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TechnologyofModernCommunicationTextA:BluetoothBluetoothwirelesstechnologyisashort-rangecommunicationstechnologyintendedtoreplacethecablesconnectingportable(輕便的)andfixeddeviceswhilemaintaininghighlevelsofsecurity.ThekeyfeaturesofBluetoothtechnologyarerobustness(穩(wěn)?。?lowpower,andlowcost.TheBluetoothspecificationdefinesauniformstructureforawiderangeofdevicestoconnectandcommunicatewitheachother.藍(lán)牙無(wú)線技術(shù)是一種小范圍無(wú)線通信技術(shù),旨在保持高安全級(jí)的基礎(chǔ)上,在便攜式設(shè)備與固定設(shè)備之間實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)線連接。藍(lán)牙技術(shù)的重要特點(diǎn)是穩(wěn)健,低功耗和低成本。藍(lán)牙規(guī)范定義了一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的結(jié)構(gòu),合用范圍廣的設(shè)備連接并互相溝通。BluetoothtechnologyhasachievedglobalacceptancesuchthatanyBluetoothenabledevice,almosteverywhereintheworld,canconnecttootherBluetoothenableddevicesinproximity.Bluetoothenabledelectronicdevicesconnectandcommunicatewirelesslythroughshort-range,adhoc(特別)networksknownaspiconetsEachdevicecansimultaneouslycommunicatewithuptosevenotherdeviceswithinasinglepiconet.Eachdevicecanalsobelongtoseveralpiconetssimultaneously.PiconetsareestablisheddynamicallyandautomaticallyasBluetoothenableddevicesenterandleaveradioproximity.藍(lán)牙技術(shù)已取得全球認(rèn)可,使得任何支持藍(lán)牙的設(shè)備,幾乎在世界各地,可以連接到其他支持藍(lán)牙的鄰近裝置。藍(lán)牙功能的電子設(shè)備連接并通過(guò)短距離無(wú)線通信,特別網(wǎng)絡(luò),被稱為微微網(wǎng)。每個(gè)設(shè)備可以同時(shí)在一個(gè)單一的微微網(wǎng)最多七個(gè)其他設(shè)備進(jìn)行通信。每個(gè)設(shè)備也可以同時(shí)屬于幾個(gè)微微網(wǎng)。微網(wǎng)是動(dòng)態(tài)和自動(dòng)建立藍(lán)牙功能的設(shè)備進(jìn)入和離開(kāi)無(wú)線電近炸。AfundamentalBluetoothwirelesstechnologystrengthistheabilitytosimultaneouslyhandlebothdataandvoicetransmissions.Thisenablesuserstoenjoyvarietyofinnovativesolutionssuchasahands-freeheadset(耳機(jī))forvoicecalls,printingandfaxcapabilities,andsynchronizingPDA,laptop,andmobilephoneapplicationstonameafew.一個(gè)基本的藍(lán)牙無(wú)線技術(shù)的力量是同時(shí)解決數(shù)據(jù)和語(yǔ)音傳輸?shù)哪芰?,這使得用戶可以享受各種創(chuàng)新的解決方案,如免提耳機(jī)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)音通話,打印和傳真功能,并同步PDA,筆記本電腦,以及手機(jī)應(yīng)用僅舉幾例。CoresystemTheBluetoothcoresystem,definedbyBluetoothspecification,isacommonservicelayerprotocolwhichcoversfourlowerlayersinsevenlayerprotocol.ServiceDiscoveryProtocol(SDP)andtheoverallprofilerequirementsaredefinedbyGenericAccessProfile(GAP)AcompleteBluetoothapplicationrequiresanumberofadditionalservicesandhigherlayerprotocolsthataredefinedintheBluetoothspecification核心系統(tǒng)

藍(lán)牙核心系統(tǒng),通過(guò)藍(lán)牙規(guī)范中定義的,是一種常見(jiàn)的服務(wù)層協(xié)議,它涉及在7層協(xié)議四個(gè)較低層。服務(wù)發(fā)現(xiàn)協(xié)議(SDP)和整體輪廓的規(guī)定是由通用訪問(wèn)模式(GAP)定義一個(gè)完整的藍(lán)牙應(yīng)用程序需要的一定數(shù)量的在藍(lán)牙規(guī)范中定義額外的服務(wù)和更高層協(xié)議。ThelowestthreelayersaresometimesgroupedintoasubsystemknownastheBluetoothcontroller(藍(lán)牙控制器).Thisisacommonimplementationinvolvingastandardphysicalcommunicationsinterface(通信接口)betweentheBluetoothcontrollerandremainderoftheBluetoothsystemincludingthdeL2CAP,servicelayersandhigherlayers(knownastheBluetoothhost).Althoughthisinterfaceisoptional,thearchitectureisdesignedtoallowforitsexistenceandcharacteristics.TheBluetoothspecificationenableinteroperabilitybetweenindependentBluetoothenabledsystemsbydefiningtheprotocolmessagesexchangedbetweenequivalentlayers,andalsointeroperabilitybetweenindependentBluetoothsub-systemsbydefiningacommoninterfacebetweenBluetoothcontrollersandBluetoothhosts.最低的3層有時(shí)被分為稱為藍(lán)牙控制器的子系統(tǒng)。這是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的實(shí)現(xiàn)涉及到藍(lán)牙控制器和藍(lán)牙系統(tǒng),涉及thdeL2CAP,服務(wù)層和更高的層(被稱為藍(lán)牙主機(jī))的其余部分之間的物理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)通信接口。雖然這個(gè)接口是可選的,該架構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)允許它的存在和特性。藍(lán)牙規(guī)范定義的協(xié)議報(bào)文互換的對(duì)等層之間實(shí)現(xiàn)互操作性(互用性,協(xié)同工作的能力)的獨(dú)立藍(lán)牙系統(tǒng)之間,也通過(guò)定義藍(lán)牙控制器和藍(lán)牙主機(jī)之間的通用接口獨(dú)立的藍(lán)牙子系統(tǒng)之間的互操作性。