金融英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)詞匯

資深培訓(xùn)師韓霄n.Withtheaccountingsystems,aformalrecordofincreasesanddecreasesinaspecificasset,ContraAccountsprovideindividualrecordsofincreasesanddecreasesinaspecificasset,liability,componentofowners’equity,revenue,orexpense.Thefinancialstatementsareconstructedusingtheseelements.[,?kw?'z??(?)n]n.Thepurchaseofsomeportionofbyanother;thepurchasemaybeforassets,adefinablesegmentofanotherentity,orthepurchaseofanentire Thepurchaseisthegroup'sfirstacquisitionofmercialproperty.Inreferencetoshort-termcashmanagement,aninvestmentstrategycharacterizedbymonitoringandattemptingtocapitalizeonmarketconditionstooptimizetheriskandreturnrelationshipofshort-terminvestments.andmayinvolvematching,mismatching,or Theprocessofallocatingthecostoflong-termassetshavingafiniteusefullifetoaccountingperiods;theallocationoftheamountofabondpremiumordiscounttotheperiodsremaininguntilbondmaturityAcceptableamortisationmethodsarethesamethemethodsacceptablefor[?'nju??t?]n.AfinitesetoflevelsequentialcashAnannuityisafinitesetoflevelsequentialPhonetic['?nt?-da?'lju?t?v]['?nta?-Adj.withreferencetoatransactionorasecurity,onethatwouldincreaseearningspershare(EPS)orresultinEPShigherthanthe ’sbasicEPS—antidilutivesecuritiesarenotincludedinthecalculationofdilutedEPSUnderIFRSandUSGAAP,antidilutivesecuritiesarenotincludedinthecalculationofdilutedEPS.['ɑ?b?tr?d?]n.1)Thesimultaneouspurchaseofanundervaluedassetorportfolioandsaleofanovervaluedbutequivalentassetorportfolio,inordertoobtainarisklessprofitonthepricedifferential.Takingadvantageofamarketinefficiencyinarisk- n.2)Theconditioninafinancialmarketinwhichequivalentassetsorcombinationsofassetssellfortwodifferentprices,creatinganopportunitytoprofitatnoriskwithnocommitmentofmoney.Inawell-functioningfinancialmarket,fewarbitrageopportunitiesarepossible.3)Arisk- operationthatearnsanexpectedpositivenetprofitbutrequiresnonetinvestmentofmoney.Inaddition,hedgefundshavetraditionallybeenthoughtofas“arbitrage” yers,meaningthattheyseektoearnreturnswhilehedgingagainst[ɑ?sk]Thepriceatwhichadealerortraderiswillingtosellanasset,typicallyqualifiedbya ty(askAlimitbuyorderisaggressivelypricedwhenthelimitpriceishighrelativetothemarketbidandaskprices.['??k?(?)n]n./vt.Atypeofbondissuingmechanismoftenusedforsovereignbondsthatinvolvesbidding.Sometimesmarketsreallydouseauctionstoarriveatequilibriumprice.Afieldoffinancethatexaminesthepsychologicalvariablesthataffectandoftendistorttheinvestmentdecisionmakingofinvestors, andportfoliomanagers.Inabroadersense,behavioralfinanceattemptsto inwhyindividualsmakethedecisionsthattheydo,whetherthesedecisionsarerationalor n.Acomparisonportfolio;apointofreferenceorTheperformanceben arkselectionprocessis['bi?t?]n.Ameasureofthesensitivityofagiveninvestmentorportfoliotomovementsintheoverallmarket.Activemanagers,whetherinalternativeortraditionalinvestments,assumethatinefficienciesexistthatmaybeexploitedtoearnpositivereturnafteradjustingforbetarisk.[b?d]Thepriceatwhichadealerortraderiswillingtobuyanasset,typicallyqualifiedbya Alimitbuyorderisaggressivelypricedwhenthelimitpriceishighrelativetothemarketbidandaskprices.Calculatedatta ent,asagroupincludingdataprocessing,andtousethebinomialmethodAnimportantinvestmentmodel,thebinomialoptionpricingmodel,incorporatesthecombinationformulathatwewillcovershortly.