上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作(Summary)

上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作(Summary)上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作澄衷高級中學孫吉從2017年起，上海英語高考試卷的題型將面臨許多調(diào)整，其中之一便是增加了概要寫作（Summarywriting），也有許多人將之稱為“小作文”。概要寫作分值占據(jù)15分，考查的是考生閱讀和寫作的綜合能力。概要寫作所給定的語篇一般在200-250字，內(nèi)容豐富多樣，包含故事、時政、科普等，體裁以記敘文、說明文為主，字數(shù)一般要求在50-60字，答案盡量符合“Keypointsofasummary”的要求。一．正確認識概要寫作1.Definitionofsummarywriting（概要寫作的定義）Bysummary,wemeanabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage,anarticle,achapterorabook.2.Keypointsofasummary（概要寫作的要點）Conciseness（簡要性）：Omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.Length:1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext.Completeness（完整性）：Toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyouownwordsinacondensedmanner.Accuracy（準確性）：Togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.Coherence（連貫性）：Ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Objectivity（客觀性）：Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesummaryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.3.Stepstowriteasummary（概要寫作的步驟）1）Skimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.2）Analyzethetext’sstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutbrieflywithyourownwords.(onesentence)3）Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeachmainideawithoutinvolvingminordetails.4）Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.5）Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.4.Beginningofasummary（概要寫作的開頭）Beginyoursummarywith:*Theauthor’sname*Thearticle’sorchapter’sname*Theauthor’sthesisstatement—ageneraloverview(survey)ofthearticle.TheBody:Where—atriptoabiglakeinIndonesiaWho—“I”,thewriterWhat—gotlost;wasfoundWhy—gowater-skiingalone;toothrilledResult—fathercametoherrescue列出了要點之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點組織起來，概括成一段約50詞的通順概要：Thepassagetellsusthewriter’sexperienceofadventure.Oncethewriterwasonatriptoalakewhereshewentwater-skiingalone.Shewassoexcitedandenjoyedherselfthatsoonshegotlost.Fortunately,herfatherfinallycametoherrescue.（44words）三．說明文概要寫作要點點撥說明文體的閱讀材料內(nèi)容大致可以分為以下幾類：現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—(主題)，which…(補充解釋)利弊對比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A…whileB…Thepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,…,butitmayalso…研究顯示類：Thestudyrevealsthat…Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat…下文是課堂訓練的一個例子：Directions:Pleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60words.Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink（發(fā)出惡臭）,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategories—metal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainalertanddotheirpart.材料分析：根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容，這是一篇講包裝材料所帶來的問題的說明文，要求對其進行概要寫作。因此，我們必須首先弄清每一段落的主要內(nèi)容是什么。第一段開頭第一句話“Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.”是段落的中心句，同時也點明了文章的主題，后面就在以牙膏為例進行舉例說明。第二段主要講的是包裝材料所帶來的問題，主要包括兩方面，一是垃圾進入填埋場后所造成的污染；二是這些包裝材料在生產(chǎn)過程中會產(chǎn)生對空氣和水的污染。第三段主要在講人們正在采取措施解決包裝材料所帶來的問題，其中第一句“Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.”是段落的中心句，后面就在用德國的事情舉例說明，政府、制造商和個人采取的措施試圖解決包裝材料帶來的污染問題。第四段開頭的however至關重要，說明德國的方法盡管起到了一定的作用，但包裝材料的污染仍然是一個大問題，我們絕不能放松警惕。弄清了每段的主要內(nèi)容后，我們就按照概要寫作的幾個原則對其進行連接，在連接段落時需要添加必要的連接詞使其通順連貫即可：Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfills.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.(50words)四．小試牛刀Readthefollowingparagraphsanduseonesentenceorphrasetowritethesummaryofeachparagraph.1.AnIowahighschoolcounselorgetsacallfromaparentprotestingthe“C”herchildreceivedonanassignment.“Theparentarguedeverypointintheessay,”recallsthecounselor,whosoonrealizedwhythemotherwassodisappointedaboutthegrade.“Itbecameapparentthatshe’dwrittenit.”.2.Inasurvey,90%ofnewteachersagreedthatinvolvingparentsintheirchildreneducationisapriorityattheirschoolbutonly25%describedtheirexperienceworkingwithparentsas“verysatisfying”.Whenaskedtochoosethebiggestchallengetheyface,31%ofthemquotedinvolvingparentsandcommunicatingwiththemastheirtopchoice.73%ofnewteacherssaidtoomanyparentstreatschoolsandteachersasenemies..3.Atatimewhencompetitionisrisingandresourcesarelimited,whenbattlesovertestingforceschoolstoadjusttheirpriorities,whencellphoneande-mailspeeduptheinformationflowandallkindsofprivateghostsandpublicquarrelsslipintotheparent-teacherconference,it’sharderforbothsidestostepbackandbreathedeeplyandlookatthegoalstheyshare..4.Everyonesaystheparent-teacherconferenceshouldbepleasant,civilized,akindofdialoguewhereparentsandteachersbuildpartnership.Butwhatmostteachersfeel,andcertainlywhatallparentsfeel