2023高考英語(yǔ)專題復(fù)習(xí)與訓(xùn)練-訓(xùn)練20 概要寫(xiě)作示例與寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練10

概要寫(xiě)作示例與寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練10【寫(xiě)作示例】【原文呈現(xiàn)】閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。ItwasoncecommontoregardBritainasasocietywithclassdistinction.Eachclasshaduniquecharacteristics.Inrecentyears,manywritershavebeguntospeakthe'declineofclass'and'classlesssociety'inBritain.Andinmoderndayconsumersocietyeveryoneisconsideredtobemiddleclass.

Butpronouncingthedeathofclassistooearly.Arecentwide-rangingsocietyofpublicopinionfound90percentofpeoplestillplacingthemselvesinparticularclass;73percentagreedthatclasswasstillavitalpartofBritishsociety;and52percentthoughttherewerestillsharpclassdifferences.Thus,classmaynotbeculturallyandpoliticallyobvious,yetitremainsanimportantpartofBritishsociety.Britainseemstohavealoveofstratification.OneunchangingaspectofaBritishperson'sclasspositionisaccent.Thewordsapersonspeakstellherorhisclass.AstudyofBritishaccentsduring1970sfoundthatavoicesoundinglikeaBBCnewsreaderwasviewedasthemostattractivevoice,Mostpeoplesaidthisaccentsounded'educated'and'soft'.Theaccentsplacedatthebottominthisstudy,ontheotherhand,wereregional(地區(qū)的)cityaccents.Theseaccentswereseenas'common'and'ugly'.However,asimilarstudyofBritishaccentsintheUSturnedtheseresultsupsidedownandplacedsomeregionalaccentsasthemostattractiveandBBCEnglishastheleast.ThissuggeststhatBritishattitudestowardsaccenthavedeeprootsandarebasedonclassprejudice.Inrecentyears,however,younguppermiddle-classpeopleinLondon,havebeguntoadoptsomeregionalaccents,inordertohidetheirclassorigins.Thisisanindicationofclassbecomingunnoticed.However,the1995popsong'CommonPeople'putsforwardtheviewthatthoughamiddle-classpersonmay'wanttolivelikecommonpeople'theycanneverappreciatetherealityofaworking-classlife.【思維路徑】[核心內(nèi)容]本文是一篇議論文，全文共分五段。第一段主要講在英國(guó)社會(huì)中，階級(jí)劃分是重要的一部分，每一階級(jí)都有其獨(dú)立的特征；第二段講近幾年來(lái)，許多作家認(rèn)為英國(guó)已經(jīng)漸漸轉(zhuǎn)變成一個(gè)“階級(jí)消亡”的社會(huì)；第三段主要講英國(guó)對(duì)大眾進(jìn)行了一個(gè)調(diào)查，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)90％的人們?nèi)稳话炎约簞澐衷谝欢ǖ碾A層中，73％的人認(rèn)為階級(jí)是英國(guó)社會(huì)一個(gè)必不可少的部分，因此說(shuō)英國(guó)已面臨“階級(jí)消亡”還為時(shí)過(guò)早；第四段主要講另一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，該調(diào)查時(shí)關(guān)于人們認(rèn)為的好的口音，英國(guó)和美國(guó)的調(diào)查結(jié)果正好相反，也說(shuō)明了英國(guó)階級(jí)劃分的根源非常深；第五段承接第四段進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在英國(guó)人對(duì)待口音的態(tài)度開(kāi)始改變。[寫(xiě)作思路](1)理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意。這篇短文給我們講述了在英國(guó)社會(huì)中，階級(jí)劃分是重要的一部分。作者在短文中給我們介紹了兩項(xiàng)調(diào)查，通過(guò)調(diào)查的結(jié)果我們可以看到，英國(guó)社會(huì)里的階級(jí)劃分沒(méi)有消失，它是英國(guó)社會(huì)重要的一部分。該文章第一段的主題句為ItwasoncecommontoregardBritainasasocietywithclassdistinction；第二段的主題句也是段落首句；第三段主題句為該段的首句Butpronouncingthedeathofclassistooearly和結(jié)尾句Britainseemstohavealoveofstratification；第四段的主題句是OneunchangingaspectofaBritainperson’sclasspositionisaccent；第五段的主題句是Thisisanindicationofclassbecomingunnoticed.(2)審視文章布局，總結(jié)文章結(jié)構(gòu)。