Anumberoffunctionalblocksareshownandthepathofservicesanddatabetweenthese.Thefunctionalblocksshowninthediagramareinformative;ingeneraltheBluetoothspecificationdoesnotdefinethedetailsofimplementationexceptwherethisisrequiredforinteroperability.若干功能模塊被示出并在它們之間的服務(wù)和數(shù)據(jù)的途徑。在圖中所示的功能塊是信息;在一般的藍(lán)牙規(guī)范沒(méi)有定義實(shí)現(xiàn)的細(xì)節(jié)除非這是必需的互操作性。Standardinteractionsaredefinedforallinter-deviceoperation,whereBluetoothdevicesexchangeprotocolsignalingaccordingtotheBluetoothspecification.TheBluetoothcoresystemprotocolsaretheradio(RF(射頻)protocol,linkcontrol(LC)protocol,linkmanager(LM)protocolandlogicallinkcontrolandadaptationprotocol(L2CAP),allofwhicharefullydefinedinsubsequentpartsoftheBluetoothspecification.Inaddition,theservicediscoveryprotocol(SDP)isaservicelayerprotocolrequiredbyallBluetoothapplications.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的交互定義的所有設(shè)備間的操作,根據(jù)藍(lán)牙規(guī)范,其中的藍(lán)牙設(shè)備互換協(xié)議信令。藍(lán)牙核心系統(tǒng)協(xié)議是無(wú)線電(RF(射頻))協(xié)議,鏈路控制(LC)協(xié)議,鏈路管理器(LM)協(xié)議和邏輯鏈路控制和適配協(xié)議(L2CAP),所有這些在以后的部分被完全定義藍(lán)牙規(guī)范。此外,該服務(wù)發(fā)現(xiàn)協(xié)議(SDP)是由所有的藍(lán)牙應(yīng)用所需的服務(wù)層協(xié)議。TheBluetoothcoresystemoffersservicesthroughanumberofserviceaccesspointsthatareshowninthediagramasellipses(橢圓).TheseservicesconsistofthebasicprimitivesthatcontroltheBluetoothcoresystem.Theservicescanbesplitintothreetypes.TherearedevicecontrolservicesthatmodifythebehaviorandmodesofaBluetoothdevice,transportcontrolservicesthatcreate,modifyandreleasetrafficbears(搬運(yùn)者,載體)(channelsandlinks),anddataservicesthatareusedtosubmitdatafortransmissionovertrafficbearers.ItiscommontoconsiderthefirsttwoasbelongtotheC-planeandthelastasbelongtotheU-plane.藍(lán)牙核心系統(tǒng)提供服務(wù)通過(guò)一些被圖中所示為橢圓形服務(wù)訪問(wèn)點(diǎn)。這些服務(wù)涉及用于控制藍(lán)牙核心系統(tǒng)的基本原語(yǔ)。該服務(wù)可以分為三種類型:修改藍(lán)牙設(shè)備的行為和模式,設(shè)備控制服務(wù),發(fā)明交通管制服務(wù),修改和釋放的搬運(yùn)者(信道和鏈路),數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù)通過(guò)交通搬運(yùn)者用于提交數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)?它是常見(jiàn)的一方面要考慮的兩成屬于C面,最后為屬于U平面。AserviceinterfacetotheBluetoothcontrollersub-systemisdefinedsuchthattheBluetoothcontrollermaybeconsideredastandardpart.InthisconfigurationtheBluetoothcontrolleroperatesthelowestthreelayersandtheL2CAPlayeriscontainedwiththerestoftheBluetoothapplicationinahostsystem.Thestandardinterfaceiscalledthehosttocontrollerinterface(HCI).Implicationofthisstandardserviceinterfaceisoptional.服務(wù)接口到藍(lán)牙控制器子系統(tǒng)被定義,使得所述藍(lán)牙控制器可以被認(rèn)為是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一部分。在此配置藍(lán)牙控制器運(yùn)營(yíng)的最低三層和L2CAP層包含與藍(lán)牙應(yīng)用程序的其余部分在一個(gè)主機(jī)系統(tǒng)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的接口稱為主機(jī)控制器接口(HCI)(主機(jī)控制接口)。言下之意這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的服務(wù)接口是可選的。AstheBluetootharchitectureisdefinedwiththepossibilityofaseparatehostandcontrollercommunicatingthroughanHCI,anumberofgeneralassumptionsaremade.TheBluetoothcontrollerisassumedtohavelimiteddatabufferingcapabilitiesincomparisonwiththehost.ThereforetheL2CAPlayerisexpectedtocarryoutsomesimpleresourcemanagementwhensubmittingL2CAPPDUs(ProtocolDataUnittothecontrollerfortransporttoapeerdevice.ThisincludessegmentationofL2CAPSDUsintomoremanageablePDUsandthenthefragmentationofPDUsintostartandcontinuationpacketsofasizesuitableforthecontrollerbuffers,andmanagementoftheuseofcontrollerbufferstoensureavailabilityforchannelswithqualityofservice(QoS)commitments.作為藍(lán)牙架構(gòu)中定義了一個(gè)單獨(dú)的主機(jī)和控制器通過(guò)HCI通信的也許性,一些一般假定。假定藍(lán)牙控制器具有有限的數(shù)據(jù)緩沖能力與主機(jī)相比。因此,預(yù)計(jì)L2CAP層進(jìn)行一些簡(jiǎn)樸的資源管理提交的L2CAPPDU(協(xié)議數(shù)據(jù)單元協(xié)議數(shù)據(jù)單元)的控制器傳輸?shù)綄?duì)端(對(duì)等的)設(shè)備時(shí)。這涉及分割L2CAPSDU的提成更容易管理的PDU和PDU的再破碎成適合的控制器緩沖區(qū)大小的開(kāi)始和延續(xù)的數(shù)據(jù)包,并使用控制緩沖區(qū)的管理,以保證可用性通道,服務(wù)質(zhì)量(QoS)承諾。