[b?nd]n.Contractualagreementbetweentheissuerandthebondholders.Acallablebondwouldhaveayieldgreaterthanasimilarnon-callablebondofthesameissuerbecausebondholderswanttobecompensatedforthecallriskassociatedwiththebond.Book[b?kv?lju?][b?kThenetamountshownforanassetorliabilitythebalancesheet;bookvaluemayalsoreferto ’sexcessoftotalassetsovertotalMarketAcurrentratioof1.0wouldindicatethatthevalueofitscurrentassetsexactlyequalsthevalueofitscurrent英[?breik?i:vnp?int]；美[?brek?iv?nThenumberofunitsproducedandsoldat ’s eiszero(revenuestotalcosts);inthecaseofperfectcompetition,tywhereprice,averagerevenue,andmarginalrevenueequalaveragetotalcost.ThebreakevenpointsforcompanieswithoperatingandfinancialleveragearelessimportantthanthoseforcompanieswithhighBroad[br?:d?m?ni][br?d passesnarrowmoneyplustheentirerangeofliquidassetsthatcanbeusedtomakeNarrowBroadmoney passesnarrowmoneybutalsoincludestheentirerangeofliquidassetsthatcanbeusedtomakepurchases.[?br??k?(r)]Anagentwhoexecutesorderstobuyorsecuritiesonbehalfof inexchangeforThereisnoevidencethatthebrokerwasinwiththefraudulentAtransactioninwhicha buysbackitsownshares.Unlikestockdividendsandstocksplits,sharerepurchasesusecorporatecash.Ifthebuybackmarketpriceisgreater(less)thanthebookvalue,thebookvaluewilldecline[k?:l]n.Anoptionthatgivestheholdertherighttobuyanunderlyingassetfromanotherpartyatafixedpriceoveraspecificperiodoftime.Therighttobuyisonetypeofoption,referredtoasacallorcalloption.[?k?:l?blb?nd][?k?l?b?lAbondcontaininganembeddedcalloptionthatgivestheissuertherighttobuythebondbackfromtheinvestoratspecifiedpricesonpre-determineddates.Ifmarketinterestratesfallorcreditqualityimproves,theissuerofacallablebondhastherighttore ceanold,expensivebondissuewithanew,cheaperbondissue.[?k?:l?blb?nd][?k?l?b?ln.TheabilitytoachieveTherateofincreaseintotalcostsdeclinesuptoacertainoutputleveland,thereafter,acceleratesasthefirmgetsclosertofullutilizationofcapacity.Cash[k??i?kwiv?l?nt][k??maturingin90daysorless.Inthethirdchapter,researchingthecircularmanagementofacceptanceorpaymentofcashflowfromtheangleofthecashandthecashCentralThedominantbankinacountry,usuallywithofficialorsemi-official ernmentalstatus.Whenthecentralbankbuyssecuritiesfrombanksinanopen-marketoperation,itpaysforthemwithacorrespondingincreaseinbankreserves.n.Anentityassociatedwithafuturesmarketthatactsasmiddlemanbetweenthecontractingpartiesandguaranteestoeachpartytheperformanceoftheother.Ineffect,theclearinghouseactsasthebuyerforeverysellerandasthesellerforeverybuyer. [k?'l?t(?)r(?)l]ThequalityandvalueoftheassetssupportingTolowerthecostsofborrowing,borrowersoftenpledgeassetsascolla lfortheirloans.[k??m?:??l?peip?][k??m???lnotethatrepresentsadebtobligationofthe sofdeposit,andcommercialpaperarerespectivelyissuedby ernments,banks,andcorporations.[k??m?:??l?peip?][k??m???lAtypeofsecuritythatrepresentanownershipinterestina Companiescanissuedifferentclassesofcommonshares(ClassAandClassBshares),witheachclassofferingdifferentownershiprights.