基于單片機(jī)的音樂盒的設(shè)計(jì)

PAGEPAGE30《單片機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用》課程設(shè)計(jì)說明書設(shè)計(jì)題目：基于AT89C52單片機(jī)的音樂盒的設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)院：專業(yè)班級(jí):設(shè)計(jì)者：學(xué)號(hào)：指導(dǎo)老師：

目錄摘要…………………4概述……………5音樂盒的發(fā)音原理……………62.1播放音樂的原理……………62.2音符頻率的產(chǎn)生……………62.3節(jié)拍頻率的產(chǎn)生……………8硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)…………………93.1硬件電路……………………93.2整體硬件電路………………103.3原理說明…………………103.4鍵盤按鍵…………………10軟件設(shè)計(jì)………114.1程序設(shè)計(jì)流程………………114.2設(shè)計(jì)源程序代碼……………12仿真及調(diào)試……………………165.1調(diào)試………165.2仿真………165.3程序調(diào)試中出現(xiàn)的問題及解決的辦法………17設(shè)計(jì)小結(jié)………18

附錄元件清單…………………19

基于AT89C52單片機(jī)的音樂盒的設(shè)計(jì)【摘要】：隨著人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展，人們對(duì)視覺、聽覺方面的享受提出了越來越高的要求。小小的音樂盒可以給人們帶來美好的回憶，提高人們的精神文化享受。傳統(tǒng)的音樂盒多是機(jī)械型的，體積笨重，發(fā)音單調(diào)，不能實(shí)現(xiàn)批量生產(chǎn)。本文設(shè)計(jì)的音樂盒是以單片機(jī)為核心元件的電子式音樂盒，體積小，重量輕，能演奏和旋音樂，功能多，使用方便，可以批量生產(chǎn)，具有一定的商業(yè)價(jià)值?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】：音樂盒；單片機(jī)