ThebasebandlayerprovidesthebasicARQprotocol((AutoRepeatRequest))inBluetoothtechnology.TheL2CAPlayercanoptionallyprovideafurthererrordetectionandretransmissiontotheL2CAPPDUs.Thisfeatureisrecommendedforapplicationswithrequirementsforalowprobabilityofundetectederrorsintheuserdata.AfurtheroptionalfeatureofL2CAPisawindow-basedflowcontrolthatcanbeusedtobufferallocationinthereceivingdevice.BothoftheseoptionalfeaturesaugmenttheQoSperformanceincertainscenarios.基帶層提供基本的ARQ協(xié)議(自動(dòng)重傳請(qǐng)求協(xié)議)藍(lán)牙技術(shù)。L2CAP層可以選擇性地提供進(jìn)一步的錯(cuò)誤檢測(cè)和重發(fā)來(lái)的L2CAP的PDU。該功能被推薦用于對(duì)未檢測(cè)到錯(cuò)誤,在用戶數(shù)據(jù)的概率低規(guī)定的應(yīng)用程序。L2CAP的又一可選特性在于,可用于在接受設(shè)備中緩沖區(qū)分派一個(gè)基于窗口的流量控制。這兩個(gè)可選功能增強(qiáng)在某些情況下的QoS性能AlthoughtheseassumptionsmaynotberequiredforembeddedBluetoothtechnologyimplementationsthatcombinealllayersinasinglesystem,thegeneralarchitecturalandQoSmodelsaredefinedwiththeseassumptionsinmind,ineffectalowestcommondenominator雖然也許不需要的嵌入式藍(lán)牙技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn),將所有圖層在一個(gè)系統(tǒng)中這些假設(shè),一般的建筑和QoS模型定義與這些假設(shè)一點(diǎn),事實(shí)上是一個(gè)最小的共同特性Automatedconformancetesting(符合性檢測(cè))ofimplementationsoftheBluetoothcoresystemisrequired.ThisisachievedbyallowingthetestertocontroltheimplementationthroughtheRFinterface,whichiscommontoallBluetoothsystem,andthroughthetestcontrolinterface(TCI)),whichisonlyrequiredforconformancetesting.藍(lán)牙核心系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化的一致性測(cè)試是必需的。這是通過(guò)允許測(cè)試儀(實(shí)驗(yàn)者),通過(guò)RF接口,這是通用于所有藍(lán)牙系統(tǒng),并通過(guò)測(cè)試控制接口,這是唯一需要的一致性測(cè)試,以控制方面取得。Thetesterusesexchangeswiththeimplementationundertest(ITU)throughtheRFinterfacetoensurethecorrectresponsestorequestsfromremotedevices.ThetestercontrolstheIUTthroughtheTCItocausetheITUtooriginateexchangesthroughtheRFinterfacesothatthesecanalsobeverifiedasconformant.該測(cè)試儀采用交流下,通過(guò)RF接口測(cè)試(ITU)的實(shí)行,保證從遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)備的請(qǐng)求的對(duì)的響應(yīng)。測(cè)試儀控制IUT通過(guò)TCI使國(guó)際電聯(lián)通過(guò)RF接口發(fā)起互換,使這些物質(zhì)也可以作為符合性驗(yàn)證。TheTCIusesadifferentcommand-set(serviceinterface)forthetestingofeacharchitecturallayerandprotocol.AsubsetoftheHCIcommand-setissued(發(fā)行)astheTCIserviceinterfaceforeachofthelayersandprotocolswithintheBluetoothcontrollersubsystem.AseparateserviceinterfaceisusedfortestingtheL2CAPlayerandprotocol.AsanL2CAPserviceinterfaceisnotdefinedintheBluetoothcorespecificationitisdefinedseparatelyintheTCIspecification.ImplementationoftheL2CAPserviceinterfaceisonlyrequiredforconformancetesting.TCI使用不同的命令集(服務(wù)接口)為每個(gè)架構(gòu)層和協(xié)議的測(cè)試。發(fā)出的HCI命令集作為T(mén)CI服務(wù)接口為每個(gè)藍(lán)牙控制器子系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的層和協(xié)議的一個(gè)子集。一個(gè)單獨(dú)的服務(wù)接口是用于測(cè)試的L2CAP層和協(xié)議。作為一個(gè)L2CAP服務(wù)接口未在藍(lán)牙核心規(guī)范中定義它是在TCI規(guī)范分別定義的。只需要進(jìn)行一致性測(cè)試的L2CAP服務(wù)接口的實(shí)現(xiàn)。WhychooseBluetoothwirelesstechnologyBluetoothwirelesstechnologyisthesimplechoiceforconvenient,wirefree,andshort-rangecommunicationbetweendevices.Itisagloballyavailablestandardthatwirelesslyconnectsmobilephones,portablecomputers,cars,stereoheadsets,MP3players,andmore.Thankstotheuniqueconceptof“profiles”,Bluetoothenabledproductsdonotneedtoinstalleddriversoftware.Thetechnologyisnowavailableinitsfourthversionofthespecificationandcontinuestodevelop,buildingonitsinherentstrengths—small-formfactorradio,lowpower,lowcost,built-insecurity,robustness,ease-of-use,andadhocnetworkingabilities.Bluetoothwirelesstechnologyistheleadingandonlyprovenshort-rangewirelesstechnologyonthemarkettodayshippingoverfivemillionunitseveryweekwithaninstalledbaseofover500millionunitsattheendof2023.為什么選擇藍(lán)牙無(wú)線技術(shù)藍(lán)牙無(wú)線技術(shù)是為方便簡(jiǎn)樸的選擇,線自由和設(shè)備之間的短距離通信。這是一個(gè)全球可用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可無(wú)線連接手機(jī),便攜式電腦,汽車(chē),立體聲耳機(jī),MP3播放器等等。多虧了“配置文獻(xiàn)”的獨(dú)特理念,藍(lán)牙功能的產(chǎn)品不需要安裝驅(qū)動(dòng)程序軟件。該技術(shù)現(xiàn)已在規(guī)范的第四個(gè)版本,并不斷發(fā)展,打造其固有的優(yōu)勢(shì)-小外形收音機(jī),低功耗,低成本,內(nèi)置安全功能,耐用,易于使用和廣告組網(wǎng)能力。