistressofDrouet,thenMr.Hurstwood.TheythinkCarriegainsuccessinanimmoralway.ThoughtheDarwinianrevolutioncontributedtounsettlingmanyestablishedcodesofconduct,in19thcenturyAmericanliture,whenawomanseeksadventure,ordisyscuriosityaboutlifeor,sheispenalized.Anamoralinhuntingajob,andlater,herillness,unemploymentandherhelplessness,allmakehertakethetwentydollarsofferedbyDrouetinachancemeeting,whichisinitialbreachoftheconventionalcodes,graduallyleadinghertoaffairswithDrouetandlatteronwithHurstwood.Sheisgettingdeeperanddeeperfromemotionalconfusion.CarrieleavesHurstwoodwhenheisgoingdowntopoverty.Destitution.Traditionalcriticshastheunanimouscondemnationonthisbehavior,consideringhertobearuthlesswomanbecausedrivenbyherdesireformaterialsuccessandfame,sheabandonsHurstwoodsoeasilyafterutilizehimasaspringboardtotheupperclass.Judgingfromtheconventionalmoralcodes,Carrieisanevilfigurebecauseofherabandonmentoftraditionalvalues.Shecannotresistthelargesofthecitywithall“itscunningwiles,nolessthantheinfiniysmallerandmorehumantemper.”(ThreDreiser,