詞形變化歸納

中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)詞形歸納一、名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式構(gòu)成：以一f或一fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)（1）^口一s，如：cafes,giraffes（2）去f,fe加一ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveslife-liveswolf-wolvesthief-thievesself-selveswife-wivesshelf-shelves歌訣記憶：樹葉（leaf）半數(shù)（half）自己（self）黃；妻子（wife）拿刀（knife）去割糧；架（shelf）后竄出一匹狼（wolf）；就像小偷（thief）逃命（life）亡。這9個(gè)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，都要改一f（e）為v,再加一es,以一o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)（1）加s，如：photo-photospiano-pianosradio-radioszoo-zooskilo-kilos（2）加。、，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesmangoes,Negro-Negroeshero-heroes歌訣記憶：黑人（Negro）和英雄（hero）愛吃芒果、西紅柿（tomato）和馬鈴薯（potato）o除了這五個(gè)以一o結(jié)尾的名詞加一es外，其余的以一o結(jié)尾的名詞加一s。表示“國(guó)家”的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)Chinese-ChineseJapanese-JapaneseEnglishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-FrenchmenRussian-RussiansIndian-IndiansCanadian-CanadiansAmerican-Americans歌訣記憶：中（Chinese）日（Japanese）不變，英（Englishman）法（Frenchman）變，其余s加后面。以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞一goods貨物trousers/pants/jeans/shorts褲子clothes衣服glasses眼鏡以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞（1）maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。（2）news是不可數(shù)名詞。（3）theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。由man和woman構(gòu)成的合成名詞，兩個(gè)構(gòu)成部分都要變成復(fù)數(shù)如：manworker-menworkers（男工人）womandoctor-womendoctors（女醫(yī)生）以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i再加一es。例如：baby-babies,city-cities,story-stories,party-parties,lady-ladies,diary-diaries,century-centuriescopy-copiescountry,company,factory,family,memory,enemy,hobby,dictionary,university以s，x，ch，sh結(jié)尾的名詞加一es，如：class-classesbus-buses,boss-bossesclass,glass,dress,box-boxes,foxes,watch-watchesspeech-speeches,,beach-beacheschurch-churches,sandwiches,coaches,matches,inches,brush-brushesdishes,wishes,fishes其他不規(guī)則變化man-menwoman-womengoose-geesefoot-feettooth-teethchild-childrenfish-fishdeer-deersheep-sheepmouse-micefisherman-fishermen,policeman,chairman,spaceman,postman,salesman,snowman歌訣記憶：男人（man）女人（woman）a變。，鵝（goose）足（foot）牙（tooth）?oo變ee。孩子（child）加上ren，魚（fish）鹿（deer）綿羊（sheep）不用變。［注］fish指魚的種類時(shí)，要加上一es構(gòu)成其復(fù)數(shù)；當(dāng)指魚的條數(shù)時(shí)，單復(fù)數(shù)同形;指魚肉時(shí)，為不可數(shù)名詞。二、代詞（人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞的構(gòu)成）第一人稱第二人稱第三人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱主格Iweyouyouhe/she/itthey代詞賓格meusyouyouhim/her/itthem物主代詞形容詞性myouryouryourhis/her/itstheir名詞性mineoursyoursyourshis/hers/itstheirs反身代詞myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves三、數(shù)詞(基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù))firstsecondthirdfifthtwelftheighthninthtwentiethfortiethninetiethtwenty-first基變序，有規(guī)律，末尾加上th；一二三特殊記，八減t,九去e,ve要用f替；y結(jié)尾變ie,后跟th莫忘記；若想表示幾十幾，只變個(gè)位就可以。四、形容詞和副詞(原級(jí)、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí))一般在詞尾加er/est:great—greater—greatest,young—younger—youngest,slow—slower—slowest以e結(jié)尾的詞加r/st:nice—nicer—nicest,large—larger—largest,huge,wise,wide,fine,late以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞把y改i再加er/est:heavy—heavier—heaviest,easy—easier—easiest,busy—busier—busiest,funny—funnier—funniest,early一earlier—earliest,lucky,healthy,lazy,angry,happy,hungry以一個(gè)讀短音的元音字母加一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾，雙寫該輔音字母再加er/est:big—bigger一biggest,thin一thinner一thinnest,fat一fatter一fattest,fit—fitter—fittest,wet—wetter—wettest,hot—hotter—hottest,mad,sad,glad多音節(jié)詞在其前加more/most:carefUl—morecarefUl—mostcareful，useful—moreuseful—mostusefulpopular—morepopular—mostpopular,slowly—oreslowly—mostslowlycarelessly—morecarelessly—mostcarelessly,morepolitely-mostpolitely不規(guī)則變化的詞good/well—better—best;bad/ill/badly—worse—worstmany/much—more—most;little—less—leastold—older/elder—oldest(指年齡大小)/eldest(指長(zhǎng)幼順序)far—farther/further—farthest(指距離)/furthest(指程度)五、動(dòng)詞：(原形、第三人稱單數(shù)、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞)第三人稱單數(shù)：-sbuys,stays,plays,enjoys,destroys,says,ties,lies,waits,shops,begins-esbrush,rush,push,fish,wish,wash,teach,watch,catch,match,search