大學(xué)思辨英語教程 精讀4教學(xué)課件Unit-7

Unit7

IndividualityandConformity

TextATheIllusionofIndividualityErichFrommLearning

ObjectivesReadingSkills

CriticalThinkingCommunicativeCompetenceInterculturalCompetenceScanformainideasIdentifyleadingsentencesIdentifythelogicandstructureoftheargumentLearning

ObjectivesIllustrateyourpointswithappropriateexamplesUsetopicsentencesandsupportingsentencestoorganizeyourpresentation/essayBeawareofdifferentstylesincommunicationCommunicativeCompetenceReadingSkillsCriticalThinkingLearning

ObjectivesClarifykeyconceptssuchasindividualityandconformityAssessthecredibilityofstatementsbasedongivenevidenceEvaluatethecausesoftheproblemstroublingmoderndemocracyintheWestandprovidesolutionsInterculturalCompetence

EvaluatethepopularclaimaboutChinesecollectivismandWesternindividualismIdentifyandinterpretsocialproblemsintheChinesesocietyfromasocial-psychologicalperspectiveUnderstandthedifferencesbetweenChineseandBritisheducationLeadinAncientGreekplaywrightEuripidessaid,“Nomanonearthistrulyfree.Allareslavesofmoneyornecessity.Publicopinionorfearofprosecutionforceseachone,againsthisconscience,toconform.”WhatEuripidespointedoutisalastingthemeofhumancivilization:individualityvs.conformity.Itseemsmostpeoplewouldprefertochooseindividualityratherthanconformitybecausetheformerisbelievedtoleadtouniqueness,vitality,initiative,originality,etc.,whilethelattermaycausefeelingsofmonotony,boredom,passivity,powerlessness,etc.LeadinThetruth,however,mightbethatindividualityandconformityaremerelydifferentsidesofthesamecoin.Wecannothaveconformityunlessthereareindividualstoconform.Andwecannothaveindividualityunlessthereisconformitytobreakfreeof.Althoughconformitycanbeinterpretedasalossoffreedom,withoutitsocietywouldbereducedtochaos.InTextA,ErichFrommconductsanin-depthinvestigationoftheproblemsofAmericaneducationandsocietythatmakeindividualityimpossibleandmodernmanunhappy.InTextB,JohnDewey,togetherwithEvelynDewey,offersinsightfulpredictionsofthedirectioninwhichfutureeducationcouldprogress.BackgroundKnowledge(1)ErichFrommachievedinternationalfameforhiswritingsandlecturesinthefieldsofpsychoanalysis,psychology,andsocialphilosophy.Hewroteextensivelyonavarietyoftopicsrangingfromsociology,anthropology,andethicstoreligion,politics,andmythology.Findoutmoreinformationabouthim.Researchtopics:ErichSeligmannFromm(1900-1980)wasaGermansocialpsychologist,psychoanalyst,sociologist,humanisticphilosopher,anddemocraticsocialist.HewasassociatedwiththeFrankfurtSchoolofcriticaltheory.Hisresearchtopicsrangefromsociology,anthropology,andethicstoreligion,politics,andmythology.Mainpublications:EscapefromFreedom,1941Manforhimself,1947PsychoanalysisandReligion,1950TheSaneSociety,1955TheArtofLoving,1956Marx’sConceptofMan,1961BeyondtheChainsofIllusion:MyEncounterwithMarxandFreud,1962TheLifeandWorkofSigmundFreud,1963TheHeartofMan,1964TheNatureofMan,1968TheAnatomyofHumanDestructiveness,1979TheArtofBeing,1993BackgroundKnowledgeListedbelowarethechaptersintheTableofContentsofTheFearofFreedom.1.Freedom—APsychologicalProblem2.TheEmergenceoftheIndividualandtheAmbiguityofFreedom3.FreedomintheAgeoftheInformation1)MedievalBackgroundandtheRenaissance2)ThePeriodoftheReformation(2)ThetextisextractedfromFromm’sTheFearofFreedom.StudythetableofcontentsofthebookforanoverviewofthestructureofFromm’sargument,thenscanthechapterthatyoufindmostinteresting.Summarizethethesisofthechapterinonesentence.BackgroundKnowledgecontinued4.TheTwoAspectsofFreedomforModernMan5.MechanismsofEscape1)Authoritarianism2)Destructiveness3)AutomatonConformity6.PsychologyofNazism7.FreedomandDemocracy1)TheIllusionofIndividuality2)FreedomandSpontaneityBackgroundKnowledgeFromm’scommentsonKarlMarx:BuildingprimarilyupontheearlyworksofKarlMarx,Frommsoughttore-emphasizetheidealoffreedom,missingfrommostSovietMarxismandmorefrequentlyfoundinthewritingsoflibertariansocialistsandliberaltheoreticians.Fromm'sbrandofsocialismrejectedbothWesterncapitalismandSovietcommunism,whichhesawasdehumanizing,andwhichresultedinthevirtuallyuniversalmodernphenomenonofalienation.Hebecameoneofthefoundersofsocialisthumanism,promotingtheearlywritingsofMarxandhishumanistmessagestotheUSandWesternEuropeanpublic.(3)KarlMarxandSigmundFreudwerethemostdecisiveinfluencesonFromm’sthinking.SearchforinformationaboutFromm’scommentsonMarxandFreud.BackgroundKnowledgeFromm’scommentsonSigmundFreud:FrommexaminedthelifeandworkofSigmundFreudatlength.HeidentifiedadiscrepancybetweenearlyandlaterFreudiantheory:namely,thatpriortoWorldWarI,Freuddescribedhumandrivesasatensionbetweendesireandrepression,butafterthewar'sconclusion,heframedhumandrivesasastrugglebetweenbiologicallyuniversalLifeandDeathinstincts.FrommchargedFreudandhisfollowerswithneveracknowledgingthecontradictionsbetweenthetwotheories.continuedBackgroundKnowledgecontinuedHealsocriticizedFreud'sdualisticthinking.AccordingtoFromm,Freudiandescriptionsofhumanconsciousnessasstrugglesbetweentwopoleswasnarrowandlimiting.Frommalsocondemnedhimasamisogynistunabletothinkoutsidethepatriarchalmilieuofearly20thcenturyVienna.However,FrommexpressedagreatrespectforFreudandhisaccomplishments,inspiteofthesecriticisms.FrommcontendedthatFreudwasoneofthe“architectsofthemodernage，”alongsideAlbertEinsteinandKarlMarx,butemphasizedthatheconsideredMarxbothfarmorehistoricallyimportantthanFreudandafinerthinker.BackgroundKnowledge

TextStructureTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurePartPara(s)MainideaI1-2AmericansocietyisfertilesoilfortheriseofFascismduetotheinsignificanceandpowerlessnessoftheindividual.II3Americanpeopletakeitforgrantedthatmoderndemocracyhasachievedtrueindividualism.4-67-1112-1415-17III18-20Alackoforiginalityinfeelingprevails.Alackoforiginalityinthinkingprevails.Alackoforiginalityinwillingprevails.Conformingcomeswithaprice.Themeaningoffreedomformodernman1.Whatdoes“authoritariancharacter”(Para.1)meaninthiscontext?PartIComprehensionCheckPartI

PartIIDetailedAnalysisPartIIIAuthoritariancharacterreferstocertaincontrollingcharacterwhichcouldleadpeople

tobehaveinatyrannicalmannerandexpectotherpeople’sabsoluteobedience.

Authoritariancharacteroftenbringsaboutabsolutesovereignty.1.authoritarian(Para.1,line3)adjectivestrictlyforcingpeopletoobeyasetofrulesorlaws,especiallyonesthatarewrongorunfair獨(dú)裁的，專制的e.g.anauthoritariangovernmentCriticsclaimhismanagementhasbecometooauthoritarian.Derivative：authoritarian

noun

[countable];authoritarianismnoun

[uncountable]PartI

PartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysisPartIWordStudy2.

Fascism(Para.2,line1)noun

[countable]aRIGHT-WINGpoliticalsysteminwhichpeople’slivesarecompletelycontrolledbythestateandnopoliticaloppositionisallowed法西斯主義3.powerlessness(Para.2,line7)noun