概述傳統(tǒng)的音樂盒多是機(jī)械音樂盒，其工作原理是通過齒輪帶動(dòng)一個(gè)帶有鐵釘?shù)蔫F桶轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),鐵桶上的鐵釘撞擊鐵片制成的琴鍵，從而發(fā)出聲音。但是，機(jī)械式的音樂盒體積比較大，比較笨重，且發(fā)音單調(diào)。水、灰塵等外在因素，容易使內(nèi)部金屬發(fā)音條變形，從而造成發(fā)音跑調(diào)。另外，機(jī)械音樂盒放音時(shí)為了讓音色穩(wěn)定,必須放平不能動(dòng)搖，而且價(jià)格昂貴，不能實(shí)現(xiàn)大批量生產(chǎn)。本文設(shè)計(jì)的音樂盒，是基于單片機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)制作的電子式音樂盒。與傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)械式音樂盒相比更小巧，音質(zhì)更優(yōu)美且能演奏和弦音樂。電子式音樂盒動(dòng)力來源是電池，制作工藝簡(jiǎn)單，可進(jìn)行批量生產(chǎn)，所以價(jià)格便宜?；趩纹瑱C(jī)制作的電子式音樂盒，控制功能強(qiáng)大，可根據(jù)需要選歌，使用方便。所放歌曲的節(jié)奏可以根據(jù)需要進(jìn)行設(shè)置，根據(jù)存儲(chǔ)容量的大小，可以盡可能多的存儲(chǔ)歌曲。另外，可以設(shè)計(jì)彩燈外觀效果，增設(shè)放歌時(shí)間、序號(hào)顯示燈功能，使音樂盒的功能更加豐富，如圖1-1所示。圖1-1單片機(jī)音樂盒功能框圖第2章音樂盒的發(fā)音原理2.1播放音樂的原理發(fā)音原理：播放一段音樂需要的是兩個(gè)元素，一個(gè)是音調(diào)，另一個(gè)是音符。首先要了解對(duì)應(yīng)的音調(diào)，音調(diào)主要由聲音的頻率決定，同時(shí)也與聲音強(qiáng)度有關(guān)。對(duì)一定強(qiáng)度的純音，音調(diào)隨頻率的升降而升降；對(duì)一定頻率的純音、低頻純音的音調(diào)隨聲強(qiáng)增加而下降，高頻純音的音調(diào)卻隨強(qiáng)度增加而上升。另外，音符的頻率有所不同。基于上面的內(nèi)容，這樣就對(duì)發(fā)音的原理有了一些初步的了解。音符的發(fā)音主要靠不同的音頻脈沖。利用單片機(jī)的內(nèi)部定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器0，使其工作在模式1，定時(shí)中斷，然后控制P3.7引腳的輸出音樂。只要算出某一音頻的周期（1/頻率），然后將此周期除以2，即為半周期的時(shí)間，利用定時(shí)器計(jì)時(shí)這個(gè)半周期時(shí)間，每當(dāng)計(jì)時(shí)到后就將輸出脈沖的I/O反相，然后重復(fù)計(jì)時(shí)此半周期時(shí)間再對(duì)I/O反相，就可在I/O腳上得到此頻率的脈沖。2.2音符頻率的產(chǎn)生音符及定時(shí)器初始值：例如：中音1（do）的音頻=523HZ,周期T=1/523s=1912定時(shí)器/計(jì)數(shù)器0的定時(shí)時(shí)間為：T/2=1912/2=956定時(shí)器956的計(jì)數(shù)值=定時(shí)時(shí)間/機(jī)器周期=956/1=956(時(shí)鐘頻率=12MHZ)裝入T0計(jì)數(shù)器初值為65536-956=64580將64580裝入T0寄存器中，啟動(dòng)T0工作后，每計(jì)數(shù)956次時(shí)將產(chǎn)生溢出中斷，進(jìn)入中斷服務(wù)時(shí)，每次對(duì)P3.0引腳的輸出值進(jìn)行取反，就可得到中音DO（523HZ）的音符音頻。將51單片機(jī)內(nèi)部定時(shí)器工作在計(jì)數(shù)器模式1下，改變計(jì)數(shù)初值TH0,TL0以產(chǎn)生不同的頻率。下表2-1是C調(diào)各音符頻率與計(jì)數(shù)初值T的對(duì)照表：表2-1C調(diào)各音符頻率與計(jì)數(shù)初值T的對(duì)照表音符頻率（Hz）/初值()音符頻率（Hz）/初值()低1DO262/63627中1DO523/64580高1DO1042/65056低2RE294/63835中2RE589/64687高2RE1245/65134低3M330/64021中3M661/64780高3M1318/65157低4FA350/64107中4FA700/64822高4FA1397/65178低5SO393/64264中5SO786/64900高5SO1568/65217低6LA441/64402中6LA882/64969高6LA1760/65252低7SI495/64526中7SI990/65031高7SI1967/65282音符、音符編碼及定時(shí)器初始值：為了產(chǎn)生音符，必須求出音符低音5—高音5的計(jì)數(shù)初值。例如C調(diào)的低1DO的THTL=65536-50000/262=63627，中音DO的THTL=65536-500000/523=64580,高音DO的THTL=65536-500000/1042=65056。為了方便寫譜，對(duì)其進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的編碼，在編程時(shí)，根據(jù)音符編碼查找對(duì)應(yīng)的計(jì)數(shù)初值。比如說音樂是C調(diào)的，那么出現(xiàn)低音的5SO，直接將代碼寫為1；出現(xiàn)低音6LA,直接寫一個(gè)2的代碼；出現(xiàn)低音7SI，直接寫一個(gè)3代碼。表2-2音符編碼表音符音符編碼音符音符編碼不發(fā)音0低5SO1低6LA2低7SI3中1DO4中2RE5中3M6中4FA7中5SO8中6LA9中7SIA高1DOB高2REC高3MD高4FAE高5SOF高6LAG2.3節(jié)拍頻率的產(chǎn)生節(jié)拍的產(chǎn)生與編碼：音樂中的節(jié)拍用延時(shí)時(shí)間產(chǎn)生。例如，1拍=0.4s，1/4拍=0.1s，以此類推。假設(shè)1/4拍執(zhí)行一次延時(shí)程序，則1/2拍就執(zhí)行兩次延時(shí)程序，所以只要求出1/4拍的延時(shí)時(shí)間，其余節(jié)拍就是它的倍數(shù)。為了方便，將節(jié)拍數(shù)也進(jìn)行了編碼，并且計(jì)算了樂譜節(jié)拍編程時(shí)的延時(shí)時(shí)間，如表2-3和表2-4所示。表2-3節(jié)拍數(shù)編碼表按1/4拍為一個(gè)延時(shí)時(shí)間的節(jié)拍編碼與節(jié)拍對(duì)應(yīng)的表按1/8拍為一個(gè)延時(shí)時(shí)間的節(jié)拍編碼與節(jié)拍對(duì)應(yīng)的表節(jié)拍編碼節(jié)拍節(jié)拍編碼節(jié)拍節(jié)拍編碼節(jié)拍節(jié)拍編碼節(jié)拍11/466/411/866/822/488/422/888/833/4A10/433/8A10/844/4C12/444/8C12/855/4F15/455/8表2-4樂譜節(jié)拍編程時(shí)的時(shí)間延時(shí)表樂譜節(jié)拍1/4拍的延時(shí)時(shí)間樂譜節(jié)拍1/8拍的延時(shí)時(shí)間4/4125ms4/462ms3/4187ms3/494ms2/4250ms2/4125ms音符編碼和節(jié)拍編碼完成后，在編程時(shí)，每個(gè)音符占一個(gè)字節(jié)，高四位是音符編碼，低四位是節(jié)拍編碼。

第3章硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)3.1硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)中用到了AT89C52單片機(jī)，3*3鍵盤，蜂鳴器等硬件電路常用元器件。3.1.1時(shí)鐘電路由單片機(jī)XTAL1、XTAL2引腳外接晶振（12MHz）及起振電容C1、C2（均為30pf）組成。如圖3-1所示：圖3-1時(shí)鐘復(fù)位電路3.1.2按鍵輸入電路由3*3矩陣鍵盤組成，P3口作為輸入控制按鍵，其中P3.4~P3.6掃描行，P3.0~P1.2掃描列。圖3-2按鍵輸入電路

