APJC反芻生理特征與營養(yǎng)New

APJC反芻生理特征與營養(yǎng)New第一頁，共47頁。歡迎?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.2第二頁，共47頁。何謂反芻家畜?反芻家畜:具有多個(gè)胃并且還有瘤胃的家畜.

（例:牛,羊）反芻家畜的意義:

可以利用人或單胃動(dòng)物所不能利用的纖維素進(jìn)行必要的動(dòng)物性蛋白質(zhì)的供應(yīng).?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.3第三頁，共47頁。反芻動(dòng)物=單胃動(dòng)物飼料營養(yǎng)素家畜生產(chǎn)物飼料營養(yǎng)素家畜生產(chǎn)物反芻微生物?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.4第四頁，共47頁。反芻動(dòng)物的胃區(qū)分名稱

功能第1胃:瘤胃由微生物進(jìn)行飼料發(fā)酵

采食的飼料中70~85%被利用

吸收揮發(fā)性脂肪酸第2胃:網(wǎng)胃和1胃有同樣的功能并且

具有“網(wǎng)”的功能，防止異物進(jìn)入第3胃:瓣胃吸收60~70%的水份與部分的礦物質(zhì)第4胃:真胃分泌消化酶,和單胃動(dòng)物胃功能相似

分泌葉酸，分解微生物蛋白質(zhì)

擁有4個(gè)胃的復(fù)雜構(gòu)造占體重的約25~28%?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.5第五頁，共47頁。犢牛的胃中間階段完全成熟的成牛的胃幽門食道食道口食道食道口第2胃瘤胃瘤胃第4胃第4胃第2,3胃第4胃第2胃第3胃食道口食道瘤胃小腸?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.6第六頁，共47頁。奶牛的消化器官第1胃

第2胃

第3胃

第4胃

?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.7第七頁，共47頁。正常瘤胃的構(gòu)造1胃:瘤胃2胃:網(wǎng)胃3胃:瓣胃4胃:真胃

4胃移位?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.8第八頁，共47頁。反芻微生物900多種微生物共同生存,但每種微生物根據(jù)利用的原料、最適生長條件及生成物不同而有所差別反芻動(dòng)物與反芻微生物處于共生的關(guān)系.反芻動(dòng)物:給微生物提供適合的環(huán)境與營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)微生物:給反芻動(dòng)物提供各種營養(yǎng)素因?yàn)槲⑸锏拇嬖谀膛？梢赃M(jìn)行自身無法進(jìn)行的營養(yǎng)代謝.纖維素的消化利用利用非蛋白態(tài)氮(NPN)B族維生素、維生素K的合成利用?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.9第九頁，共47頁。瘤胃的環(huán)境容積為150-200L溫度維持在39-41℃酸度為pH5.5-7.0含有適當(dāng)水份的大型發(fā)酵罐.通過蠕動(dòng)促進(jìn)消化物與微生物的移動(dòng)通過胃壁和下段消化器官可以消除微生物發(fā)酵的產(chǎn)物從而可以誘導(dǎo)持續(xù)性的發(fā)酵.?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.10第十頁，共47頁。3種主要的生成物

3種主要的揮發(fā)性脂肪酸VFA種類

基質(zhì)

生成比(%)利用乙酸或草酸纖維素(粗飼料)60合成乳脂丙酸

淀粉(精料)30供應(yīng)能量丁酸或絡(luò)酸纖維素10供應(yīng)能量?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.11第十一頁，共47頁。唾液1天100~180L緩沖作用:根據(jù)唾液中的重碳酸鹽使瘤胃內(nèi)的酸度適合微生物的存活.瘤胃的水份維持在80%可促進(jìn)微生物的活動(dòng)?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.12第十二頁，共47頁。微生物最適pH765酸度微生物的活力6.85.8分解纖維素的微生物分解淀粉的微生物?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.13第十三頁，共47頁。RumenpHScale...

瘤胃pH數(shù)值范圍…OK（安全）:pH>6.2Suspect（密切關(guān)注）:pH5.9to6.2Dangerous（危險(xiǎn)）:pH<5.9?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.14第十四頁，共47頁。WhenParticleSizeIsTooSmall:

當(dāng)飼料顆粒太小時(shí)：Feedintakefluctuates.

飼料采食量波動(dòng)Cud-chewingstops.

反芻停止Rumenmicrobialpopulationsshift.

瘤胃微生物區(qū)系改變Manuregetsloose.

糞便趨稀Manureshowsgrain.

糞便中出現(xiàn)未消化的谷物Straw,beddingorsoilareconsumed.

采食秸桿，墊草或土壤Butterfatdrops.

乳脂率下降Bodyconditionleaves.

體況下降Feetgetsore.

蹄發(fā)炎、疼痛Acidosisoccurs.

發(fā)生酸中毒Milkproductionfalls.

產(chǎn)奶量下降Healthdegenerates.

健康狀況下降Cowsgetculledandsomedie.