藍(lán)牙無(wú)線技術(shù)是市場(chǎng)上領(lǐng)先的,只有成熟的短距離無(wú)線技術(shù)如今每星期出貨超過(guò)500萬(wàn)臺(tái),裝機(jī)容量超過(guò)500萬(wàn)臺(tái)基地在2023年年終。TheBluetoothwirelesstechnologyspecificationisavailablefree-of-chargetoourmembercompaniesaroundtheglobe.Manufacturersfrommanyindustriesarebusyimplementingthetechnologyintheirproductstoreducetheclutterofwires,makeseamlessconnections,streamstereoaudio,transferdataorcarryvoicecommunications.Bluetoothtechnologyoperatesinthe2.4GHz,oneoftheunlicensedindustrial,scientific,medical(ISM)radiobands.Assuch,thereisnocostfortheuseofBluetoothtechnology.WhileyoumustsubscribetoacellularproviderorCDMA,withBluetoothtechnologythereisnocostassociatedwiththeusebeyondthecostofyourdevice.藍(lán)牙無(wú)線技術(shù)規(guī)范是免費(fèi)提供的充電給我們?nèi)虻某蓡T公司。從許多行業(yè)的制造商正忙于實(shí)行這項(xiàng)技術(shù)在他們的產(chǎn)品,以減少導(dǎo)線的雜波,使無(wú)縫連接,流立體聲音頻,傳輸數(shù)據(jù)或進(jìn)行語(yǔ)音通信。藍(lán)牙技術(shù)工作在2.4GHz時(shí),未授權(quán)的工業(yè),科學(xué),醫(yī)療(ISM)無(wú)線電頻段之一。因此,不存在成本為使用藍(lán)牙技術(shù)。而你必須訂閱到蜂窩提供商或CDMA,采用藍(lán)牙技術(shù)的沒(méi)有與超越您的設(shè)備的成本使用相關(guān)的成本。RangeofDevicesBluetoothtechnologyisavailableinanunprecedentedrangeofapplicationsfrommobilephonestoautomobilestomedicaldevicesforusebyconsumers,industrialmarkets,enterprises,andmore.Thelowpowerconsumption,smallsizeandlowcostofthechipsetsolutionenablesBluetoothtechnologytobeusedinthetiniestofdevices.HavealookatthewiderangeproductsmadeavailablebyourmembersintheBluetoothproductdirectoryandthecomponentproductlisting.設(shè)備的范圍

藍(lán)牙技術(shù)提供了前所未有的范圍從移動(dòng)電話應(yīng)用到汽車(chē),再到由消費(fèi)者,工業(yè)市場(chǎng),公司,以及更多使用的醫(yī)療器械。低功耗,小尺寸和芯片組解決方案的成本低使在設(shè)備的最小的要使用藍(lán)牙技術(shù)??纯丛谒{(lán)牙產(chǎn)品目錄和組件產(chǎn)品上市提供我們的成員范圍廣泛的產(chǎn)品。EaseofUseBluetoothtechnologyisanadhoctechnologythatrequiresnofixedinfrastructureandissimpletoinstallandsetup.Youdon’tneedwirestogetconnected.Theprocessforanewuseriseasy–yougetaBluetoothbrandedproduct,checktheprofilesavailableandconnectittoanotherBluetoothdevicewiththesameprofiles.ThesubsequentPINcodeprocessisaseasyaswhenyouidentifyyourselfattheATMmachine.Whenout-and-about,youcarryyourpersonalareanetwork(PAN)withyouandcanevenconnecttoothers.易于使用

藍(lán)牙技術(shù)是一個(gè)特設(shè)技術(shù),無(wú)需固定基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施以及易于安裝和設(shè)立。你并不需要電線來(lái)進(jìn)行連接。過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的新用戶是很容易-你得到一個(gè)藍(lán)牙品牌產(chǎn)品,檢查可用的配置文獻(xiàn),并使用相同的配置文獻(xiàn)連接到另一個(gè)藍(lán)牙設(shè)備。隨后的PIN碼的過(guò)程是,當(dāng)你擬定自己在ATM機(jī)同樣簡(jiǎn)樸。當(dāng)徹頭徹尾的了解,您攜帶您的個(gè)人區(qū)域網(wǎng)(PAN)與你甚至可以連接到其別人。GloballyAcceptedSpecificationBluetoothwirelesstechnologyisthemostwidelysupported,versatile,andsecurewirelessstandardonthemarkettoday.Thegloballyavailablequantificationprogramtestsmemberproductsastotheiraccordancewiththestandard.SincethefirstreleaseoftheBluetoothspecificationin1999,over4000companieshavebecomemembersintheBluetoothSpecialInterestGroup(SIG).Meanwhile,thenumberofBluetoothproductsonthemarketismultiplyingrapidly.Volumeshavedoubledforthefourthconsecutiveyearandarelikelytoreachaninstalledbaseof500millionunitsbythecloseof2023.全球公認(rèn)的規(guī)范

藍(lán)牙無(wú)線技術(shù)是使用最廣泛的支持,多才多藝,并保證市場(chǎng)上的無(wú)線標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的今天。該全球可用的量化程序測(cè)試員產(chǎn)品是否符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。由于藍(lán)牙規(guī)范于1999年初次發(fā)布,4000公司已經(jīng)成為會(huì)員的藍(lán)牙特別愛(ài)好小組(SIG),同時(shí),藍(lán)牙產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上的數(shù)量正在迅速倍增。量連續(xù)第四年增長(zhǎng)了一倍,并有也許由接近2023年達(dá)成裝機(jī)容量為500萬(wàn)臺(tái)基地。SecureConnectionsFromthestart,Bluetoothtechnologywasdesignedwithsecurityneedsinmind.Sinceitisgloballyavailableintheopen2.4GHzISMband,robustnesswasbuiltinfromthebeginning.Withadaptivefrequencyhopping(AFH)(自適應(yīng)跳頻),thesignal“hops”andthuslimitsinterferencefromothersignals.Further,Bluetoothtechnologyhasbuilt-insecuritysuchas128bitencryption(加密)andPINcodeauthentication(認(rèn)證).WhenBluetoothproductsidentifythemselves,theyusethePINcodethefirsttimetheyconnection.Onceconnected,alwayssecurelyconnected.安全連接