,dress,miss,discuss,fix,relaxdo,go去y加iescarry,hurry,worry,try,cry,dry(v.),fly,reply,copy,study,tidy(v),現(xiàn)在分詞：-ingwaiting,raining,happening,visiting,suffering,seeing去e加inggive,leave,have,lose,invite,close,admire,breathe,cause,prepare雙寫輔音字母加ingsit,hit,cut,put,chat,get,forget,shut,set,let,fitbegin,plan,win,run,spin;nod,swim,dig,jog,step,clap,rob,rub,kidnap,shop,dropprefer,travel,quarrel,controlie-yingdie,lie,tie—dying,lying,tying過(guò)去式/過(guò)去分詞(規(guī)則變化)-edenjoyed,destroyed,stayed,played,waited,rained,happened,visited,sufferede-dadvise,ache,practice,arrive,believe,receive,refuse,share,continue,breathe,notice,manage,celebrate,change,score,communicate,dance,decide,describe,force,divide,encourage,hate,hope,move,waste,exercise,imagine,increase,cause,compare,care,complete,introduce,produce,provide,prove,promise,invite,praise,prepare,（3）雙寫輔-音字母加edchat,fit,clap,stop,step,shop,drop,rub,rob,kidnap,jog,plan,nod,prefer,travel,quarrel,control（4）去y加iedstudy,carry,hurry,worry,dry,try,cry,copy,reply,tidy（v.）不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞:三形相同（AAA型）:cost,cut,hit,hurt,let,put,read,set,shut,spread兩形相同1）原形與過(guò)去分詞相同:（ABA型）become-became-become,come-came-come,run-ran-run2）原形與過(guò)去式相同（AAB型）beat-beat-beaten3）過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞相同：（ABB型）bring-brought,buy-bought,fight-fought,think-thought,catch-caught,teach-taughtbuild-built,lend-lent,send-sent,spend-spent;burn-burned/burnt,dream-dreamed/dreamt,learn-learned/learnt,smell-smelled/smelt,spell-spelled/speltpay-paid,say-said,lay-laidsell-sold,tell-toldkeep-kept,sleep-slept,sweep-swept,get-got,shine-shone,win-won,sit-sat,stick-stuck,dig-dug,hold-held,hang-hung,stand-stood,understand-understood,feel-felt,find-found,meet-met,feed-fed,bleed-bled,lead-led,shoot-shothave-had,leave-left,lose-lost,make-made,hear-heard,deal-dealt,mean-meant三形不同（ABC型）begin-began-begun,drink-drank-drunk,sing-sang-sung,ring-rang-rung，swim-swam-swum,drive-drove-driven,rise-rose-risen,give-gave-given,forgive-forgave-forgiven;ride-rode-ridden,write-wrote-written,forget-forgot-forgotten,hide-hid-hidden,bite-bit-bittenblow-blew-blown,grow-grew-grown,know-knew-known,throw-threw-thrown,show-showed-shown,fly-flew-flown,draw-drew-drawn,break-broke-broken,speak-spoke-spoken,steal-stole-stolen,choose-chose-chosen,freeze-froze-frozen,wake-woke-woken,take-took-taken,shake-shook-shaken,mistake-mistook-mistaken,tear-tore-torn,wear-wore-wornsee-saw-seen,go-went-gone,fall-fell-fallen,eat-ate-eaten,do-did-done,be-was/were-beenlie-lay-lain,六、構(gòu)詞法：1）v.—n.-ment:treatment,movement,excitement,improvement,development,agreement,advertisement,achievement,punishment,encouragement-ion:invention,collection,direction,action,attraction,suggestion,discussion,connection,instruction,introduce-introduction去e加ion:educate,donate,celebrate,operate,communicate,graduate,congratulate,create,去e加ation:prepare,invite,organize,imagine,examinede~?siondecide-decisionconclude-conclusion（結(jié)論）-ing:training,meaning,acting,building,meeting,greeting,feeling,shaking,warning-ordirector,actor,visitor,inventor,-erplayer,reader,leader,owner,worker,teacher,speaker,waiter,supporter,farmer,reporterdriver,dancer,writer,producer,managerwinner,runner,swimmer,robber,kidnapper,shopper,traveller-resswaitress,actressn.-istscience-scientist,artist,touristn.-er/rprisoner,villager,adj~?n.-nessillness,sickness,kindness,sadness(un)happiness,business,ugliness-y/tydifficulty,safety;able=ability-er/rforeigner,strangert—?cedifferent,silent,important,patient,confident-thlong-length.strong-strength,warmth,true-truthwide-width,deep-depthn.—adj.-ousdangerous,humorous,poisonous-erneastern,western,southern,northern-ablesuitable,comfortable,fashionable,enjoyable,value-valuable,-alnational,international,educational,traditional,musical,personalnatural,cultural,practical-ylucky,healthy,sleepy,sporty,dirty,rainy,snowy,cloudy,windy,funy,sunny,foggynoise-noisy,taste-tasty,shine-shiny-lylovely,lively,friendly,lonely,daily,weekly-fulcareful,useful,harmful,helpful,hopeful,meaningful,successful-lesscareless,useless,harmless,meaningless,endless,homeless-nAmerican,Australian,Indian,Russian,Asian,African,European,Canada-Canadian,-enwool(l)en,wooden,goldenv.~?adj.-edsurprised,amaze