2023學年完整公開課版補充文檔：ExperiencingtheWonders

Unit6ExperiencingtheWonders補充文檔

TypesofSentences

Goodwritingrequiresamixtureofallfourkindsofsentences:simple,compound,complex,andcompound-complex.Acompositionwithonlyshort,simplesentencesisboringandineffective,asiswritingthatusestoomanycompoundsentences.Writingwithcomplexsentencesandparticipialphrases,structuresthatusesubordination,isgenerallyconsideredmoremature,interesting,andeffectiveinstyle.

A:asimplesentenceisoneindependentclause

.Ienjoyplayingtenniswithmyfriendseveryweekend.

Ienjoyplayingtennisandlookforwardtoiteveryweekend.

MyfriendsandIplaytennisandgobowlingeveryweekend.

ClauseConnectors

Threegroupsofwordsareusedtoconnectclausesinordertoformdifferentkindsofsentences.Theyaresubordinators(subordinatingconjunctions),coordinators(coordinatingconjunctions),andconjunctiveadverbs.

Subordinators

Afterbeforethatwhenwhichalthougheventhoughthoughwheneverwhileashowunlesswherewhoasififuntilwhereverwhomassoonassincewhatwhetherwhosebecausesothatetc.

coordinators

Forandnorbutoryetso

Conjunctiveadverbs

Accordinglyfurthermoreincontrastmeanwhileontheotherhandbesideshenceindeedmoreoverotherwiseconsequentlyhoweverinsteadneverthelessthereforeforexampleinadditionlikewisenonethelessthusalsoetc.

B.CompoundSentences(Coordination)Acompoundsentenceistwoormoreindependentclausesjoinedtogether.Therearethreewaystojointheclauses:

1.withacoordinator

Ienjoytennis,butIhategolf.

2.withaconjunctiveadverb

Ienjoytennis;however,Ihategolf.

3.withasemicolon

Ienjoytennis;Ihategolf.

Independentclause,+coordinator+independentclause

for

Womenlivelongerthanmen.Theytalebettercareoftheirhealth.

and

Womenfollowmorehealthfuldiets.Theygotodoctorsmoreoften.

nor

Womendon’tsmokeasmuchasmendo.Theydonotdrinkasmuchalcohol.

but

Menmayexerciseharder.Theymaynotexerciseasregularlyaswomendo.

or

Bothmenandwomenshouldlimittheamountoffatintheirdiets.Theyriskgettingheartdisease.

yet

Womenusedtobeknownasthe“weakersex”.Insomeways,theyarestrongerthanmen.

so

Menarelesscautiousthanwomen.Moremendieinaccidents.

Practice1:A:Addanotherindependentclausetothefollowingindependentclausestoformcompoundsentences.

Example:Thecollegecampusislocatedinthecenterofthecity,soitisveryeasytodomyshopping.

1.Studentscanattenddayclassesand_____________________________________________.

2.Studentscanliveindormitoriesor______________________________________________.

3.Ihavefinishedmymathhomeworkbut__________________________________________.

4.IhavestudiedEnglishforsixyearsyet__________________________________________.

5.Myadvisersuggestedawordprocessingclassfor_________________________________.

6.Somestudentsdonotliketowritetermpapernor___________________________________.

7.MyroommatescoredveryhighontheEnglishplacementtestso________________________.

Independentclause;+conjunctiveadverb,+independentclause

Coordinators

Conjunctiveadverbs

Sentences

and

besides

furthermore

moreover

also

Communitycollegeofferpreparationformanyoccupations.

Theypreparestudentstotransfertoafour-yearcollegeoruniversity.

but,yet

however

nevertheless

nonetheless

Manycommunitycollegesdonothavedormitories.

Theyprovidehousingreferralservices.

or

otherwise

Studentsmusttakefinalexams.

Theywillreceiveagradeofincomplete.

so

accordingly

consequently

hence

therefore

thus

NativeandnonnativeEnglishspeakershavedifferentneeds.

MostschoolsprovideseparateEnglishclassesforeachgroup.

C:ComplexSentences(Subordination)

Acomplexsentencecontainsoneindependentclauseandone(ormore)dependentclause(s).Inacomplexsentence,oneideaisgenerallymoreimportantthantheotherone.Themoreimportantideaisplacedintheindependentclause,andthelessimportantideaisplacedinthedependentclause.

Therearethreekindsofdependentclauses:adverb,adjective,andnoun.

Adverbclause:AlthoughwomenintheUnitedStatescouldownproperty,theycouldnotvoteuntil1920./IntheUnitedStates,womencouldnotvoteuntil1920althoughtheycouldownproperty.

Adjectiveclause:Menwhoarenotmarriedarecalledbachelors.

Nounclause:Thatthereisaholeintheozonelayeroftheearth’satmosphereiswellknown./Scientistsbelievethatexcesschlorofluorocarbonsintheatmosphereareresponsibleforcreatingit.

Practice2:Analysethefollowingsentencesbyunderliningtheindependentclausesanddependentclauseswithdifferentlines.

WhenstudentsfromothercountriescometotheUnitedStates,theyoftensufferfromcultureshock.