3.2整體硬件電路如圖3-3所示：圖3-3音樂盒硬件電路原理圖3.3原理說明：當(dāng)鍵盤有鍵按下時(shí)，判斷鍵值，啟動(dòng)計(jì)數(shù)器T0，產(chǎn)生一定頻率的脈沖，驅(qū)動(dòng)蜂鳴器，放出樂曲。（1）

硬件電路中用P3口控制按鍵，其中P3.0~P3.2掃描列，P3.4~P1.6掃描行；（2）

用P1.0口控制蜂鳴器；（3）

電路為12MHz晶振頻率工作，起振電路中C1,C2均為30pf。3.4鍵盤按鍵鍵盤按鍵分布如下：按鍵功能說明：1—5五首歌曲6上一首歌曲7關(guān)機(jī)8暫停9下一首歌曲123456789第4章軟件設(shè)計(jì)本程序可以實(shí)現(xiàn)該課程設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求，并可以通過按鍵播放達(dá)10首歌曲。4.1程序設(shè)計(jì)流程程序設(shè)計(jì)流程圖如圖4-1所示：主程序開始主程序開始初始化計(jì)數(shù)器T0，計(jì)時(shí)器T1等待按鍵，是否有按鍵？包括播放鍵，暫停鍵，停止鍵依據(jù)按鍵碼演奏對(duì)應(yīng)的歌曲初始化計(jì)數(shù)器T0，計(jì)時(shí)器T1等待按鍵，是否有按鍵？包括播放鍵，暫停鍵，停止鍵依據(jù)按鍵碼演奏對(duì)應(yīng)的歌曲 NNYY圖4-1程序設(shè)計(jì)流程圖