這篇文章的主要構(gòu)成是“兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，兩個(gè)調(diào)查”，“兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)”指的是一個(gè)舊觀點(diǎn)，即文章所指人們普遍認(rèn)同的觀點(diǎn)Britainasasocietywithclassdistinction(要點(diǎn)1)，第二個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是新觀點(diǎn)，是指近年來(lái)許多作家所提出的“declineofclass”或者說(shuō)“classlesssociety”的觀點(diǎn)(要點(diǎn)2)，作者為反駁這一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)提出了英國(guó)社會(huì)所做的“兩個(gè)調(diào)查”，分別是“arecentwide-rangingstudy”(要點(diǎn)3)的“AstudyofBritishaccents”(要點(diǎn)4)，這兩個(gè)調(diào)查的結(jié)果都證明了classremainsanimportantpartofBritishsociety(要點(diǎn)5)，讀時(shí)理清文章結(jié)構(gòu)，有助于寫(xiě)時(shí)理清概要思路。[參考范文]Britishwascommonlyregardedasaclasssociety.(要點(diǎn)1)However,somewriterscommentedthatclassseemedtodisappearinBritainnowadays.(要點(diǎn)2)ThisconclusionwasmadetooearlybecausetwostudiesofpubliccarriedoutamongBritishpeopleprovingthatclasswasstillavitalpartinBritishsociety.(要點(diǎn)5)ClasswasrootedinBritishpeople’smindsthoughnotthatdeepasolddays(要點(diǎn)3)anditcouldbeseenfrompeople’sattitudestowardaccent.(要點(diǎn)4)(75words)[范文解析]范文把要點(diǎn)1和要點(diǎn)2放在開(kāi)頭，用however進(jìn)行銜接，與原文結(jié)構(gòu)相同，然后把要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4總結(jié)成twostudiesofpublic先在第三句提出，并且引出調(diào)查結(jié)果即英國(guó)社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)等級(jí)社會(huì)，等級(jí)觀念仍舊深入人心classwasstillavitalpartinBritainsociety要點(diǎn)5，這樣安排使得行文更加流暢自然，最后再具體提出兩個(gè)調(diào)查的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4，其中要點(diǎn)3是對(duì)文章第四第五段的高度概括。[提煉歸納]1.重構(gòu)主題句概要既要表達(dá)文章中各段主題句的含義又不能原文照抄，因此學(xué)生需要在原文主題句的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)其進(jìn)行重構(gòu)，如范文中的第一句Britishwascommonlyregardedasaclasssociety即是對(duì)原文中ItwasoncecommontoregardBritainasasocietywithclassdistinction的重構(gòu)，在重構(gòu)過(guò)程中需要用到詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，句式轉(zhuǎn)換，同義詞替換等技巧。2.重建支撐句文章中的支撐句是對(duì)主題句的補(bǔ)充，同時(shí)也為主題句論點(diǎn)提供論證，概要當(dāng)中應(yīng)當(dāng)點(diǎn)到支撐句或者支撐部分的內(nèi)容，同時(shí)，信息要做到高度濃縮。如范文中ClasswasrootedinBritishpeople’smindsthoughnotthatdeepasolddays這一句既概括了第一個(gè)調(diào)查中的內(nèi)容同時(shí)也點(diǎn)到了最后一段人們的等級(jí)觀念的確在發(fā)生改變這一事實(shí)?！緦?xiě)作演練】1.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Collegeadmissionseasonisuponus.Withtheever-increasingcompetitionamongcollegeapplicants,writinganeffectiveandsincerecollegerecommendationletterisonewayhighschoolteacherscanhelpstudentsstandoutamongthecompetition.HereareafewthingsIhavelearnedhowtowritearecommendationformystudents.Trybeginningyourletterwithsomethingthepersontaskedwithscreeninghundredsofrecommendationletterswillremember.Iliketostartwithanamusingstorythatillustrateswhothestudentisandhowothersperceivethem.Makesuretousethestudent’sfullnameforthefirstreferenceandthenjustthefirstnameafterthat.Myfavoritestrategyistoendtheparagraphwithasinglesentencethathighlightsthestudent’sstrongestcharacteristics.Inthebodyoftheletter,focusonwhothestudentisratherthanwhatthestudenthasdone.Whatcollegerepswanttoknowishowthestudentwillfitintotheirenvironment.Givespecificexamplesofhowthestudentachieved--didtheyovercomeobstaclesortackleanychallengestoreachtheirgoals?Iusuallywritetwoshortparagraphsforthebody.Sometimesthefirstrelatescharactertoacademics,andthenextrelatescharactertoextracurricularactivities.Othertimes,Iusethestudent’scharacteristicsasthemainfocalpoints.Concludewithasincerestatementofrecommendationforthestudenttothecollegeoftheirchoice.Whensendingtherecommendationtoasinglecollege,usethecollege’snameinyourrecommendation.Lastly,Ireturntousingthestudent’sfullnameinmyfinalreferencetohimintheletter.Mylaststatementencouragesthecollegetocontactmewithanyfurtherquestions.I’llbesurelydelightedtoreceiveanyoftheirinquiry,meaningmystudentisundertheirconsideration!