從一開(kāi)始,藍(lán)牙技術(shù)是設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)考慮到安全需要。由于它是在開(kāi)放的2.4GHzISM頻帶全局可用的,魯棒從一開(kāi)始就內(nèi)置在。具有自適應(yīng)跳頻(AFH),信號(hào)“跳躍”,因此從其他信號(hào)干擾的限制。此外,藍(lán)牙技術(shù)已經(jīng)內(nèi)置了安全功能,如128位加密和PIN碼認(rèn)證。當(dāng)藍(lán)牙產(chǎn)品標(biāo)記自己,他們所使用的PIN碼,第一次他們連接。一旦連接,總是連接牢固。TextB:“Chinesestandard”aimsatinternationalmarketIn2023,theTD-SCDMAstandardsforthe3-generation(3G)mobilecommunicationsnetworkinitiatedbychinaandratifiedbytheinternationalTelecommunicationUnion,hasbecomeafocusoftheglobaltelecomindustry,reportedPeopleDaily.Bothtelecomoperatorsandtelecomequipmentmanufacturershavepaidgrowingattentionstothe“Chinesestandard”forandtelecomequipmentmanufacturershavepaidgrowingattentionstothe“Chinesestandard”for3G,Almostall-mobilecommunicationequipmentsuppliersintheworldareputtingmoreinvestmentandeffortsinR&D(ResearchandDevelopment)forthe“Chinesestandard”《人民日?qǐng)?bào)》報(bào)道,2023年,中國(guó)率先提出第三代移動(dòng)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——TD-SCDMA標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并由國(guó)際電信協(xié)會(huì)批準(zhǔn)通過(guò),該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也因此成為全球電信產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn).無(wú)論電信運(yùn)營(yíng)商和電信設(shè)備制造商已支付日益關(guān)注的“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”和電信設(shè)備制造商已支付日益關(guān)注的“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的3G,幾乎所有的移動(dòng)通信設(shè)備供應(yīng)商在世界上,把更多的投資和努力,R&D(研究與發(fā)展研究開(kāi)發(fā))的“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”TheChinesegovernmenthasbeenmakingeffortstopushforwardthe“Chinesestandard”sincethebeginningoftheyearwiththepaceofR&Dandindustrializationbecomingapparentlyquickened.Thesingingofsupplycontractforthefieldtestof3GandemergenceofTD-SCDMAcellularphoneareproofofsuchprogresses.鑒于研發(fā)速度與工業(yè)化節(jié)奏的明顯加快,自年初以來(lái),中國(guó)政府開(kāi)始致力于推動(dòng)“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的制定和完善.供應(yīng)合約的3G外場(chǎng)測(cè)試(實(shí)地實(shí)驗(yàn))和TD-SCDMA手機(jī)的出現(xiàn)是這樣進(jìn)步的證明。TechnicaladvantagesoftheChinesestandardgraduallycometoshowInresponsetothequestionsfortheso-calledlevelproblemsofthe“Chinesestandard”,ZhangXinsheng,ViceDirectorofScienceandTechnologyDepartment,MinistryofInformationIndustryisofopinionthattheunderlyingreasonforhavingdrawntheworld’sattentionsofar(迄今為止)liesinthetechnologicaladvantagesoftheTD-SCDMA.中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)逐漸顯露章新勝,科學(xué)技術(shù)部副主任回應(yīng)“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”所謂的水平問(wèn)題的問(wèn)題,信息產(chǎn)業(yè)部認(rèn)為主線因素已繪制的世界注意迄今為止在于TD-SCDMA的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。TheworldmobilecommunicationindustryunanimouslyagreesthatTD-SCDMAcanserveasoneofthestandardsfor3Gafterintensiveresearchanddiscussionsonit.TheTD-SCDMAismoreextensivelyrecognizedfollowingtheauctionof3GfrequenciesinEurope.全球移動(dòng)通信行業(yè)的一致批準(zhǔn),TD-SCDMA可以作為以后進(jìn)一步研究和討論它的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)3G之一。在TD-SCDMA被更廣泛地結(jié)識(shí)到以下的3G頻率在歐洲拍賣(mài)。Atpresent,the“Chinesestandard”for3Ghasbecomeahighlightoftheworld.Japan,EuropeandUSareallpayingattentiontoit.Eachandeverymajortelecomcorporationintheworldisdoingresearchrelatedtothe“Chinesestandard”.TheTD-SCDMAhasbeenrecognizedbytheindustryeventhoughsomeproblemsstillneedfurtherresearch.TD-SCDMAcanbeconnectedwiththecurrenttelecomsystem,andwithitsfeaturesofintelligentantenna,highapplicationrateoffrequency,theTD-SCDMA’stechnicaladvantagesarecomingtoshowgradually.目前,“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”3G已經(jīng)成為世界的一大亮點(diǎn)。日本,歐洲和美國(guó)都在關(guān)注它。在世界上每一個(gè)重要的電信公司正在做相關(guān)研究的“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。在TD-SCDMA已經(jīng)被業(yè)界認(rèn)可,盡管有些問(wèn)題還需要進(jìn)一步研究。TD-SCDMA可以與當(dāng)前的電信系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行連接,并具有智能天線,頻率高的應(yīng)用速率的特點(diǎn),TD-SCDMA的技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)逐漸顯露。