4.2設(shè)計(jì)源程序代碼ORG0000HLJMPMAINORG000BH;定時(shí)器T0溢出中斷入口地址LJMPTT0ORG001BH;定時(shí)器T1溢出中斷入口地址LJMPT1INTORG1000HMAIN:MOVSP,#70HLCALLINITIL;內(nèi)存初始化WAIT:LCALLKEYLJMPWAITKEY: ;鍵盤掃描NOP NOPLCALLKSJNZK1 ;有按鍵轉(zhuǎn)到K1MOVA,37HLCALLSOPXN:LJMPKEYK1:LCALLKSJNZK2LJMPKEYK2: ;讀鍵盤MOVR2,#0FEHMOVR4,#00HK3:MOVA,R2MOVP3,AMOVA,P3JBACC.4,L1;為1跳轉(zhuǎn)，第一行無按鍵MOVA,#01HLJMPLKL1:JBACC.5,L2MOVA,#04HLJMPLKL2:JBACC.6,NEXT1MOVA,#07HLK:ADDA,R4PUSHACCK4:LCALLDELAY1LCALLKSJNZK4 ;若同時(shí)有其他按鍵，則等待(同時(shí)按視為無效)MOVR3,#07HCLRAMOVR0,#30HMOVR1,#31HMM1:MOVA,@R1;鍵值給37HMOV@R0,AINCR0INCR1DJNZR3,MM1POPACCMOV@R0,ARETNEXT1:INCR4 ;列掃描MOVA,R2JNBACC.2,N2LJMPN1N2:LJMPKEYN1:RLAMOVR2,ALJMPK3KS:MOVA,#0F0H;判斷P1口MOVP3,ANOPNOPMOVA,P3CPLAANLA,#0F0HRETDELAY1:;延時(shí)2.55ms63×4×1us×10+10×3×1usSETBRS0DL:MOVR5,#0AHDL2:MOVR6,#63DL3:NOPNOPDJNZR6,DL3DJNZR5,DL2CLRRS0RETINITIL: ;30H~37H初值為零MOVR3,#08HMOVR0,#30HM1:MOV@R0,#00HINCR0DJNZR3,M1CLRP1.0RET;按鍵值播放歌曲SOP:MOVA,37HCJNEA,#01H,A11MOV52H,#HIGHTABLE10MOV53H,#LOWTABLE10LCALLMAIN0A11:CJNEA,#02H,A22MOV52H,#HIGHTABLE20MOV53H,#LOWTABLE20LCALLMAIN0A22:CJNEA,#03H,A33MOV52H,#HIGHTABLE30MOV53H,#LOWTABLE30LCALLMAIN0A33:CJNEA,#04H,A44MOV52H,#HIGHTABLE40MOV53H,#LOWTABLE40LCALLMAIN0A44:CJNEA,#05H,A55MOV52H,#HIGHTABLE50MOV53H,#LOWTABLE50LCALLMAIN0A55:RETDELAY:MOVR4,#05D1:MOVR5,#0FFHDJNZR5,$DJNZR4,D1RET MAIN0:MOVTMOD,#11H;播放歌曲程序MOVIE,#8AHMOVTH1,#3CHMOVTL1,#0B0H LCALLKSJNZTTM12MOV40H,#00HNEXT20:MOVA,40HMOVDPH,52HMOVDPL,53HMOVCA,@A+DPTRMOVR2,AJZSTOPANLA,#0FHMOVR1,AMOVA,R2SWAPAANLA,#0FHJNZSINGCLRTR0JMPW1SING:DECAMOV22H,ARLAMOVDPTR,#TABLE00MOVCA,@A+DPTRMOVTH0,AMOV21H,AMOVA,22HRLAINCAMOVCA,@A+DPTRMOVTL0,AMOV20H,ASETBTR0SETBTR1W1:LCALLDELAY30INC40HLCALLKS;有鍵跳出JNZSTOPLJMPNEXT20STOP:CLRTR0CLRTR1CLRP1.0LJMPMAIN0TTM12:LCALLK2MOVA,37HCJNEA,#08H,TTM13 ;暫停CLRTR1CLRP1.0LCALLDELAY1TTM120:LCALLKSLCALLDELAY1JZTTM120LCALLK2MOVA,37HCJNEA,#08H,TTM120 SETBTR1LJMPNEXT20TTM13:CJNEA,#09H,TTM14 ;下一曲MOVA,52HINCAMOV52H,AMOVA,53HINCAMOV53H,AMOVA,36HINCAMOV37H,ALJMPTTM2TTM14:CJNEA,#06H,TTM2 ;上一曲MOVA,52HDECAMOV52H,AMOVA,53HDECAMOV53H,AMOVA,36HDECAMOV37H,A TTM2:RETTT0:PUSHACC;定時(shí)器中斷子程序0PUSHPSWMOVTL0,20HMOVTH0,21HCPLP1.0 ;獲得脈沖POPPSWPOPACCRETI;定時(shí)器中斷子程序1T1INT:MOVTH1,#3cHMOVTL1,#0b0HRETIDELAY30: MOVR7,#2W2:MOVR4,#125W3:MOVR3,#248DJNZR3,$DJNZR4,W3DJNZR7,W2DJNZR1,DELAY30RETTABLE00:DW64580,64684,64777,6482;音符DW64898,64968,65030,64260DWTABLE10: ;第一首《精忠報(bào)國》DB66H,52H,36H,22H,12H,12H,22H,32H,98H,84H,82H,92H,14H,12H,22HDB32H,52H,22H,42H,38H,66H,52H,36H,22H,12H,22H,22H,32H,98HDB24H,22H,32H,54H,52H,32H,92H,12H,92H,82H,98H,66H,52H,36H,22HDB12H,12H,22H,32H,98H,84H,82H,92H,14H,12H,22H,32H,52H,22H,42H,38HDB66H,52H,36H,22H,12H,22H,22H,32H,98H,24H,22H,32H,54H,52H,32HDB22H,12H,92H,82H,98H,14H,24H,34H,44H,64H,0B4H,64H,32H,52HDB62H,0B2H,62H,52H,38H,24H,22H,32H,54H,52H,62H,52H,32H,32H,22H,38HDB64H,0B4H,64H,32H,52H,62H,0B2H,62H,52H,38H,22H,22H,22H,32H,52H,52HDB52H,62H,7FH,74H,04H,58H,6FHDB00TABLE20: ;第二首《月亮代表我的心》DB02H,82HDB16H,32H,54H,02H,52HDB0A6H,32H,54H,02H,52HDB64H,74H,0B6H,64HDB52H,5CH,32H,22HDB16H,12H,14H,32H,22HDB16H,12H,14H,22H,32HDB26H,12H,94H,22H,32HDB2CHDB32H,52HDB36H,22H,14H,54HDB0ACH,92H,0A2HDB96H,0A2H,96H,82HDB3CH,54HDB36H,22H,14H,54HDB0ACH,92H,0A2HDB16H,12H,14H,22H,32HDB2CH,02H,82HDB16H,32H,56H,12HDB0A6H,32H,56H,52HDB66H,72H,0B6H,62HDB62H,52H,58H,32H,22HDB16H,12H,14H,32H,22HDB16H,12H,14H,22H,32HDB26H,92H,0A4H,12H,22HDB1CHDB00TABLE30: ;第三首《大海》DB82H,92H,12H,14H,12H,14H,92H,82H,12H,14H,22H,14H,92H,12H,22H,24HDB22H,24H,12H,92H,22H,24H,32H,24H,32H,52H,62H,54H,52H,64H,52H,32HDB22H,32H,22H,12H,94H,82H,92H,12H,14H,12H,14H,94H,1CHDB82H,92H,12H,14H,12H,14H,92H,82H,12H,14H,22H,14H,92H,12H,22H,24HDB22H,24H,12H,92H,22H,24H,32H,24H,32H,52H,62H,54H,52H,64H,52H,32HDB22H,32H,22H,12H,94H,82H,92H,12H,14H,12H,14H,22H,12H,1CH,32H,52HDB62H,64H,62H,64H,0B2H,62H,52H,54H,62H,54H,32H,22HDB12H,14H,12H,14H,24H,3CH,32H,22H,12H,14H,12H,14H,0B2H,62H,52H,54H,62H,54H,32H,52HDB66H,0B2H,0B4H,62H,52H,5CH,32H,52H,62H,64H,62H,64H,0B2H,62H,52H,54HDB62H,54H,32H,22H,12H,14H,12H,14H,54H,3CH,32H,22H,12H,14H,12H,14H,22H,32HDB52H,54H,32H,54H,32H,52H,6FH,04H,02H,92H,32H,24H,12H,1FHDB00TABLE40:;第四首《彩云追月》DB86H,92H,12H,22H,32H,52H,68H,63H,52H,34H,62H,0B2H,0B2H,62H,51H,61H,51H,31H,54HDB62H,0B2H,0B2H,62H,52H,32H,52H,52H,51H,61H,51H,31H,34H,52H,62H,74H,32H,52H,52H,32HDB21H,31H,21H,11H,24HDB32H,52H,52H,32H,22H,12H,24H,32H,52H,52H,32H,62H,52H,61H,51HDB31H,21H,21H,31H,21H,11H,1CHDB21H,31H,22H,23H,31H,21H,18H,02H,0B2H,0BCH,0B4H,72H,61H,51H,72H,61HDB71H,61H,51H,61H,71H,61H,6FHDB86H,94H,12H,22H,32H,52H,64H,62H,51H,31H,52H,21H,31H,21H,33H,62H,0B2H,0B2H,62HDB51H,61H,51H,31H,54HDB62H,0B2H,72H,61H,51H,51H,61H,51H,31H,54H,61H,0B2H,72H,61H,51H,51H,61H,51H,31H,32HDB21H,11H,32H,51H,61H,54HDB02H,32H,24H,32H,52H,52H,32H,22H,31H,21H,11H,24H,32H,52H,62H,0B2H,72H,61H,51H,61HDB51H,31H,32H,52H,52H,32H,62HDB51H,31H,31H,21H,11H,91H,23H,31H,21H,1CH,12H,24H,32H,62H,51H,31H,34H,0B4H,72HDB61H,51H,63H,71H,64HDB0B2H,54H,72H,62H,71H,61H,54H,61H,51H,31H,21H,34H,73H,61H,54H,22H,32H,52H,22H,36HDB52H,62H,61H,31H,32H,21H,11H,21H,11H,91H,81HDB94H,52H,62H,52H,42H,32H,22H,32H,52H,0B4H,74H,64H,52H,61H,51H,41H,5CH,02H,52H,0B4H,74HDB63H,51H,61H,51H,31H,21HDB00TABLE50:;第五首《看我七十二變》DB0D4H,84H,94H,82H,92HDB12H,22H,82H,92H,02H,92H,82H,0D2HDB82H,92H,14H,84H,02H,0D1H,0D1HDB0C2H,0D2H,84H,0D2H,0D2H,82H,82HDB84H,82H,82H,94H,82H,0D2HDB82H,82H,82H,92H,02H,82H,82H,0D2HDB0C4H,84H,0D4H,92H,0D2HDB82H,0D2H,82H,92H,98HDB04H,94H,88HDB04H,94H,88HDB04H,94H,88HDB04H,94H,88H,04HDB32H,32H,22H,12H,02H,92H,12H,92HDB32H,32H,22H,12H,02H,92H,12H,92HDB32H,32H,22H,12H,02H,92H,12H,22HDB54H,44H,34H,12H,22HDB34H,22H,12H,02H,92H,12H,92HDB32H,32H,22H,12H,02H,92H,12H,92HDB32H,32H,22H,12H,02H,92H,12H,22HDB54H,44H,32H,22H,12H,92HDB00 END