[?k?mp?r?bl?k?mp?ni] thathassimilarbusinessrisk;usuallyinthesameindustryandpreferablywithasinglelineofbusiness.Findinganappropriate verycriticalformarketbasedSaidofgoodswhichtendtobeusedofdemandisGasolineand shaveanegativepriceelasticityofdemandandareAdj.TheprocessofaccumulatinginterestonSimple,singlethemagnitudeoftheinterest Thechangeinequityofabusinessenterpriseduringaperiodfromnon-ownersources;includesallchangesinequityduringaperiodexceptthoseresultingfrominvestmentsbyownersanddistributionstoowners;comprehensive equalsnet eplusothercomprehensiveThestatementofcomprehensive allitemsthatchangeowners’equityexcepttransactionswithowners.Adj.Withreferencetoestimators,describesestimatorforwhichtheprobabilityofestimatesclosetothevalueofthepopulationparameterincreasesassamplesizeincreases.Aconsistentestimatorisoneforwhichtheprobabilityofestimatesclosetothevalueofthepopulationparameterincreasesassamplesize英[k?n?s?mp?n?b?ndl][k?n?s?mp??nAspecificcombinationofthegoodsandservicesthataconsumerwantstoconsume.containallofthesamegoodsbutindifferentties,againallowingforthepossibilityof tyofoneormoreoftheTendtocausetherealeconomytoAnincreaseinabudgetsurpluswouldbeassociatedwithcontractionaryfiscal ariseinadeficitisanexpansionaryfiscal Phonetic[k?n'v??d??ns]Thetendencyfordifferencesinoutputperacrosscountriestodiminishovertime;inysis,atermthatdescribesthecasewhenanindicatormovesinthesamemannerasthesecurity Anadditionalissuerelatedtoconvergenceinvolvestheapplicationanden mentofaccounting英[k?n?v?:t?b?lb?nd]；美[k?n?v?:t?b?lBondthatgivesthebondholdertherightexchangethebondforaspecifiednumbercommonsharesinthe Commontypesofbondswithembeddedincludecallablebonds,putablebonds,convertible[?k?r??le??n]Anumberbetween?1and+1thatmeasuresrandomTheneedtospecifycorrelationsisacontrasttotheunivariatenormalCostof[k?st?v?k?pitl][k?st?vTherateofreturnthat rsofcapitalrequireascompensationfortheircontributionofcapital.Thecostofcapitalintheseapplicationsshouldreflecttheriskinessofthefuturecashflowsoftheproject,product,ordivision.Costofgoods[k?st?vɡ?dzs??ld][k?st?vɡ?dzForagivenperiod,equaltobeginninginventoryminusendinginventoryplusthecostofgoodsacquiredorproducedduringtheperiod.Todeterminepurchasesfrom rs,costofgoodssoldisadjustedforthechangeininventory.Ameasureoftheco-movement(linearassociation)betweentworandomvariables.Thecovariancebetweentherisk- assetandthemarketportfolioisrepresentedbyCov(Rf,Rm).Credit[?kreditrisk][?kr?d?tTheriskoflosscausedbyacounterparty’sordebtor’sfailuretomakeapromisedpayment.Alsocalleddefaultrisk.marginpaymentstokeepthecreditriskamongthepartiesfromgrowingwhenpriceschange.英[krɑ?d??a?t]；美[krɑ?d??Thethesisthat ernmentborrowingmaydivertprivatesectorinvestmentfromtaking Overshortperiodsoftime(say,afewyears),crowdingoutmayhavelittleeffect.英[?kju:mjul?tiv?distri?bju:??n?f??k??n]；美[?kjumj??let?v?d?str??bju??n?f??k??n]Afunctiongivingtheprobabilitythatavariableislessthanorequaltoaspecifiedforbothcontinuousanddiscreterandomvariables,givestheprobabilitythattherandomvariableislessthanorequaltox.[?k?r?nsi]Moniesissuedbynational currenciesforimmediateCurrent[?k?r?nt?rei?i?u][?k?r?ntAliquidityratiocalculatedascurrentassetsdividedbycurrentliabilities.Alimitationofthecurrentratioisitssensitivitytoend-of-periodfinancingandoperatingdecisionsthatcanpotentiallyimpactcurrentassetandcurrentliabilityamounts.英[?s?kl?k?lk?mp?n?s][?s?kl?k?lCompanieswithsalesandprofitsthatregularlyexpandandcontractwiththebusinesscycleorstateofeconomy.Somemultiplesforcyclicalcompaniesmaybehighlyinfluencedbycurrenteconomicconditions.[d??bent??(r)]Typeofbondthatcanbesecuredor lDebenturesarebackedonlybythegeneralcreditworthinessandreputationoftheissuer.