_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。ShouldYouDisinfectYourOnlineShopping?Peoplewhoareself-isolatingareincreasinglyrelyingongrocerydeliveries.Thisraisesanewworry:whetherdeliveredgoodscarrythenewcoronavirus.Researchsuggestsitcanspreadviaparticlesintheair,butalsoviasurfaces.Howlongcanthevirussurviveandhowcanweprotectourselves?COVID-19isarespiratory(呼吸道的)illnessandislargelytransmittedviadropsintheairfromcoughingorsneezing,saysJohnLednickyattheUniversityofFlorida.Thenewvirushasalsobeenfoundtopersistonsurfaces.AteamledbyVincentMunsterattheUSNationalInstituteofpersistonsurfaces.AteamledbyVincentMunsterattheUSNationalInstituteofAllergyandInfectiousDiseasesinMontanafounditmaysurviveonplasticandstainlesssteelforupto72hours.ButotherresearchsuggeststhecoronavirusesthatcauseSARSandMERScanpersistonmetal,glassandplasticforuptoninedays.ResearchbytheUSCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsuggestedthattracesofthenewcoronaviruscouldbeonsurfacesforevenlonger;itsRNAwasdetectedincabinsofpeoplewhohadvacatedtheDiamondPrincesscruiseship17daysearlier,includingthosewithoutsymptoms.Thisdoesn'tnecessarilymeanthesevirusparticlescouldstillinfectotherpeople,saysLednicky.Howlongvirusparticlesremainactivedependsonvariousfactors.Thosecoughedorsneezedoutmaybecoveredinalayerofmucus(黏液)thathelpsthemsurvivelonger.SurfacesurvivalmayalsobeaffectedbyUVlight,whichcandestroytheabilityofsomevirusestoreinfectus.Heatandhigherhumiditycanalsoinactivateviruses.Isitworthtryingtodisinfectyourshopping?Lednickydoesn'tthinkso.Mosthouseholdcleaningproductswon'tkillcoronaviruses,hesays.Evenifyouuseonethatdoes,you'reunlikelytobeabletocleaneverynookandcrannyof,forexample,abunchofgrapes.Itismorepracticaltopractisesocialdistancingandgoodpersonalhygiene,hesays._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Haveyoueverbeeninvolvedinanimalrescue?ThisiswhathappenedtotheWinterthedolphin.WinterwasfoundoffthecoastofFloridainDecemberof2005.Shewasjustafewmonthsold,alone,andcaughtinacrabtrap.Theropesfromthetrapwerewrappedtightlyaroundherbody.Thefishermanwhofoundhercalledforhelp,andtherescueteamsoonarrived.Theropeshadcutoffthebloodcirculationtohertail.Shewasbadlyhurt.Herrescuersdidn'tthinkshewouldsurvive.Hopingforamiracleandracingagainsttimetosaveher,therescuerstransferredhertotheClearwaterMarineAquariuminFlorida.ThedoctorsmanagedtosaveWinter,butsadly,nothertail.HetailflukesweretoodamagedandhadtoberemovedsoWintercouldlive.ThelittledolphinWintersurvivedagainstallodds,butshewouldneverbeabletoswimnormallywithoutatail.Thankfullythestorydoesn'tendhere.Winterwasabletoswim,butnotverywell.Becauseshedidn'thaveatail.Shemovedherbodyinaside-to-sidemotionlikeashark.Butdoctorsattheaquariumwereworriedthatunconventionalmomentwouldhurtherspine.KevinCarrollheardWinter'sstoryandforthought,hewouldcouldhelp.Heisaspecialistwhodesignsandprovidesprosthesesforpeople.Ifhecouldhelppeople,whynothelpadolphin?HestartedworkingwithWinterandcameupwithasolutionforthenewflukeandtailsectionKevindesignedastretchysleevetofitwinter'sbodyandprotectherskin.Thenatailmadeofsiliconeandplasticwasmadetotightlyfitoverthesleeve.Nowwintercanswimlikeotherdolphins.Andsheisagreatinspirationtopeoplewhostrugglewiththeirowninjuries._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Thisisastoryaboutabookthatjustkeptselling,catchingpublishers,booksellersandevenitsauthoroffguard.ThebookisSapiens,bytheIsraeliacademicYuvalNoahHarari,publishedintheUKinSeptember2014.Itisarecondite(深?yuàn)W的)workofevolutionaryhistorychartingthedevelopmentofhumankindthroughascholarlyexaminationofourabilitytocooperateasaspecies.Sapienssoldwellonpublication,particularlywhenitcameoutinpaperbackinthesummerof2015.Whatisremarkableaboutit,though,isthatit'sstillsellinginvastnumbers.Sapienshassoldafurtherhalfmillioncopies,establishingitselffirmlyatthetopofthebestsellerlists.Thebook'swildsuccessissymptomaticofabroadertrendinourbook-buyinghabits:asurgeinthepopularityofintelligent,challengingnonfiction,oftenbooksthatareseveralyearsold.Itwastradepublication,theBooksellers,thatfirstnotedtheriseofwhatiscalledthe“brainybacklist”,italsohighlightedaconcomitantfallinthesalesofthebooksthathadbeensuchastapleofpublishers'catalogues-celebritybiographies.Weareturningawayfromexcitingbutdisposablestoriesoffametowardsmoreserious,thoughtful,quietbooksthathelpusunderstandourplaceintheworld.MarkRichards,publisheratJohnMurrayPrese,seethereturntoseriousworksofnonfictionasaresponsetothespiritoftheage,“Peoplehaveahungerbothforinformationandfacts,andfornuanced(有細(xì)微差別的)explorationofissues,ofasortthatbooksareinaprimepositiontoprovide.”hesays.Intheend,thestoryofSapiensisaboutabookbecomingpartofanationalconversation.Atatimewhenpoliticsismorefuriousandfragmentedthanever,whentechnologyiscolonizingoureverydayexistence._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Throughouthistory,musicspreadamongpeopleofdifferentcultures.Intoday'stechnologicadvancedsociety,however,peoplespreadmusiconline,sometimeswithoutanartist'spermission.Thiscanleadtomanyproblems,andmusiccompaniesarenowdealingwiththispractice.Sharingmusiconlinewithoutpermissionistheft(盜竊).Sharingmusiconlinepreventsrecordingcompaniesfrommakingmoneyfromtheirefforts.Theysaythatsharingmusiconlinehasledtoahugedropinprofitsandsalesoverthepast10years.PeoplewhofindmusicforfreeonlinearenotpayingforCDsoreveryMP3downloaded.Totrulyunderstandtheinfluenceofmusicpiracy(盜版)oncreators,wemustunderstandhowmanypeopleareinvolvedintherecordingprocess.Forthesaleofeachalbum,profitsmustbesharedbetweenmusicians,soundengineers,musicproducers,managers,advertisers,andthecompanysellingtheproduct.Manypeoplebelievesharingmusiconlyaffectstherecordingartist,buttherealityisthatsharinghurtsbusinessforallcompaniesinvolved.Therearemanypeoplewhodon'tseetheharminsharingmusiconlineandeventhinktheyhavetherighttodoit.OneonlinebloggerstatesthatheoriginallypaidforanentireCDandthatheshouldbeabletodowiththematerialwhateverhewants.Whilehemayhavelegallypaidforthemusic,hedoesnothavetherighttoprovidepermission,whichmeanspeoplelikethebloggerarethieves.Althoughwedon'tspreadtoday'smusicthesamewaywedidbefore,there'snodoubtthatpeoplearoundthewordlovetosharemusic.However,Internetpiracywouldpreventmusiciansfromcontinuingproducingalbumsforfearoftheft.Therefore,ifpeoplewanttocontinuelisteningtotheirfavoriteartists,theyneedtobuytheirmusicsothatartistswillmakeenoughprofitstocontinuetheirmusiccareers._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案與解析1.