第5章仿真及調(diào)試5.1調(diào)試：（1）按照第2章設(shè)計(jì)的硬件電路在proteus軟件內(nèi)畫好電路圖。（2）打開單片機(jī)軟件開發(fā)系統(tǒng)keil，選擇AT89C51單片機(jī)，在其中編寫程序，運(yùn)行生成一個(gè)hex文件。（3）電路檢查無誤后，雙擊AT89C51單片機(jī)，打開編輯元件對(duì)話框（如圖5-1所示），將已經(jīng)在keil環(huán)境下調(diào)試好的程序hex文件加載到單片機(jī)上。圖5-1加載單片機(jī)程序5.2仿真：（1）按下1-5中的某一按鍵，蜂鳴器播放當(dāng)前樂曲。（2）按下6鍵，則蜂鳴器響起上一首樂曲。（3）按下9鍵，則蜂鳴器響起下一首樂曲。（4）按下8鍵，則蜂鳴器停止當(dāng)前音樂的播放再次按下8鍵后，音樂繼續(xù)播放。

5.3程序調(diào)試中出現(xiàn)的問題及解決的辦法：有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)程序一點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤也沒有，但就是不能正常運(yùn)行的現(xiàn)象，最后我們發(fā)現(xiàn)是因?yàn)槌绦蛑杏械闹噶顣鴮懙貌灰?guī)范導(dǎo)致的，例如有的RET返回指令一定要按正確格式書寫或在兩行指令間最好不要留空行。程序中的跳轉(zhuǎn)指令的運(yùn)用很重要，為保險(xiǎn)起見，都用LJMP,我們就遇到過跳轉(zhuǎn)指令用錯(cuò)程序無法正常運(yùn)行的現(xiàn)象。當(dāng)用JNZ指令時(shí)，跳轉(zhuǎn)范圍比較少，這時(shí)要用一個(gè)標(biāo)號(hào)中轉(zhuǎn)。編程時(shí)要注意，在程序開始時(shí)，要寫入各定時(shí)器中斷的入口地址。編程過程中要注意加注釋或分割線，否則，在程序過長(zhǎng)時(shí)容易變得很亂，不便于查找或更改。程序的結(jié)構(gòu)要設(shè)計(jì)的合理，避免上下亂調(diào)用的現(xiàn)象，這樣會(huì)使程序更加清晰化。編程前要加流程圖，這樣會(huì)使思路清晰，如設(shè)計(jì)思路完全可以按著MP3的工作方式列寫流程圖。兩個(gè)定時(shí)器同時(shí)工作，存在中斷時(shí)序問題，剛開始時(shí)我們把定時(shí)器1設(shè)定在方式3，計(jì)250us，由于定時(shí)中斷過于頻繁，使CPU負(fù)載過大，導(dǎo)致音樂不能正常播放，時(shí)間不能正常顯示。解決辦法：將定時(shí)器1設(shè)定在工作方式1，16位計(jì)數(shù)，計(jì)50ms,效果有很大改觀。在歌曲中，當(dāng)遇到一個(gè)音符發(fā)音為4拍，在編曲中為*CH，托因時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，當(dāng)定時(shí)器T1此時(shí)來中斷時(shí)，就會(huì)對(duì)歌曲播放產(chǎn)生影響，若改為發(fā)音一拍，中斷對(duì)歌曲播放影響減弱，但音樂效果變差。改進(jìn)方案：若采用可以定時(shí)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)的單片機(jī)，可以避免其中的一些問題。

第6章設(shè)計(jì)小結(jié)1．本學(xué)期學(xué)習(xí)單片機(jī)的時(shí)間很短，對(duì)單片機(jī)的硬件設(shè)計(jì)，軟件設(shè)計(jì)掌握的深度不夠，但通過此次課程設(shè)計(jì)，卻改變了很多。首先，對(duì)于硬件電路的工作原理有了進(jìn)一步的學(xué)習(xí)，同樣就有了進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)；其次，軟件方面，在程序的設(shè)計(jì)，程序的調(diào)試方面都學(xué)到了很多東西。2.

在一個(gè)好的氛圍里才能踏下心來做東西，在這幾天課程設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)間里，大家努力的氛圍對(duì)我的影響很大，這也是我能完成課程設(shè)計(jì)的動(dòng)力。另外在編程中出現(xiàn)問題時(shí)，一定要戒驕戒躁，腳踏實(shí)地，認(rèn)真看書，仔細(xì)分析，仔細(xì)調(diào)試，就一定會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤，克服困難，我也是這么做的，這在課程設(shè)計(jì)中十分重要。3.在大學(xué)課堂的學(xué)習(xí)只是純理論的專業(yè)知識(shí)，而我們應(yīng)該把所學(xué)的用到現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中去，此次的音樂盒設(shè)計(jì)給我奠定了一個(gè)實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)，我會(huì)在以后的學(xué)習(xí)、生活中磨練自己，使自己適應(yīng)社會(huì)激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

附錄:元器件清單：名稱數(shù)量（個(gè)）型號(hào)/參數(shù)備注單片機(jī)1AT89C51按鍵開關(guān)10BUTTON普通電阻410K（1個(gè)），1K（2個(gè)），100（1個(gè)）電容330pf（2個(gè)），10uf（1個(gè)）晶振112MHz三極管1PNP蜂鳴器1SPEAKERganemploymenttribunalclaimEmploymenttribunalssortoutdisagreementsbetweenemployersandemployees.Youmayneedtomakeaclaimtoanemploymenttribunalif:youdon'tagreewiththedisciplinaryactionyouremployerhastakenagainstyouyouremployerdismissesyouandyouthinkthatyouhavebeendismissedunfairly.Formoreinformationaboutdismissalandunfairdismissal,see

Dismissal.Youcanmakeaclaimtoanemploymenttribunal,evenifyouhaven't

appealed

againstthedisciplinaryactionyouremployerhastakenagainstyou.However,ifyouwinyourcase,thetribunalmayreduceanycompensationawardedtoyouasaresultofyourfailuretoappeal.Rememberthatinmostcasesyoumustmakeanapplicationtoanemploymenttribunalwithinthreemonthsofthedatewhentheeventyouarecomplainingabouthappened.Ifyourapplicationisreceivedafterthistimelimit,thetribunalwillnotusuallyacceptit.Ifyouareworriedabouthowthetimelimitsapplytoyou,takeadvicefromoneoftheorganisationslistedunder

Furtherhelp.Employmenttribunalsarelessformalthansomeothercourts,butitisstillalegalprocessandyouwillneedtogiveevidenceunderanoathoraffirmation.Mostpeoplefindmakingaclaimtoanemploymenttribunalchallenging.Ifyouarethinkingaboutmakingaclaimtoanemploymenttribunal,youshouldgethelpstraightawayfromoneoftheorganisationslistedunder

Furtherhelp.Ifyouarebeingrepresentedbyasolicitoratthetribunal,theymayaskyoutosignanagreementwhereyoupaytheirfeeoutofyourcompensationifyouwinthecase.Thisisknownasa

damages-basedagreement.InEnglandandWales,yoursolicitorcan'tchargeyoumorethan35%ofyourcompensation

ifyouwinthecase.Ifyouarethinkingaboutsigningupfor

adamages-basedagreement,youshouldmakesureyou'reclearaboutthetermsoftheagreement.Itmightbebesttogetadvicefromanexperiencedadviser,forexample,ataCitizensAdviceBureau.