英[?dekl??rei??ndeit]；美[?d?kl??re??nThedaythatthecorporationissuesastatementdeclaringaspecificdividend.Onthedeclarationdate,the announcetheholder-of-recorddateandthepaymentdate.Defaultrisk英[di?f?:ltrisk?pri:mi?m][d??f?ltAnextrareturnthatcompensatesinvestorsforpossibilitythattheborrowerwillfailtomakeapromisedpaymentatthecontractedtimeandinthecontractedamount.Thedefaultriskpremiumcompensatesforthepossibilitythattheborrowerwillfailtomakeapromisedpaymentatthecontractedtimeandinthecontractedamount.[?di:?fle??n]n.NegativeWhendeflationoccurs,thevalueof dom[di?ɡri:?v?fri:d?m][d??ɡri?vThenumberofindependentobservations scanmanydegreesof domintheorderofelementsandthewaythoseelementsarenestedwithineachWithreferencetoevents,thepropertythattheprobabilityofoneeventoccurringdependson(isrelatedto)theoccurrenceofanotherevent.Whentwoeventsarenotindependent,theyaredependent:Theprobabilityofoccurrenceofoneisrelatedtotheoccurrenceoftheother.Theprocessofsystematicallyallocatingthecostoflong-lived(tangible)assetstotheperiodsduringwhichtheassetsareexpectedtoprovideeconomicbenefits.Depreciationistheprocessofrecognizingcostofalong-livedassetoveritsusefuln./vi./vt.Toreducethevalueofafuturepaymentinallowanceforhowfarawayitisintime;tocalculatethepresentvalueofsomefutureamount.Also,theamountbywhichaninstrumentispricedbelowitsface(par)value.Closed-endfundsgenerallytradeatadiscounttotheirnetassetvaluesn.Intechnical ysis,atermthatdescribesthecasewhenanindicatormovesdifferentlyfromthesecuritybeing Indivergence,therightshoulderwillhaveevenlowervolume,signalingthatbuyinginterestordemandistaperingoffandwillsoonbeoverwhelmedbysupply.n.Adistributionpaidtoshareholdersbasedonthenumberofsharesowned.Dividendsandsharerepurchasesconcern because,asdistributionstoshareholders,theyaffectinvestmentreturnsandfinancialratios.n.Ameasureoftheapproximatesensitivityofasecuritytoachangeininterestrates(i.e.,ameasureofinterestraterisk).Durationestimateschangesinthebondpriceassumingthatvariablesotherthantheyield-to-maturityorben arkratesareheldconstant.英[??k??n?mikk?st][??k??nɑm?kAlltheremunerationneededtokeeparesourceinitscurrentemploymentortoacquiretheresourceforproductiveuse;thesumoftotalaccountingcostsandimplicitopportunitycosts.Totaleconomiccostswerejustcoveredrevenuesandthe wasnotearningaeuromorenorlessthantheamountthatmeetstheopportunitycostsoftheresourcesusedinthe[??l?st?k]Adj.Saidofagoodorservicewhenthemagnitudeofelasticityisgreaterthanone.Whendemandiselastic,priceandtotaln.Thepercentagechangeinonevariableforapercentagechangeinanothervariable;ameasureofhowsensitiveonevariableistoachangeinthevalueofanothervariable.Elasticityissimplyameasureofhowsensitiveonevariableistochangeinthevalueofanothern.Withreferencetostatisticalinference,thesubdivisiondealingwithestimatingthevalueofapopulationparameter.branches,hypothesistestingandestimation.n.Anestimationformula;theformulausedtocomputethesamplemeanandothersamplestatisticsareexamplesofestimators.Inmanyapplications,wehaveachoiceamonganumberofpossibleestimatorsforestimatingagivenparameter.[??vent]n.Any eorspecifiedsetof esofarandomvariable.Ifaneventisimpossible,ithasaprobabilityof0.Ifaneventiscertaintohappen,ithasaprobabilityof1. ceswheretraderscanmeettoarrangetheirThesetransferstake exchangesoneassetorfinancialcontractforvt.Theprocessofusinganoptiontobuyorselltheunderlying.Becausetheoptionbuyer(thelong)doesnothavetoexercisetheoption, theinitialpaymentofthepremium,thereisnoobligationofthelongtotheshort.