[uncountable]asenseoffrustrationandpowerlessness一種沮喪無望的感覺Derivative:

powerlessadj;powerlesslyadverbPartI

PartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysisPartI

PartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysisPartISentenceAnalysis1.Tostartwith,mostchildrenhaveacertainmeasureofhostilityandrebelliousnessasaresultoftheirconflictswithasurroundingworldthattendstoblocktheirexpansivenessandtowhich,astheweakeropponent,theyusuallyhavetoyield.(Para.4).ParaphrasethesentenceMostchildrentendtotakeanaggressiveattitudetowardstheirsurroundingswhentheyfeelthattheoutsideworldhasrestrainedtheirfreedom,butascomparativelypowerlessindividuals，whenfacedwiththebiggersociety,theyusuallyhavetogiveuptheirownindividualityandconformtothesociety.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysisPartIIComprehensionCheck1.WhydoesFrommthinkmoderndemocracyhasfailedtoachievetrueindividualism?InFromm’sview,althoughindividualsaremainlyfreefromexternalrestraintsina

moderndemocracy,theirownindividualityhasnotbeenwellestablishedduetoinner

psychologicalrestraints.Thesuppressionofthedevelopmentofgenuineindividuality

startssincechildhood.Firstly,alackoforiginalityinfeelingprevails.American

educationaimsateliminatingchildren’sspontaneousantagonisticreactiontowards

theworld.Childrenarethentaughttogiveuptheirrealfeelingsandtaughttolike

peoplePartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysistoreachthe“maturity”oftheaverageadult.Secondly,originalthinkingisalsodiscouraged.Peoplearecrammedwithready-madethoughts.Thirdly,alackoforiginalityinwillingprevails.Theyactuallydon’tknowwhattheytrulywant.Fourthly,onecanbesureofoneselfonlyifonelivesuptotheexpectationsofothersandthatcouldgainacertainsecurity.AllthesemakeFrommbelievethatit’sjustanillusiontothinkthatmoderndemocracyhasachievedtrueindividualism.continuedFromtheverystartofmoderneducation,ready-madethoughtsareputintochildren’sheadsbytheadults.Theirnaturalsenseofcuriosityissuppressed.Thesecondrelatedwayofdiscouragingoriginalthinkingistoregardalltruthasrelative.Truthisdeclaredtobeanentirelysubjectivematterandeachpointofviewhasitsowntruth.Sincethere’snouniversalandobjectivetruth,individualswouldveryeasilylosethewishesandintereststopursuetruth.OriginalthinkingPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis2.Whatarethefactorsthatdiscourageoriginalthinking?thenlosesitsessentialstimulus.Thirdly,Americanculturetendstobefogissuesbyassertingthattheproblemsaretoocomplicatedfortheaverageindividualtograspandonlyspecialistscanunderstandthem.Therefore,individualscoulddonothingbutwaituntilthespecialistshavefoundoutwhattodoandwheretogoandthenfollowtheirinstructions.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysiscontinuedIntheearlyschooleducation,childrenaretaughttosuppresstheirfeelingsofhostilityanddisliketowardsothers.Iftheydonotconform,theyareusuallyfrightenedbythreatsandpunishmentsorsubtlypersuadedbybriberyor“explanations.”Theyaretaughttolikepeople,tobefriendlytothemandsmiletothemtoforma“pleasingpersonality.”PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis3.AccordingtoFromm’sobservation,schooleducationintheUnitedStatesdiscouragesindividuality.Whatevidencedoesheofferinsupportofthisclaim?Towhatextentareyouconvincedbyhisargument?Inschool,childrenarestuffedwithready-madethoughtsbyadults,whichhinderedtheirownsenseofcuriositytoknowthisworld.Theirheadsarefilledwithfictitiouspictureoftheworldgivenbyschooleducation.Hisargumentsoundsreasonable.Schoolsregulatepeoples’thoughtsandbehaviorsthrougheducation.Individualsacceptthese“guidance”unconsciouslyandlosetheircapacitiestothinkindependently.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysiscontinuedPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis5.Indepictingthepainfulsituationofmodernman,Frommwrites,“Helivesinaworldtowhichhehaslostgenuinerelatednessandinwhicheverybodyandeverythinghasbecomeinstrumentalized,wherehehasbecomeapartofthemachinethathishandshavebuilt.”(Para.14)WhatparticularsocialproblemsdoyouthinkFrommistryingtoaddress?Frommistryingtoaddresstheissueoftheindividual’salienationinthemass-productiveindustrialworld.Inthemodernworld,peoplearereducedtorobotswhoautomaticallyplaytheirsocialrolewithoutknowingwhattheyreallythink,feelandwant.Thereisalackofsenseofbelongingandattachmenttothesocietytheylivein.What’smore,individualsarealsoalienatedfromtheirownindividualityandlosetheirself-identityinthisprocess.Lifethenlosesitsmeaningandpurpose.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis6.WhataretheconsequencesofgivingupspontaneityandindividualityaccordingtoFromm?Givingupspontaneityandindividualityresultsinathwartingoflife.Theautomationoftheindividualisdeademotionallyandmentally.Whilehegoesthroughthemotionofliving,hisliferunsthroughhishandslikesand.Behindafrontofsatisfactionandoptimismmodernmanisdeeplyunhappy;asamatteroffact,heisonthevergeofdesperation.Hedesperatelyclingstothenotionofindividuality,andhopestokeephimself“different”fromothersbydoingsomesuperficially“personalized”activities,onlytofindalltheseeffortsinvain.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysisPartIIWordStudy1.restraint(Para.3,line2)noun