奶牛被淘汰和死亡?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.15第十五頁，共47頁。WhatisPro-RumenNutrition?

什么是促瘤胃營養(yǎng)？Itconsidersbothphysicalandchemicaleffectsonrumenfunction.

考慮飼料的物理和化學(xué)特性對(duì)瘤胃功能的影響Itseekstokeeptherumenhealthy.

探尋保障瘤胃健康的途徑Itattemptstotakefulladvantageofmicrobialactivityintherumenasasourceofnutritionforthecow.

最大限度促進(jìn)瘤胃微生物活動(dòng)和生長為奶牛提供更高質(zhì)量的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.16第十六頁，共47頁。ElementsofPro-RumenNutrition

促瘤胃營養(yǎng)元素RumenHealth(rHIndex).

瘤胃健康（rH指數(shù)）Takingcareoftherumen“bugs.”

關(guān)注瘤胃微生物Synchronizeddegradation.

同步的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)降解Carbohydrates

碳水化合物Proteins

蛋白質(zhì)Predictionofmicrobialsynthesis(protein).

估測菌體蛋白生成?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.17第十七頁，共47頁。FactorsAffectingRumenHealthIndex

影響瘤胃健康指數(shù)的因素ChewingTime咀嚼時(shí)間AlkalineMolecules堿性分子+=rH[]Ammonia氨Bases&Buffers堿&緩沖劑NPN非蛋白氮(尿素)RDP(Ruminally-DegradedProtein)瘤胃可降解蛋白AcidinIngredients原料中酸TypeofNFC非纖維性碳水化合物的類型NFCDigestionRate非纖維性碳水化合物消化速度PositiveFactors有利因素NegativeFactor不利因素RumenHealthIndex瘤胃健康指數(shù)(Urea)ParticleSize飼料顆粒大小ParticleStructure飼料顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)NDFConcentrationNDF濃度AcidProduction產(chǎn)酸+AcidIntake食入酸-?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.18第十八頁，共47頁。FactorsAffectingRumenHealthIndex

影響瘤胃健康指數(shù)的因素ChewingTime咀嚼時(shí)間PositiveFactors有利因素Dependenton依賴于:1)ParticleSize飼料顆粒大小2)ParticleStructure飼料顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)3)NDFConcentrationNDF濃度Morechewingmeansmoresaliva.咀嚼次數(shù)越多意味唾液分泌越多Moresalivameansmorebuffers.唾液越多意味越多的緩沖劑?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.19第十九頁，共47頁。FactorsAffectingRumenHealthIndex

影響瘤胃健康指數(shù)的因素AlkalineMolecules堿性分子PositiveFactors有利因素Actasbases,counteractingacidproduction.起堿的作用、抑制酸的產(chǎn)生NH3NH4+NaHCO3H2CO3+Na+Ammonia氨SodiumBicarbonate小蘇打CO2+H2O+H++H+?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.20第二十頁，共47頁。FactorsAffectingRumenHealthIndex

影響瘤胃健康指數(shù)的因素NegativeFactor不利因素AcidProduction產(chǎn)酸+AcidIntake食入酸AcidProduction產(chǎn)酸:Acidsareproducedduringcarbohydratedigestion.酸是碳水化合物消化的產(chǎn)物Productionofacidcanexceedbufferingcapacityintherumen.酸的產(chǎn)生可能超過瘤胃內(nèi)的緩沖能力?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.21第二十一頁，共47頁。FactorsAffectingRumenHealthIndex

影響瘤胃健康指數(shù)的因素AcidProduction產(chǎn)酸+AcidIntake食入酸NegativeFactor不利因素Type&amountofNFCcausedifferencesinrate&typeofacidsproduced.非纖維碳水化合物類型和數(shù)量導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)生不同類型的酸和生成速度Rate&extentofdigestionareimportant.消化速度和程度是很重要Somestarchesdigestfasterthanothers.不同的淀粉的消化速度不同AcidProduction產(chǎn)酸:StarchStarchStarchStarch?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.22第二十二頁，共47頁。rHInputNutrients

瘤胃健康指數(shù)是奶牛飼料營養(yǎng)元素綜合反映Ingredient原料NFC非纖維性碳水化合物RateofNFCDig.NFC消化速度RDP瘤胃可降解蛋白ChewingTime咀嚼時(shí)間rHIndex瘤胃健康指數(shù)Corn玉米66.21.54.00-0.95Barley大麥54.22.58.40-1.47Cereal禾谷類75.52.53.10-1.86Cotton棉子2.90.513.81.251.37Bicarb小蘇打0002020?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.23第二十三頁，共47頁。飼料的變化與瘤胃的代謝

飼料變化

瘤胃代謝

結(jié)果增加粗料/減少精料

增加咀嚼活動(dòng)