['eksp?:rts]n.Goodsandservicesthataneconomysellstoothercountries.Atthesametime,suchcurrencyappreciationmakesthatnation’sexportsmoreexpensiveonglobalmarkets,impairingtheirprospects.n.Aneffectofamarkettransactionthatisbornebypartiesotherthanthosewhotransacted.Theeffectofawell-educatedlabor productivityofa isanexampleofapositiveexternality.['f?kt?]n.Acommonorunderlyingelementwithwhichseveralvariablesarecorrelated.Thefactorsofproductionaretheinputstothefirm’sprocessofproducingandsellingaproductorservicewherethegoalofthefirmistoizeprofitbysatisfyingthedemandof[fl??t]vi./adj.Inthecontextofcustomerreceipts,theamountofmoneythatisintransitbetweenpaymentsmadebycustomersandthefundsthatareusablebythe Ingeneral,themore lytheexchangerateisallowedtofloatandthemoretightlyconvertibilityiscontrolled,themoreeffectivethecentralbankcanbeinaddressingdomesticmacroeconomicForward[?f?:w?dk?n?tr?kt][?f?rw?dAnagreementbetweentwopartiesinwhichoneparty,thebuyer,agreestobuyfromtheotherparty,theseller,anunderlyingassetatalaterdateforapriceestablishedatthestartofthecontract.Togainabetterunderstandingofforwardcontracts,itisnecessarytoexaminetheirpayoffs.[g?d'w?l]n.AnintangibleassetthatrepresentstheexcessofthepurchasepriceofanacquiredoverthevalueofthenetassetsIfthepurchasepriceisgreaterthantheacquirer’sinterestinthefairvalueoftheidentifiableassetsandliabilitiesacquired,theexcessisdescribedasgoodwillandisrecognizedasanasset.英[hɑ:?m?nikmi:n]；美[hɑr?mɑn?kAtypeofweightedmeancomputedbyaveragingthereciprocalsoftheobservations,thentakingthereciprocalofthataverage.Theharmonicmeanmaybeviewedasaspecialtypeofweightedmeaninwhichanobservation’sweightisinverselyproportionaltoitsmagnitude.n.Abarchartofdatathathavebeengroupedintoafrequencydistribution.Ahistogramisabarchartofdatathathavebeengroupedintoafrequencydistribution.n.Withreferencetostatisticalinference,astatementaboutoneormorepopulations. ystwhowantstotestahypothesisconcerningthevalueofanunderlyingorpopulationmeanwillconductat-testinthegreatmajorityofcases.n.Goodsandservicesthatadomestic(i.e.,house-holds,firms, purchasesfromotherInsuchamodel,eventhoughcountriesmaysimilar,theygainfromtradebecauseeachcountryfocusesontheproductionandexportofoneormorevarietiesofthegoodandimportsothervarietiesofthegood.[?n?dent??(r)]n.Legalcontractthatdescribestheformofabond,theobligationsoftheissuer,andtherightsofthebondholders.Alsocalledthetrustdeed.Theindenturealsoincludesinformationregardingthefundingsourcesfortheinterestpaymentsandprincipalrepayments,anditspecifiesanycollals,creditenhancements,or[??nt?vl]n.Withreferencetogroupeddata,asetofvalueswithinwhichanobservationfalls.Manyofthereturnintervalshavezerofrequency;therefore,theyhavenoheightinthehistogram.TheunsoldunitsofproductonForinstance,assumea inventoryforcashandsoldtheentireinventoryinthesameperiod.n.Thestatisticalmeasurethatindicatesthepeakednessofadistribution.Thecalculationforkurtosisinvolvesfindingtheaverageofdeviationsfromthemeanraisedtothepowerandthenstandardizingthataveragebydividingbythestandarddeviationraisedtothe[?leib?f?:s][?leb?Theportionoftheworkingagepopulation(overtheageof16)thatisemployedorisavailableforworkbutnotworking(unemployed). voluntarilyoutsidethelabor ,suchasajoblessworkerrefusinganavailablevacancyforwhichthewageislowerthantheirthresholdorthosewhoretiredearlyarenotapartofunemploymentrate.Adj.Describesadistributionthatismorepeakedthananormaldistribution.Aleptokurticdistributionhasexcesskurtosisgreaterthan0,anda excesskurtosislessthan0.