[countable],usuallypluralaruleorprinciplethatlimitswhatpeoplecando管制措施，限制，控制[+on]e.g.Oppositionpoliticianshavecalledforrestraintsonpublicspending.Thegovernmenthasimposedrestraintsoncorporatemergers.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis2.individuality(Para.3,line5)noun

[uncountable]thequalitiesthatmakesomeoneorsomethingdifferentfromotherthingsorpeople個性；特性e.g.Welikeourstafftoshowtheirindividualityratherthanwearauniform.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis3.foster(Para.4,line1)verb[transitive]tohelpaskill,feeling,ideaetcdevelopoveraperiodoftime促進(jìn)，培養(yǎng)，助長

encourage,promotee.g.Thebishophelpedfosterthesenseofacommunityembracingallclasses.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis4.spontaneous(Para.4,line3)adjectivesomethingthatisspontaneoushasnotbeenplannedororganized,buthappensbyitself,orbecauseyousuddenlyfeelyouwanttodoit自發(fā)的，自然而生的；一時沖動的e.g.Thecrowdgaveaspontaneouscheer.Myspontaneousreactionwastorunaway.Derivative:

spontaneouslyadverb;spontaneity

noun[uncountable]PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis5.antagonistic(Para.4,line12)adjectiveunfriendly;wantingtoargueordisagree對抗的，敵對的e.g.anantagonisticattitudeSynonym:

adverse,hostilePartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis6.flagrant(Para.4,line23)adjectiveaflagrantactionisshockingbecauseitisdoneinawaythatiseasilynoticedandshowsnorespectforlaws,truthetc明目張膽的，公然的e.g.

flagrantabuse/violation/breachetc.flagrantviolationsofhumanrightsPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis7.pleasing(Para.5,line5)adjectivegivingpleasure,enjoyment,orsatisfaction使人愉快的；愜意的e.g.apleasingsound[+to]e.g.adesignthatispleasingtotheeyeDerivative:

pleasingly

adverbPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis8.impoverished(Para.6,line6)adjective1)deprivedof

strength,

vitality,creativeness,etc.貧乏的2)

reducedto

poverty窮困的；貧窮的3)

(ofacountry,area,etc.)havingfewtrees,flowers,birds,

wild

animals,etc.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis9.condescension(Para.7,line8)noun[uncountable]Derivative:

condescend

verb[intransitive]tobehaveasifyouthinkyouarebetter,moreintelligent,ormoreimportantthanotherpeople–usedtoshowdisapproval（行為舉止）表現(xiàn)出優(yōu)越感，顯示出高人一等（含貶義）[+to]e.g.Takecarenottocondescendtoyourreaders.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis10.handicap(Para.7,line11)noun[countable]asituationthatmakesitdifficultforsomeonetodowhattheywant障礙，不利條件e.g.Notspeakingthelanguageisarealhandicap.11.relative(Para.8,line2)adjectivehavingaparticularqualitywhencomparedwithsomethingelse比較的，相對的e.g.Youmaythinkyou’repoor,butit’sallrelative(=youarenotpoorcomparedtosomepeople)PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis12.declare(Para.8,line4)verb[transitive]tostateofficiallyandpubliclythataparticularsituationexistsorthatsomethingistrue宣布，聲明declaresb/sth(tobe)sb/sthe.g.SeveralcountrieswantedAntarcticatobedeclareda‘worldpark’.Thecitywasdeclaredtobeinastateofsiege.Ideclareyoumanandwife.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis13.paralyse(Para.11,line1)

verb[transitive]tomakesomethingunabletooperatenormally使不能正常運(yùn)作，使陷入癱瘓e.g.Fearofunemploymentisparalysingtheeconomy.Motortrafficwasparalysedinmuchofthecity.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis14.ingratiating(Para.11,line9)adjective討好奉承的Derivative:

ingratiate

verbingratiateyourself(withsb)totryveryhardtogetsomeone’sapproval–usedtoshowdisapproval討好，巴結(jié)，奉承（某人）（含貶義）Synonym:

flattere.g.Hispolicyistoingratiatehimselfwithanyonewhomightbeusefultohim.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis15.trite(Para.11,line13)

adjectiveatriteremark,ideaetc.isboring,notnew,andinsincere（話語）老一套的；（觀念）陳腐的e.g.Herremarkssoundedtriteandill-informed.Derivative:

tritenessnoun

[uncountable];tritely

adverbPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis16.identity(Para.15,line4)noun[uncountable]thequalitiesandattitudesthatapersonorgroupofpeoplehave,thatmakethemdifferentfromotherpeople（區(qū)別人或群體的）特性e.g.Childrenneedcontinuity,security,andasenseofidentity.17.jeopardize(Para.16,line5)torisklosingorspoilingsomethingimportant危及，危害，損害e.g.large-scalemilitaryoffensiveswhichcouldjeopardizetheUNpeaceprocessPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis18.vestige(Para.17,line13)

noun[countable]

formal

asmallpartoramountofsomethingthatremainswhenmostofitnolongerexists痕跡，遺跡；殘余[+of]e.g.Thenewlawremovedthelastvestigesofroyalpower.Synonym:tracePartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis19.surrogate(Para.17,line16)noun[countable]apersonorthingthattakestheplaceofsomeoneorsomethingelse替代品[+for]e.g.Bright-lighttherapyisusedasasurrogateforsunshine.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysisPartIISentenceAnalysis1.ItisaboutasusefulasinstructionsconcerninglifeintheArcticwouldbetosomeonewhohasaskedhowtoprepareforanexpeditiontotheSaharaDesert.(Para.7)ParaphrasethesentenceTosomeonewhohasaskedhowtoprepareforanexpeditiontotheSaharaDesert,instructionsconcerninglifeintheArcticaretotallyirrelevantanduselessbecauselivingenvironmentsintheSaharaDesertandtheArcticarecompletelydifferent.PartIIIComprehensionCheckPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis1.Whataretherootcausesofthedeep-seatedunhappinessofmodernmanaccordingtoFromm?Peopleappeartofunctionwellenoughineconomicandsociallife,butiftheylosetheirownindividuality,theyhavedeep-seated-unhappinessbehindthatcomfortingveneer.Iflifelosesitsmeaningbecauseitisnotlived,manbecomesdesperate.Theyaresufferingfromgivingupspontaneityandindividualityandnotlivingalifeoftheirown.PartIIIWordStudyPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis1.aveneerof(Para.19,line6)formal

behaviourthathidessomeone’srealcharacterorfeelings(掩飾真實(shí)性格或感情的)表象，偽裝e.g.AthinveneerofpolitenesshidLadyBride’sgrowinganger.PartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysis2.allegedly(Para.20,line10)adverb[sentenceadverb]formal