【參考答案】Highschoolteachersshouldknowhowtowritecollegerecommendationsforstudents.First,auniquebeginningsuchasastorycanattractprofession’seye.Second,usingexamplestodemonstratehowthestudentachievedhisaimsforthebodypartisessential.Finally,aconclusionincludesbothcollege’snameandstudent’sfullname,necessaryforencouragingthecollegetoaskquestions.【解析】本篇書(shū)面表達(dá)是概要寫(xiě)作，概括高中老師對(duì)如何寫(xiě)好學(xué)生推薦信給出三點(diǎn)建議，包括一個(gè)獨(dú)特的開(kāi)始，具體事例以及一個(gè)包括學(xué)院名稱和學(xué)生全名的結(jié)論，注意詞數(shù)要求和使用自己的語(yǔ)言。1、寫(xiě)之前，需要認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地讀幾遍原文材料，讓理解更深刻。本文重點(diǎn)要涵蓋高中老師對(duì)如何寫(xiě)好學(xué)生推薦信的三點(diǎn)建議。2、遵循原文的邏輯順序，對(duì)重要部分的主題、標(biāo)題、細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。建議內(nèi)容包括一個(gè)獨(dú)特的開(kāi)始，具體事例以及一個(gè)包括學(xué)院名稱和學(xué)生全名的結(jié)論。3、給摘要起一個(gè)好標(biāo)題，比如：可以采用文中的主題句。4、盡量使用自己的話完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一長(zhǎng)。2.【參考答案】Duringthecoronavirusoutbreak,manypeoplewonderiftheyshoulddisinfectgrocerydeliveries.ResearchindicatesthatCOVID-19ismainlyspreadthroughairparticles.Eventhoughthecoronavirusmaysurvivelongonsurfaces,manyfactorsincludingUVlightandheatcanaffectitssurvival.Killingtheviruswithhouseholdproductsisalsoimpractical,sodisinfectingdeliveriesisnotadvisable【解析】這是一篇概要寫(xiě)作。全文共五個(gè)自然段。第一段通過(guò)引用現(xiàn)象：自我隔離的人越來(lái)越依賴于食品雜貨外賣。提出擔(dān)憂問(wèn)題：貨物是否攜帶新冠狀病毒？進(jìn)而根據(jù)研究：病毒可以通過(guò)空氣中的微粒傳播，也可以通過(guò)表面?zhèn)鞑?。提出?wèn)題：病毒能存活多久？我們?nèi)绾伪Ｗo(hù)自己？第二段主要介紹了對(duì)新冠病毒的傳播途徑研究及其在存活期限；第三段介紹了對(duì)新冠病毒的在其他物品諸如金屬、玻璃和塑料上存活期限的研究；第四段談到了Lednicky對(duì)新冠病毒的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：病毒顆粒的活躍時(shí)間取決于紫外線、高溫和濕度等因素。第五段繼續(xù)談Lednicky對(duì)家用物品是否要消毒提出自己的觀點(diǎn)：保證社交距離和良好的個(gè)人衛(wèi)生更有效。據(jù)此，可以對(duì)文章分為三個(gè)部分：第一部分(第1自然段)，主要介紹人們對(duì)是否要對(duì)外賣食品消毒的擔(dān)憂；第二部分(第2、3自然段)從不同角度介紹對(duì)新冠病毒的傳播及其存活期限的研究結(jié)論。第三部分(第4、5自然段)闡述了Lednicky談?wù)撟约簩?duì)影響新冠病毒活性及對(duì)家用物品是否要消毒，提出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)?？偨Y(jié)時(shí)候要包含三部分的內(nèi)容。3.【參考答案】ItisaboutaninspiringrescuingadolphinWinterfoundtrappedinropesbyafisherman.Badlyinjured,shehadtobetransferredtoanaquariumwheredoctorssavedherbutherdamagedtailwasremoved.Luckily,aspecialistKevindesignedanartificialtailforher,helpingherswimnormallyagain.【解析】這是一篇概要寫(xiě)作類作文。第1步：根據(jù)提示可知，本篇為一篇記敘文。第2步：根據(jù)寫(xiě)作要求，確定關(guān)鍵詞(組)，如：inspiring(鼓舞人心的)，transfer(轉(zhuǎn)移)，Badlyinjured(嚴(yán)重受傷)，anartificialtail(人造尾巴)等。第3步：根據(jù)提示及關(guān)鍵詞(組)進(jìn)行遣詞造句，注意主謂一致和時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題。第4步：連句成文，注意使用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞進(jìn)行句子之間的銜接與過(guò)渡，書(shū)寫(xiě)一定要規(guī)范清晰，保持整潔美觀的卷面是非常重要的。本文內(nèi)容完整，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，語(yǔ)篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)。另外全文中沒(méi)有中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)的句式，顯示了很高的駕馭英語(yǔ)的能力?！痉段狞c(diǎn)評(píng)】范文內(nèi)容完整，語(yǔ)言規(guī)范，語(yǔ)篇連貫，詞數(shù)適當(dāng)。作者在范文中使用了較多高級(jí)表達(dá)方式，如Badlyinjured,shehadtobetransferredtoanaquariumwheredoctorssavedherbutherdamagedtailwasremoved.運(yùn)用了定語(yǔ)從句；非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的運(yùn)用Luckily,aspecialistKevindesignedanartificialtailforher,helpingherswimnormallyagain.。全文中沒(méi)有中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)的句式，顯示了很高的駕馭英語(yǔ)的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、層次分明，上下句轉(zhuǎn)換自然，為文章增色添彩。4.【