TD-SCDMAchangesworld’sorientationofresearchfor3GZhangholdsthattheTD-SCDMAstandardhaschangedtheworld’sorientationofresearchfor3Ginthefollowingaspects.1.The“Chinesestandard”for3Gistheonly3GstandardbasedonintelligentantennaChinaisleadingtheworldinthisfield.2.DevelopmentofTD-SCDMApushestheworldtelecomindustrytomakefurtherresearchanddiscussionforthesoftwarewireless(軟件無(wú)線電).The3Gwilltakeonanewlookifsoftwarewirelessisenabled.3.ThedevelopmentofTD-SCDMAmakespeoplepaymoreattentiontothedevelopmenttrendofIPTD-SCDMA的改變研究3G世界的方向張先生認(rèn)為,TD-SCDMA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)已經(jīng)改變的研究3G世界的方向在以下幾個(gè)方面。

1.“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”3G是基于智能天線的唯一的3G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。中國(guó)正在引領(lǐng)世界在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域。

2.TD-SCDMA的發(fā)展推動(dòng)了世界電信業(yè)作進(jìn)一步的研究和討論了軟件無(wú)線電。此外,3G將在一個(gè)新的面貌,假如軟件無(wú)線電已啟用。

3.TD-SCDMA的發(fā)展,使人們更加注重知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。The“Chinesestandard”makesthe3Gresearchconcentrateontheabovethreeaspects,thebiggestcontributionofTD-SCDMA.Ifabreakthroughcanbemadeintheabovethreeaspects,theworldwirelesscommunicationwilltakeonanewlook.“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,使3G的研究集中在上述三個(gè)方面,TD-SCDMA的最大的奉獻(xiàn)。假如突破可以在以上三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行,全球無(wú)線通信將呈現(xiàn)新的面貌。ChinaiscapableofdoingfundamentalresearchesAccordingtoZhang,China’seconomicgrowthaswellasdevelopmentofinformationindustryhavecreatedconditionsforthedevelopmentofaninnovativetelecomsystem.Chineseenterpriseshaveseengreatimprovementsintermsofeconomicstrength,personnelqualityandabilityofindustry.Especially,theoverallstrength-improvementoftheChineseenterprisesintheindustrialchainhascreatedconditionsforthegrowthofTD-SCDMA.Asidefromthedevelopmentofcorenetwork,terminalsandthemostimportantcellsitesystem(基站系統(tǒng)),thedevelopmentofanewtelecomsystemstillinvolvesdesignofchipandcomponentsproduction.Chinahasnowacquiredbasicabilitiesfordoingfundamentalresearchesanddevelopmenteventhoughitisstillbackwardinsomeareasascomparedwithforeignadvancedlevel.ThisabilityisakeyfactorthatenablescontinuousadvancementofTD-SCDMA.Chineseenterprisesarecompetentincommittinglarge-scaleinvestmentbecausetheyhavestrongR&Dstrength(研發(fā)能力).Chinesegovernmenthasbeenofferingstrongsupporttothe“Chinesestandard”,butthemajorinvestmentisputin(提供)byenterprises.Chineseenterprises,especiallytheDatanggroup,hasputlargeamountofmoneyintothedevelopmentofthe“Chinesestandard”.Withoutsuchalong-terminvestment,rapidgrowthoftheTD-SCDMAstandardisunimaginable.中國(guó)有能力做基礎(chǔ)研究的據(jù)張先生,中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)以及信息產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展發(fā)明了創(chuàng)新的電信系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展的條件。中國(guó)公司已經(jīng)看到了經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力,職工的質(zhì)量和行業(yè)的能力方面大大改善。特別是,中國(guó)公司在產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈的發(fā)明了條件對(duì)于TD-SCDMA的發(fā)展整體實(shí)力的提高。除了核心網(wǎng),終端,最重要的基站系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展,一個(gè)新的電信系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展還涉及芯片及組件的生產(chǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。中國(guó)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)掌握了做基礎(chǔ)研究和開(kāi)發(fā)的基本的能力,盡管與國(guó)外先進(jìn)水平相比,在某些地方它仍然是落后的。這種能力是使TD-SCDMA的不斷進(jìn)步的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素。中國(guó)公司有能力承諾大規(guī)模投資,由于他們擁有強(qiáng)大的研發(fā)能力。中國(guó)政府一直以“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”提供強(qiáng)有力的支持,而重要的投資是由公司提供。中國(guó)公司,特別是大唐集團(tuán),已經(jīng)把大量的資金投入到“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的發(fā)展。假如沒(méi)有這樣一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的投資,在TD-SCDMA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的快速發(fā)展是難以想象的。