[le?si:]n.ThepartyobtainingtheuseofanassetaOnthelessee’sstatementofcashflows,foranoperatinglease,thefullleasepaymentisshownasanoperatingcashoutflow.n.TheownerofanassetthatgrantstherightusetheassettoanotherThelessormaybebetterpositionedtoservicingtheassetandtotakeadvantageofbenefitsof[?li:v?r?d?]n.Inthecontextofcorporatefinance,leveragereferstotheuseoffixedcostswithina coststructure.Fixedcoststhatareoperatingcosts(suchasdepreciationorrent)createoperatingleverage.Fixedcoststhatarefinancialcosts(suchasinterestexpense)createfinancialleverage.Alternatively,retailershavelowoperatingbecausemuchofthecostofgoodssoldisn.Presentobligationsofanenterprisearisingfrompastevents,thesettlementofwhichisexpectedtoresultinanoutflowofresourcesontheresourcesofa ystsshouldbeawarethatdifferentitemsofassetsandliabilitiesmaybemeasureddifferently.n.Toselltheassetsofa ,division,orsubsidiarypiecemeal,typicallybecauseofbankruptcy;theformofbankruptcythatallowsfortheorderlysatisfactionofcreditors’claimsafterwhichthe ceasestoexist.However,ifa isexpectedtoceaseoperationsandbeliquidated,itmaybemoreappropriatetolistsuchassetsatanappropriateliquidationvalue,namely,avaluethatwouldbeobtainedin d [l??kw?d?ti]n.Theabilitytopurchaseorsellanassetandeasilyatapriceclosetofairmarketvalue.Theabilitytomeetshort-termobligationsusingassetsthatarethemostreadilyconvertedintocash.Liquidityreferstotheresourcesavailableforentitytotapintocashbalancesandtoconvertotherassetsorextendotherliabilitiesintocashforuseinkee theentitysolventn.Theamountofmoneythatatraderdepositsamarginaccount.Thetermisderivedfromthestockmarketpracticeinwhichaninvestorborrowsaportionofthemoneyrequiredtopurchaseacertainamountofstock.Infuturesmarkets,thereisnoborrowingsothemarginismoreofadownpaymentorperformancebond.Netprofitmargincanalsobefounddirectly e[m??nɑ:p??l?st?k?kɑ:mp??t??n]Highlycompetitiveformofimperfectcompetition;thecompetitivecharacteristicisanotablylargenumberoffirms,whilethemonopolyaspectistheresultofproductdifferentiation.Inthecaseofmonopolisticcompetition,therearemanyfirmsprovidingproductstothemarket,aswithperfectcompetition.Inpuremonopolymarkets,therearenosubstitutesforthegivenproductorservice.Thereisasingleseller,whichexercisesconsiderablepoweroverpricingandoutputdecisions.Inpuremonopolymarkets,therearenoothergoodsubstitutesforthegivenproductorservice.Mortgage[?m?:ɡid?l?un]；美[?m?rɡ?d?Aloansecuredbythecolla lofsomespecifiedrealestatepropertythatobligestheborrowertomakeapredeterminedseriesofpaymentstotheThissystemcanbeusedtohandleinrealtime[?mu:v????v?rid?][?muv??Theaverageoftheclosingpriceofasecurityoveraspecifiednumberofperiods.Witheachnewperiod,theaverageisrecalculated.Movingaveragessmoothoutshort-termpricefluctuations,givingthetechnicianaclearerimageofmarkettrend. [net?ink?m][n?tThedifferencebetweenrevenueandexpenses;whatremainsaftersubtractingallexpensesManyitemsofexpenserequirethe makeestimatesthatcansignificantlyaffectNormal[?n?:m?l?distri?bju:??n]Acontinuous,symmetricprobabilitydistributionthatiscompleydescribedbyitsmeananditsTheroleofthenormaldistributioninstatisticalinferenceandregression ysisisvastlyextendedbyacrucialresultknownasthecentrallimittheorem.