Becausethecostofeducationhasrisen,manystudentsarehavingfinancialproblems.

Pleasetellmewherethestudentunionis.

Engineers,whohaveanaptitudefordraftingandmechanics,mustalsobeartisticandimaginative.

Studentsshoulddeclareamajorbytheirjunioryearunlesstheyhavenotmadeuptheirminds.

Eventhoughstudentsdeclareamajornow,theycanchangeitlater.

Doctorsareconcernedaboutdrugusebyyoungpeople,whothinkthatsmokingmarijuanaisrisk-free.

D.Acompound-complexsentenceisacombinationoftwoormoreindependentclausesandone(ormore)dependentclauses.Manycombinationsarepossible,andtheirpunctuationrequirescarefulattention.

.1.IwantedtotravelafterIgraduatedfromcollege;however,Ihadtogotoworkimmediately.

2.AfterIgraduatedfromcollege,Iwantedtotravel,butIhadtogoworkimmediately./IwantedtotravelafterIgraduatedfromcollege,butIhadtogoworkimmediately.

3.Icouldn’tdecidewhereIshouldworkorwhatIshoulddo,soIdidnothing.

Practice3:Punctuatethefollowingcompound-complexsentence.

IfhouseworkandchildcareareincludedwomenworkmorehoursperweekthanmeneveryplaceintheworldexceptNorthAmericaandAustraliabuttheyalsoearnlessthanmeneverywhere.

Practice4:Comparethetwomodelsthatfollowandanalyzecharacteristicsoftheirtypesofsentences.Whichoneismoreeffectiveinwriting?

Model1:

ThePeople’sPrincess

Diana,PrincessofWales,wasborninNorfolk,England,in1961,andshediedinParis,France,in1997.Peoplearoundtheworldwerefascinatedbythetransformationofthisshykindergartenteacherintoanindependent,self-assuredyoungwoman.Hersuddendeathinacarcrashwhilebeingchasedbyphotographerspromptedworldwidediscussionandgrief.

DianaSpencerwasborntoawealthy,upper-classEnglishfamily,andshewaseducatedinprivateschoolsinEnglandandSwitzerland.Shelovedchildren,soshebecameakindergartenteacher.SheledaquietlifeinLondon,butthenshemetCharles,PrinceofWales,andherlifechangeddramatically.SheandCharlesmarriedin1981,andherlifeasthewifeofthefuturekingofEnglandbegan.Shegavebirthtotwosonsandbecameactiveincharitywork.Diana’slifeshouldhavebeenahappyone,butitwasnottobe.SheandCharlesbeganhavingmartialproblems,andtheyseparatedin1992,andtheyagreedtodivorcein1996.

Dianaworkedveryhardatherjobasprincess,andshesupportedmanycauses,especiallythoserelatedtochildrenandAIDSvictims.Shelivedforonlyashorttime,butshetouchedpeopleallovertheworldbecauseofherbeauty,hercompassionforothersandherstyle.

Model2:

ThePeople’sPrincess

Diana,PrincessofWales,wasborninNorfolk,England,in1961,andshediedinParis,France,in1997.Peoplearoundtheworldwerefascinatedbythetransformationofthisshykindergartenteacherintoanindependent,self-assuredyoungwoman.Hersuddendeathinacarcrashwhilebeingchasedbyphotographerspromptedworldwidediscussionandgrief.

DianaSpencerwasborntoawealthy,upper-classEnglishfamilyandeducatedinprivateschoolsinEnglandandSwitzerland.Becauseshelovedchildren,shebecameakindergartenteacher,leadingaquietlifeinLondon.However,whenshemetCharles,PrinceofWales,herlifechangeddramatically.AftersheandCharlesmarriedin1981,herlifeasthewifeofthefuturekingofEnglandbeganShegavebirthtotwosonsandbecameactiveincharitywork.AlthoughDiana’slifeshouldhavebeenahappyone,itwasnottobe.SheandCharlesbeganhavingmartialproblems,thusseparatingin1992,andagreeingtodivorcein1996.

Diana,whoworkedveryhardatherhobasprincess,supportedmanycauses,especiallythoserelatedtochildrenandAIDSvictims.Eventhoughshelivedforonlyashorttime,shetouchedpeopleallovertheworldbecauseofherbeauty,hercompassionforothersandherstyle.

E.ParticipialPhrases

Participialphrasesaregroupsofwordsthatcontainparticiplesandothermodifiers.Theyareusedtomodifynounsandpronounsasfollows:

Acar,speedingthewrongwaydownthestreet,struckapedestrian.

Whilecrossingthestreet,apedestrianwasstruckbyacar.

Participialphrasedcanbeformedbyreducingrelativeclausesandadverbialclauses.

Activity1:Usingparticipialphrasestoimproveyourwriting

Improvethefollowingshortessaybychangingsomeoftheadjectiveandadverbialclausestoparticipialphrases.Therearetenplaceswheresuchchangescanbemade.

Oneofthebiggestproblemsthatfaceshumankindinthenextfewdecadesistheproblemofglobalwarming.Inthepast150years,globaltemperatureshaverisenapproximately1degree.Theyear1998wasthewarmestyearthatwasever