The“Chinesestandard”targetsattheworldmarketChinesegovernmentwilldevelopthe“Chinesestandard”asastrategicindustry.Itwillactivelycallforthedomesticenterprises(國(guó)內(nèi)公司)participationintheindustrializationoftheTD-SCDMAstandard.OntheotherbanditwelcomesforeignenterprisestotakepartinthedevelopmentoftheTD-SCDMAstandard,saidZhang.在世界市場(chǎng)上“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的目的張說(shuō),中國(guó)政府將制定“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”作為戰(zhàn)略產(chǎn)業(yè)。將積極呼吁國(guó)內(nèi)公司對(duì)TD-SCDMA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)業(yè)化參與。另一方面它歡迎外國(guó)公司參與TD-SCDMA標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展。Ourtargetisnotlimitedtothedomesticmarket.Weshallgooverseasintotheworldmarket.Byfullyexploitingthesynergy(協(xié)同,配合)advantageinthemanufacturingandoperationfields(生產(chǎn)銷售領(lǐng)域),wewillbend(專心于)onpushingthecommercializationprocessofthe3G“Chinesestandard”ahead.我們的目的不僅限于國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)。我們將走向海外進(jìn)入世界市場(chǎng)。在全面發(fā)掘生產(chǎn)與銷售領(lǐng)域的綜合優(yōu)勢(shì)后,我們將致力于推動(dòng)3G“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”的商業(yè)化進(jìn)程overviewofcommunicationTextA:AShortHistoryofCommunicationWithalltheexcitingdevelopmentsintherealmofcommunicationstechnologyoverthelastfewyearsitwouldbeeasytothinkthatwearelivingintimesofthemostastoundingtransformations.However,thetechnologiesthatsomanyofusareaddictedtotodaymobilephones,theinternet,satelliteTVarebuiltontheachievementsofourendeavors.Thehistoryofcommunicationgoesbackthousandsofyears.Eachnewdevelopmenthastransformedtheworldwelivein.Anunderstandingofthejourneywehavetakentogetwherewearenowshowsthattoday’stechniquesarerefinementsofwhatcamebefore.Reallybigrevolutionsmaybestilltocome.隨著通信技術(shù)在過(guò)去幾年中所有令人興奮的領(lǐng)域中的發(fā)展,這將是很容易認(rèn)為我們正生活在一個(gè)最令人震驚的時(shí)代轉(zhuǎn)換。然而,我們?cè)S多人都沉迷于今天的移動(dòng)電話技術(shù),互聯(lián)網(wǎng),衛(wèi)星電視,是建立在我們的努力所取得的成就。通信的歷史可以追溯到幾千年。每一個(gè)新的發(fā)展已經(jīng)改變了我們生活的世界,在進(jìn)一步了解通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程之后,我們應(yīng)當(dāng)意識(shí)到現(xiàn)在的技術(shù)只是對(duì)過(guò)去技術(shù)的細(xì)化.真正的大的革命也許是還沒(méi)有到。EarlytechnologiesCommunicationbeginswiththefirstconversationsbetweenpeopleitisbelievedthatlanguagedevelopedthroughgesturesusingthehandsandbodies,andhadevolvedintospokentonguesbythetimeofthegreatmigrationofhumansfromAfricasome100,000yearsago.Thefirstlongdistancecommunicationmusthavearisenshortlyafterconversation,withthediscoverythatitwaspossibletomakeoneselfheardfromadistancebyshouting,orbanging(重?fù)簦﹐bjectstogethertomakeasoundthattravelsfar.Thefireandthesmokeitproducesmayalsohavebeenusedforsimplecommunicationbetweenseparatedgroups.通信開(kāi)始于人們相信通過(guò)使用雙手和身體手勢(shì)語(yǔ)言發(fā)展第一次談話,并已被人類大約10萬(wàn)年前的從非洲大遷徙一次演變成方言.第一次長(zhǎng)途通信在談話后不久必須已經(jīng)出現(xiàn),與有也許使自己從遠(yuǎn)處喊,或敲打能聽(tīng)到遠(yuǎn)行者的聲音?;鸷蜔熿F的產(chǎn)生也也許被用于分離群體之間的簡(jiǎn)樸溝通。WritingandthestorageofinformationCommunicationtechniquessuchasshoutingandsmokesignalsallowpeopletomaketheirmarkoverawiderarea.Therecordingofinformationallowedhumanbeingstocommunicateovergreatexpansesoftime.Cavepaintings(壁畫(huà))upto36,500yearsoldhavebeenfoundpeoplefromthatfarbackarecommunicatingwithustoday(althoughitishardtoknowwhattheyweresaying).5,500yearsago,moresystematizedalphabetsweredevelopedbythePhoenicians(腓尼基人).Sumerians(閃族人)andEgyptians.Theyalsodevelopednewwaysofstoringtheirinformation,someofwhichhavesurvivedtilltoday.Scholarshavehadsomesuccessintranslatingthesealphabetsandthelanguagestheyconvey,givingusinsightinto(洞察…)societieslongdead.如呼喊和煙霧信號(hào)通信技術(shù)讓人們作出自己的印記在更廣闊的領(lǐng)域。信息的記錄讓人類對(duì)時(shí)間極大的廣闊通信。洞穴繪畫(huà)(壁畫(huà))高達(dá)36500歲已發(fā)現(xiàn)的,人們?cè)缍寂c我們今天的溝通(雖然它是很難知道他們?cè)谡f(shuō)什么)。552023前,更系統(tǒng)化的字母是由腓尼基人開(kāi)發(fā)。蘇美爾人和埃及人,他們還開(kāi)發(fā)了存儲(chǔ)其信息的新方法,其中一些幸存下來(lái)直到今天。學(xué)者們?cè)诜g這些英文字母和它們所傳達(dá)的語(yǔ)言了取得了一定的成功,讓我們見(jiàn)識(shí)到社會(huì)早就死了。