維持采食

增加唾液的分泌

乳質(zhì)率提高

維持瘤胃內(nèi)的酸度

分解纖維素的微生物的活力

乙酸、丁酸的增加減少粗料/增加精料

咀嚼動(dòng)作減少

采食下降

唾液分泌低下

乳質(zhì)率下降

瘤胃內(nèi)的酸度下降

淀粉分解的微生物的活力

丙酸的增加

嚴(yán)重時(shí)乳酸增加?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.24第二十四頁，共47頁。根據(jù)精料的乳質(zhì)率下降機(jī)制瘤胃內(nèi)微生物活動(dòng)變化精料的過多供給反芻作用遲鈍唾液分泌減少pH低下丙酸增加/乙酸減少乳質(zhì)率低下?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.25第二十五頁，共47頁。瘤胃的代謝作用瘤胃是巨大的活的發(fā)酵罐在發(fā)酵罐中微生物通過利用飼料的營養(yǎng)素進(jìn)行繁殖成長.因?yàn)槭腔畹陌l(fā)酵罐吸收作用(揮發(fā)性脂肪酸,氨氣等)蠕動(dòng)(攪拌飼料).*具有吸收作用意味著可消除代謝產(chǎn)物,對(duì)微生物自身的成長有幫助.?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.26第二十六頁，共47頁。

飼喂次數(shù)對(duì)生成微生物的效率性微生物100生成的效率性12345678910

飼喂次數(shù)?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.27第二十七頁，共47頁。飼喂次數(shù)與營養(yǎng)供應(yīng)1日6回飼喂1日2回飼喂微生物需求量100?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.28第二十八頁，共47頁。不同飼料對(duì)唾液分泌量的影響飼料

唾液分泌量(?/日)干草 17840%干草60%精料 12313%干草87%精料 108青貯 110?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.29第二十九頁，共47頁。飼料飼喂次數(shù)對(duì)PH的影響

0369121518時(shí)間酸度6.66.46.26.05.82次飼喂6次飼喂?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.30第三十頁，共47頁。粗飼料的調(diào)制粗飼料的最適長度：秸稈：2cm以上稻草：3~4cm以上青貯：1.25cm以上?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.31第三十一頁，共47頁。粗飼料的最大利用

過去

現(xiàn)在粗:濃

比率=40:60最少NDF:全體干物質(zhì)的30%最小粗纖維:15%粗飼料:全體NDF要求量75%

可消化纖維:全體NDF20%乳量30kg生產(chǎn)牛,典型的飼料飼喂:精飼料15kg+稻草6kg1)過去-粗:精比率=(6x0.9)/<(15x0.9)+(6x0.9)>=28.5%<40%-最小纖維素=(15x0.06)+(6x0.32)/(15+6)=13.4%<15%2)現(xiàn)在-最小NDF=(15x0.2)+(6x0.7)/(15+6)=34.3%>30%-長粗飼料=(6x0.7)/(15+6)x0.28=71.4%<75%-可消化粗纖維NDF(%)??Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.32第三十二頁，共47頁。粗飼料原料的相對(duì)比較

物理作用

化學(xué)作用稻草10040苜蓿草塊5050棉籽皮顆粒6065甜菜雜顆粒20100苜蓿顆粒550混合粗飼料3060玉米青貯1020進(jìn)口TMR1540?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.33第三十三頁，共47頁。飼料:動(dòng)物的食物飼料*精粗的區(qū)分:粗纖維含量以18%為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

能量飼料:谷物,麩皮類蛋白質(zhì)飼料:餅粕類,動(dòng)物蛋白飼料添加劑飼料????精料干草,牧草,青貯,黃貯,秸稈類

粗料?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.34第三十四頁，共47頁。飼料的一般成分分析水份粗蛋白粗脂肪粗纖維粗灰份可溶性無氮浸出物(NFE)=100-(水份+粗蛋白+粗脂肪+粗灰份)?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.35第三十五頁，共47頁。反芻家畜的能量利用途徑飼料內(nèi)的總能可消化能代謝能凈能維持,生長,產(chǎn)奶,繁殖

糞便損失(FE)

甲烷,尿損失

熱損失100%30%70%8-10%60-62%15%45-47%?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.36第三十六頁，共47頁。反芻營養(yǎng)和均衡因?yàn)樵谀膛５臓I養(yǎng)中必須將微生物的成長和家畜的成長同時(shí)考慮，所以營養(yǎng)均衡的概念比起一般的家畜更為重要.兩種重要的均衡精粗均衡能量和蛋白質(zhì)均衡?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.37第三十七頁，共47頁。精粗均衡粗料的物理性作用和精料的營養(yǎng)供給功能之間的均衡精料過多時(shí):營養(yǎng)供給雖然多但因瘤胃環(huán)境惡化引起副作用粗料過多時(shí):營養(yǎng)供給不良適當(dāng)均衡4:6===>5:5===>6:4

初期

中期

后期?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.38第三十八頁，共47頁。粗纖維均衡.量.粒度.消化率.分解速度畜種、生理狀態(tài)、生產(chǎn)性、其它

?Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,Incorporated.AllRightsReserved.Cargill,I