TofindyournearestCAB,includingthosethatgiveadvicebye-mail,clickon

nearestCAB.Formoreinformationaboutmakingaclaimtoanemploymenttribunal,see

Employmenttribunals.The(lackof)airupthereWatchmCaymanIslands-basedWebb,theheadofFifa'santi-racismtaskforce,isinLondonfortheFootballAssociation's150thanniversarycelebrationsandwillattendCity'sPremierLeaguematchatChelseaonSunday."IamgoingtobeatthematchtomorrowandIhaveaskedtomeetYayaToure,"hetoldBBCSport."Formeit'sabouthowhefeltandIwouldliketospeaktohimfirsttofindoutwhathisexperiencewas."Uefahas

openeddisciplinaryproceedingsagainstCSKA

forthe"racistbehaviouroftheirfans"during

City's2-1win.MichelPlatini,presidentofEuropeanfootball'sgoverningbody,hasalsoorderedanimmediateinvestigationintothereferee'sactions.CSKAsaidtheywere"surprisedanddisappointed"byToure'scomplaint.InastatementtheRussiansideadded:"WefoundnoracistinsultsfromfansofCSKA."Agehasreachedtheendofthebeginningofaword.Maybeguiltyinhisseemstopassingalotofdifferentlifebecametheappearanceofthesameday;Maybebackinthepast,tooneselftheparanoidweirdbeliefdisillusionment,thesedays,mymindhasbeenverymessy,inmymindconstantly.Alwaysfeeloneselfshouldgotodosomething,orwritesomething.Twentyyearsoflifetrajectorydeeplyshallow,suddenlyfeelsomething,doit.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。或許是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個(gè)不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對(duì)自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏?？傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點(diǎn)什么，或者寫點(diǎn)什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。Theendofourlife,andcanmeetmanythingsreallydo?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？Duringmychildhood,thinkluckymoneyandnewclothesarenecessaryforNewYear,butastheadvanceoftheage,willbemoreandmorefoundthatthosethingsareoptional;Juniorhighschool,thoughttohaveacrushonjustmeansthattherealgrowth,butoverthepastthreeyearslater,hiswritingofalumniinpeace,suddenlyfoundthatisn'treallygrowup,itseemsisnotsoimportant;Theninhighschool,thinkdon'twanttogiveventtooutyourinnervoicecanbeinthehighschoolchildrenofthefeelingsinaperiod,butwaseventuallyinfarctionwhengraduationpartyinthethroat,lateragainstoodonthepitchhehassweatprofusely,lookedathisthrownabasketballhoops,suddenlyfoundhimselfhasalreadycan'trememberhisappearance.童年時(shí)，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會(huì)越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時(shí)，以為要有一場(chǎng)暗戀才意味著真正的成長(zhǎng)，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時(shí)候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長(zhǎng)了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個(gè)句點(diǎn)，但畢業(yè)晚會(huì)的時(shí)候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場(chǎng)，看著他投過籃球的球框時(shí)，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。Originally,thisworld,canproduceachemicalreactiontoanevent,inadditiontoresolutely,havetodo,andtime.原來，這個(gè)世界上，對(duì)某個(gè)事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不可的堅(jiān)決，還有，時(shí)間。Aperson'stime,yourideasarealwaysspecialtoclear.Want,want,lineisclear,asifnothingcouldshakehis.Alsoonceseemedtobedeterminedtodosomething,butmoreoftenishebackedoutatlast.Dislikehiscowardice,finallyfoundthattherearealotoflove,therearealotofmiss,likeshadowreallyhavebeendoomed.Thosewhodo,justgreenyearsoneselfgiveoneselfanarminjection,orisaself-righteousspiritual.一個(gè)人的時(shí)候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動(dòng)自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時(shí)候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯(cuò)過，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。Atthemoment,theskyisdark,theairisfreshfactorafterjustrained.Suddenlythoughtofblueplaidshirt;Thosewerebrokenintovariousshapesofstationery;Fromthecorneratthebeginningofdeepfriendship;Havedeclaredtheendoftheencounterthathaven'tstartplanning...Thoseyears,thosedaysofdo,finally,likeyouth,willendinourlife.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場(chǎng)還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計(jì)劃……那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。Baumgartnerthedisappointingnews:Missionaborted.rplaysanimportantroleinthismission.Startingattheground,conditionshavetobeverycalm--windslessthan2mph,withnoprecipitationorhumidityandlimitedcloudcover.Theballoon,withcapsuleattached,willmovethroughthelowerleveloftheatmosphere(thetroposphere)whereourday-to-dayweatherlives.ItwillclimbhigherthanthetipofMountEverest(5.5miles/8.85kilometers),driftingevenhigherthanthecruisingaltitudeofcommercialairliners(5.6miles/9.17kilometers)andintothestratosphere.Ashecrossestheboundarylayer(calledthetropopause),ecanexpectalotofturbulence.ThesupersonicdescentcouldhappenasearlyasSunda.TheweatheTheballoonwillslowlydrifttotheedgeofspaceat120,000feet(Then,Iwouldassume,hewillslowlystepoutontosomethingresemblinganOlympicdivingplatform.Below,theEarthbecomestheconcretebottomofaswimmingpoolthathewantstolandon,butnottoohard.Still,he'llbetravelingfast,sodespitethedistance,itwillnotbelikedivingintothedeependofapool.Itwillbelikeheisdivingintotheshallowend.SkydiverprepsforthebigjumpWhenhejumps,heisexpectedtoreachthespeedofsound--690mph(1,110kph)--inlessthan40seconds.Likehittingthetopofthewater,hewillbegintoslowasheapproachesthemoredenseairclosertoEarth.Butthiswillnotbeenoughtostophimcompletely.Ifhegoestoofastorspinsoutofcontrol,hehasastabilizationparachutethatcanbedeployedtoslowhimdown.Histeamhopesit'snotneeded.Instead,heplanstodeployhis270-square-foot(25-square-meter)mainchuteatanaltitudeofaround5,000feet(1,524meters).Inordertodeploythischutesuccessfully,hewillhavetoslowto172mph(277kph).Hewillhaveareserveparachutethatwillopenautomaticallyifhelosesconsciousnessatmachspeeds.Evenifeverythinggoesasplanned,itwon't.Baumgartnerstillwillfreefallataspeedthatwouldcauseyouandmetopassout,andnoparachuteisguaranteedtoworkhigherthan25,000feet(7,620meters).causethere