Therealisationsthatitispossibletocommunicatethroughspaceandtimearethetwomostimportantcommunicationleaps(跳躍,奔騰)inhistory.Everythingthathascomesincehasmerelyimprovedtheefficiencyofthesetwotasks.這些實(shí)現(xiàn)也許通過(guò)空間和時(shí)間來(lái)溝通是歷史上兩個(gè)最重要的溝通奔騰。一切已經(jīng)到來(lái)自從已經(jīng)僅僅改善了這兩個(gè)任務(wù)的效率。EarlypostalservicesThenextleapwasthecombinationofwritingandtransmittinginformation.Thisbeginwithpeopleoranimalsactingascouriers(信使),deliveringwrittenmessages.ThefirstpostalserviceswereinChinaaround900BC.Humanrunnersandbirdswereusedtotransportmessagesstartinginatleast776BC,whenthewinneroftheOlympicgameswasreportedtotheAthenians(雅典人)viahomingpigeons(信鴿)–possiblethefirstjournalistreportingbacktobasefromaremotelocation.下一次奔騰是寫(xiě)作和傳遞信息的組合。這一方面充當(dāng)信使人或動(dòng)物,提供書(shū)面信息。第一次郵政服務(wù)是在中國(guó)各地900BC。人類選手和鳥(niǎo)類被用來(lái)通過(guò)信鴿來(lái)傳輸消息開(kāi)始在至少公元前776年,當(dāng)通過(guò)信鴿向雅典報(bào)道奧運(yùn)冠軍的時(shí)候-也許這就是第一次記者從遠(yuǎn)程位置報(bào)告給基地。Longdistanceinstant(即時(shí)的)transmissionGettingmessagesoverlongdistancestooktime,anditwasn’tlongbeforepeoplewerediscoveringnewwaysofreducingthistime.Thefirstcommunicationatthespeedoflightwasasfarbackas37BC,whentheRomansusedlargemirrorstoflash(反射)messagesfromEmperorTiberius(臺(tái)比留,古羅馬皇帝(前42-37))overlongdistance–amethodknownastheHeliograph(日光儀).遠(yuǎn)距離獲取信息需要時(shí)間,并且沒(méi)過(guò)多久人們發(fā)現(xiàn)減少這種時(shí)間的新方法。以光的速度在第一通信是早在37BC,當(dāng)羅馬人用大鏡子從皇帝提庇留,長(zhǎng)距離反射消息-一個(gè)方法被稱為日光儀。Printing–massreproduction–massdistributionTheinventionoftheprintingpress(印刷機(jī))inChinasometimeafter300ADmeantthatthesamemessagecouldbedeliveredtomanypeoplecheaplyandmorequicklythancopyingout(謄錄)themessagemanytimesbyhand.Thisledtothefirstdistributionsystems,adevelopmentwhichhasallowedtheflourishingofnewspaperssuchastheoneyounowholdinyourhands印刷機(jī)在中國(guó)的發(fā)明300AD一段時(shí)間后,意味著同樣的消息可以比用手謄錄更便宜和快速地被傳遞給許多人。這導(dǎo)致了第一次分派系統(tǒng),開(kāi)發(fā)。這也使報(bào)紙,如一個(gè)蓬勃發(fā)展的現(xiàn)在握在手中。AtthespeedofelectricityWiththediscoveryofelectricitythespeedandrangeofcommunicationonceagainbegantoincrease.In1793ClaudeChappeinventedtheSemaphore(旗語(yǔ))telegraphline,whichallowedreliableandfastcommunicationoverwiresbetweendistantlocations.MethodssuchastheHeliographwhichrequiretwolocationsbeingabletoseeeachotherlimitedthepossibledistanceofrapidcommunications.Thesemaphorebrokethroughthisbarrier,openingthewayforevenmoreradical(主線的)developments.隨著電力的發(fā)現(xiàn)速度和通信范圍再次開(kāi)始增長(zhǎng)。1793年ClaudeChappe發(fā)明了信號(hào)量(旗語(yǔ))電報(bào)線,這使得通過(guò)電線遙遠(yuǎn)的地點(diǎn)之間可靠和快速的溝通。方法,如照相制版需要兩個(gè)位置可以看到對(duì)方的限制快速通信的有效距離。通過(guò)這道屏障的信號(hào)傳出,甚至更激進(jìn)的的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟了道路。TheinventionoftechniquessuchasMorsecodeallowedcomplexmessagestobetransferredatveryhighspeedsoverthisnewmedium.Thishadhugerepercussions(反響)formanyaspectsofhumanlife–transportcouldbebettercoordinated(調(diào)整),governmentcouldtransmitdecisionstodistantofficesalmostinstantaneously,businessescouldworkwithmorebusinessesoverlargedistances.這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)明例如莫爾斯電碼在這個(gè)新的媒介允許高速率的傳輸。這對(duì)人類生活的許多方面有巨大的反響-交通可以更好地調(diào)整,政府可以決定傳送到遙遠(yuǎn)的辦事處幾乎在瞬間,公司可以與更多的公司合作過(guò)大的距離。Thesefirst(最初的)implementationsofelectroniccommunicationopenedthedoorformanyofthetechnologieswetakeforgranted–television,radio,telephonesandtheinternet.電子通訊這些第一實(shí)現(xiàn)打開(kāi)門(mén),很多我們習(xí)認(rèn)為常的技術(shù)-電視,廣播,電話和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。Wehavetakeabriefjourneythroughover100,000yearsofcommunicationhistory–wetraveledfromthedevelopmentoflanguagestotheirprojection(發(fā)射)overlongdistancesviashouting,writing,postalservicesandtelegraphwires.我們必須采用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的路程,通過(guò)超過(guò)2023通訊的歷史-我們從語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展通過(guò)呼喊前往他們的投影(發(fā)射)長(zhǎng)距離,寫(xiě)作,郵政和電報(bào)線。

NextIwillcontinuethisshortjourneythroughorcommunicationshistory,andlookintomycrystalballatsomepossiblefuturedev

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