usedwhenreportingsomethingthatpeoplesayistrue,althoughithasnotbeenproved據(jù)說e.g.asportscar,allegedlystoleninManchesterPartIPartIIPartIIIDetailedAnalysisPartIIISentenceAnalysisParaphrasethesentence1.Ifwelookonlyattheeconomicneedsasfarasthe“normal”personisconcerned,ifwedonotseetheunconscioussufferingoftheaverageautomatizedperson,thenwefailtoseethedangerthatthreatensourculturefromitshumanbasis...(Para.20)Ifweonlyseetheeconomicbenefitstheconformityofasocietycouldbringtopeopleandneglectpeople’spsychologicalandemotionalsufferingsoflosingone’sownindividuality,thenthereisgreatdangerinourculturethattheunderminingofhumanitywouldgiverisetotyrannicalregimesuchasFascism.EvaluationandExplorationDiscussthefollowingquestionsinsmallgroups.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(1)Abasicassumptionofthetextisthedesireforindividuality:Itissomethingthatweallaspireto,eventhoughwecanonlyhaveitsillusions.Towhatextentdoyouagreethatindividualityiswhatweallneedashumans?Why?There’snodoubtthatindividualityiswhatweallneedashumans.Individualityisthetotalcharacterpeculiartoanddistinguishinganindividualfromothers.Itisourownfeelings,emotions,personalitiesandthoughts,allthosecharacteristicsofourindividualitythatmakewhoweareanddistinguishusfromothers.Withoutindividuality,everybodywillbethesameandlifewillbecomemeaningless.TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(2)WhydoesFrommthinkthat“theinsignificanceandpowerlessnessoftheindividual”is“fertilesoilfortheriseofFascism”(Para.2)?Doyouagreewithhisargument?Whyorwhynot?Yes.Iagreewiththisargument.Becausewhenindividualsbecomeinsignificantandpowerless,theylosetheirownindividualityandfreedom.Theyareforcedtoconformtothesociety.Givingupspontaneityandindividualityresultsinanunhappyandlifelesslife.Theydonotknowwhattheytrulywant,think,andfeel.Theyareonthevergeofdesperation.Thatcreatestheirreadinesstoacceptanyideologyandanyleader,ifonlyhepromisesexcitementandoffersapoliticalTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurestructureandsymbolswhichallegedlygivemeaningandordertoanindividual’slife.Fascismunfortunatelyfitstheseneeds.Therefore,thedespairofthehumanautomation,broughtbytheinsignificanceandpowerlessnessoftheindividuals,becomesfertilesoilfortheriseofFascism.continuedTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructureIagreewithFromm’sreasoning.Inmodernsociety,rationalityisencouragedandbeingemotionalisconsideredtobetheoppositesideofrationalityandmaturethinkingandisthereforesuppressedbythesociety.However,emotionispartofournatureandcannotbetotallyneglected.Havingnolegitimatewayouttoexpressthemselves,peoplewouldthenrelyonmoviesandpopularsongstosootheandcomforttheiremotion-starvedsouls.(3)AninterestingpointattheendofPara.6isthattheimmenseappealofmoviesandpopsongsliesintheemotionalstarvationofmodernpeople.DoyouagreewithFromm’sreasoning?Whyorwhynot?TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(4)Frommcriticizestherelativistviewoftruth,whichhebelieveswoulddiscourageoriginalthinking.DosomeresearchonrelativismasaschoolofthoughtinthehistoricalcontextinwhichFrommwroteTheFearofFreedom.Howdoyouevaluatehisattackonrelativism?Relativismistheideathatviewsarerelativetodifferencesinperceptionandconsideration.Thereisnouniversal,objectivetruthaccordingtorelativism;rathereachpointofviewhasitsowntruth.Themajorcategoriesofrelativismvaryintheirdegreeofscopeandcontroversy.Moralrelativismencompassesthedifferencesinmoraljudgmentsamongpeopleandcultures.Truthrelativismisthedoctrinethattherearenoabsolutetruths,i.e.,thattruthisalwaysrelativetosomeparticularframeofreference,suchasalanguageoraculture(culturalrelativism).TextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructureDescriptiverelativism,asthenameimplies,seekstodescribethedifferencesamongculturesandpeoplewithoutevaluation,whilenormativerelativismevaluatesthemoralityortruthfulnessofviewswithinagivenframework.BeforeFrommwroteTheFearofFreedomin1941,mostsociologicalrelativistsofhistimeheldthatthefactthatasocietyexistsandworksitselfprovesitsownnormalcyandvalidity.FrommchallengedthisviewandproposedinhisbookTheSaneSocietytheideathatasanesocietyshouldbeoneaimingatimprovingthewell-beingoftheindividuals.Heheldthatasocietyshouldn’tbejustifiedjustbecauseofitsexistence.Ifasocietycannotserveitspeopleandensureasoundenvironmentforthehealthydevelopmentoftheindividuals,thissocietyisaninsaneone.continuedTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructure(5)Frommcriticizesthemassmediafordestroyinganykindofstructuralizedpictureoftheworld,whichparalyzestheabilitytothinkcritically.Whatevidencedoesheprovidetosupporthisargument?Towhatextentareyouconvinced?Thefollowingevidencehasbeengiventosupporthisargument.Theannouncementofthebombingofacityandthedeathofhundredsofpeopleisshamelesslyfollowedorinterruptedbyanadvertisementforsoaporwine.Thesamespeakerwiththesamesuggestive,ingratiating,andauthoritativevoice,whichhehasjustusedtoimpressyouwiththeseriousnessofthepoliticalsituation,impressesnowuponhisaudiencethemeritoftheparticularbrandofsoapwhichTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisEvaluationandexplorationTextStructurepaysforthenewsbroadcast.Newsreelsletpicturesoftorpedoedshipsbefollowedbythoseofafashionshow.Newspaperstellusthetritethoughtsorbreakfasthabitsofadebutantewiththesamespaceandseriousnesstheyuseforreportingeventsofscientificorartisticimportance.Ithinkwhathearguedisreasonable.Toacertainextent,themodernmassmediastuffpeople