社會(huì)實(shí)踐報(bào)告系別：班級(jí)：學(xué)號(hào)：姓名：作為祖國未來的事業(yè)的繼承人，我們這些大學(xué)生應(yīng)該及早樹立自己的歷史責(zé)任感，提高自己的社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力。假期的社會(huì)實(shí)踐就是很好的鍛煉自己的機(jī)會(huì)。當(dāng)下，掙錢早已不是打工的唯一目的，更多的人將其視為參加社會(huì)實(shí)踐、提高自身能力的機(jī)會(huì)。許多學(xué)校也積極鼓勵(lì)大學(xué)生多接觸社會(huì)、了解社會(huì)，一方面可以把學(xué)到的理論知識(shí)應(yīng)用到實(shí)踐中去，提高各方面的能力；另一方面可以積累工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)日后的就業(yè)大有裨益。進(jìn)行社會(huì)實(shí)踐，最理想的就是找到與本專業(yè)對(duì)口單位進(jìn)行實(shí)習(xí)，從而提高自己的實(shí)戰(zhàn)水平，同時(shí)可以將課本知識(shí)在實(shí)踐中得到運(yùn)用，從而更好的指導(dǎo)自己今后的學(xué)習(xí)。但是作為一名尚未畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生，由于本身具備的專業(yè)知識(shí)還十分的有限，所以我選擇了打散工作為第一次社會(huì)實(shí)踐的方式。目的在于熟悉社會(huì)。就職業(yè)本身而言，并無高低貴賤之分，存在即為合理。通過短短幾天的打工經(jīng)歷可以讓長(zhǎng)期處于校園的我們對(duì)社會(huì)有一種更直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)。實(shí)踐過程：自從走進(jìn)了大學(xué)，就業(yè)問題就似乎總是圍繞在我們的身邊，成了說不完的話題。在現(xiàn)今社會(huì)，招聘會(huì)上的大字報(bào)都總寫著“有經(jīng)驗(yàn)者優(yōu)先”，可還在校園里面的我們這班學(xué)子社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)又會(huì)擁有多少呢？為了拓展自身的知識(shí)面，擴(kuò)大與社會(huì)的接觸面，增加個(gè)人在社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，鍛煉和提高自己的能力，以便在以后畢業(yè)后能真正真正走入社會(huì)，能夠適應(yīng)國內(nèi)外的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的變化，并且能夠在生活和工作中很好地處理各方面的問題，我開始了我這個(gè)假期的社會(huì)實(shí)踐-走進(jìn)天源休閑餐廳。實(shí)踐，就是把我們?cè)趯W(xué)校所學(xué)的理論知識(shí)，運(yùn)用到客觀實(shí)際中去，使自己所學(xué)的理論知識(shí)有用武之地。只學(xué)不實(shí)踐，那么所學(xué)的就等于零。理論應(yīng)該與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合。另一方面，實(shí)踐可為以后找工作打基礎(chǔ)。通過這段時(shí)間的實(shí)習(xí)，學(xué)到一些在學(xué)校里學(xué)不到的東西。因?yàn)榄h(huán)境的不同，接觸的人與事不同，從中所學(xué)的東西自然就不一樣了。要學(xué)會(huì)從實(shí)踐中學(xué)習(xí)，從學(xué)習(xí)中實(shí)踐。而且在中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)飛速發(fā)展，又加入了世貿(mào)，國內(nèi)外經(jīng)濟(jì)日趨變化，每天都不斷有新的東西涌現(xiàn)，在擁有了越來越多的機(jī)會(huì)的同時(shí)，也有了更多的挑戰(zhàn)，前天才剛學(xué)