['?f?]n.Thepriceatwhichadealerortraderiswillingtosellanasset,typicallyqualifiedbya ty(askBuyordergenerallywillpartiallyorcomple atthebestofferprice,dependingonthesizeavailableatthebestoffer.n.Marketstructurewitharelativelysmallnumberoffirmssupplyingthemarket.Understandingthemarketstructureofoligopolymarketscanhelpinidentifyingalogicalpatternofstrategicpricechangesforthecompetingfirms.[??p?n]n.Afinancialinstrumentthatgivesonepartytheright,butnottheobligation,tobuyorsellanunderlyingassetfromortoanotherpartyatafixedpriceoveraspecificperiodoftime.Alsoreferredtoascontingentclaimoroptioncontract.Optionsmarketstradecontractsthatdeliverinthefuture,butdeliverytakes ceonlyiftheholdersoftheoptionschoosetoexercisethem.Adescriptivemeasurecomputedfromorusedtodescribeapopulationofdata,conventionallyrepresentedbyGreekletters.Theinformationonapopulationthatwetrytoobtainusuallyconcernsthevalueofaparameter, tycomputedfromorusedtodescribeapopulationofdata. lesthatdivideadistributioninto100equalQuartilesdividethedistributionintoquarters,quintilesintofifths,decilesintotenths,andpercentilesintohundredths.n.Aperpetualannuity,orasetofnever-endinglevelsequentialcashflows,withthefirstcashflowoccurringoneperiodfromnow.Abondthatdoesnotmature.Perpetuityisanassetoracontractthatpaysafixedamountofmoneyeachtimeperiod,forever.[?pri:mi?m]n.Inthecaseofbonds,premiumreferstotheamountbywhichabondispricedaboveitsface(par)value.Inthecaseofanoption,theamountpaidfortheoptioncontract.Hedeclinedtosaywhatlevelofpremiumwouldbeacceptable.[?pr?ns?pl]n.Theamountoffundsoriginallyinvestedinaprojectorinstrument;thefacevaluetobepaidatTheAAcorporatehaslittlecreditrisk,andit,too,shouldreturnthefullprincipal.n.Theamountofoutputproducedbyworkersinagivenperiodoftime—forexample,outputperhourworked;measurestheefficiencyoflabor.Competitionwouldthendowhatithasdonebetterprices. ernmentpoliciesthatrestrictthe ofagoodthatcanbeimportedintoacountry,generallyforaspecifiedperiodoftime.TheendofquotasonU.S.textileimportstwoyearsagohelpedspeedthegrowthofdeveloRandom[?r?nd?m?n?mb?][?r?nd?mAnobservationdrawnfromauniformRegulatorswereconcernedthatanentirelyrandomnumbercouldhaveduplicatesinthe[r??se?n]n.AperiodduringwhichrealGDPdecreases(i.e.,negativegrowth)foratleasttwosuccessivequarters,oraperiodofsignificantdeclineintotal e,employment,andsalesusuallylastingfromsixmonthstoayear.TheEurozonerecessiondeepenedinthefinalthreemonthsof2012,officialfiguresshow.n.WithdrawalsoffundsbyAmidthedepthsofthe2008financialcrisis,NIR,likemanyhedgefunds,suspendedinvestor[r??z?d?u:?lkleim][r??z?d?u?lTheowners’remainingclaimon assetsaftertheliabilitiesareDeliverpartofresidualClaimtoimpelagentworkingharderinanti-moneylaundering.英[?s?lvid??v?lju][?s?lv?d?Theamountthe estimatesthatitcanselltheassetforattheendofitsusefullife.Alsocalledresidualvalue.Thesystemisexpectedtolast10years,andhasnosalvagevalueattheendoftheperiod.n.TheprocessofobtainingaWithdatasampling,onlyasubsetofthedatais tativemeasureofskew(lackofsymmetry);asynonymofskew.Researchfindingsprovedthatbothskewnesslevelofassetearningratedistributionandmarketfrictionfactorshaddirecteffectondecision-makingbeha