肉雞日糧最優(yōu)的含硫氨基酸與賴氨酸比例

肉雞日糧最優(yōu)的含硫氨基酸與賴氨酸比例第1頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Determinationofoptimalaminoacidratios

理想蛋白氨基酸比例的測(cè)定IdealProteinConcept理想蛋白的概念I(lǐng)dealratiosbetweenaminoacids(referenceLys)氨基酸的理想比例（以賴氨酸為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）Shouldbeappliedonbasisofdigestibleaminoacids應(yīng)當(dāng)以可消化氨基酸為基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)用Determinationofidealaminoacidratios理想蛋白氨基酸比例的測(cè)定Factorialapproach

析因法Dose-responsetrials

劑量反應(yīng)試驗(yàn)第2頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Factorialapproach

析因法Partitioningofaminoacidrequirementforvariouspurposes–factors把氨基酸需要量分割為用于各種目的需要量－因子What‘srequired?

需要什么？Aminoacidretention(netaccretion)氨基酸的存留（凈增加）Analysedcontentofweightgain,eggmass,feathers,milkyield,etc.分析增重、蛋內(nèi)容物、羽毛、產(chǎn)奶等的成分Utilisationofabsorbedaminoacids吸收氨基酸的利用率Dependentonaminoacidbalance依賴于氨基酸的平衡Maintenancerequirement維持需要Aminoacidrequirementforzerogain零增重時(shí)的氨基酸需要Functionofbodyweight體重的功能第3頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)P(yáng)artitionofthelysinerequirement

賴氨酸需要量的分割第4頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)P(yáng)artitionofthemethionine+cysteinerequirement蛋+胱需要量的分割第5頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Not100%oftheAAabsorbedbythesmallintestineareusedforretention

吸收的氨基并不能100％利用Lysineutilisation=80%賴氨酸利用率＝80％Isoleucineutilisation=61%異亮氨酸利用率＝61％第6頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Lysineaccr.(slow)= -22.49 +0.76x r2=98%Lysineaccr.(fast) = -25.63 +0.79x r2=99%Methionineaccr. = -3.4 +0.68x r2=97%TSAAaccr. = -2.74 +0.52x r2=97%Threonineaccr. = -13.75 +0.82x r2=99%Valineaccr. = -13.44 +0.73x r2=99%

x=AAintake氨基酸的食入量H.M.Edwardset.al,PoultryScience,1999EdwardsandBaker,PoutryScience,1999EdwardsandBaker,Br.J.Nutr,1997D.H.Bakeretal.,J.Nutr.,1996IntermediateutilisationofAA

氨基酸的平均利用率第7頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Threesectionsofanexponentialdose-responsecurve指數(shù)劑量反應(yīng)曲線的三個(gè)階段Aminoacidretention,氨基酸存留，g/dy=a+b*(1-e-(c*X)a+baI II III

I=slopeisalmostlinear斜率幾乎是線性 II=slopeisnonlinear斜率是非線性 III=slopetendsagainstzero斜率趨于零UtilisationofthedigestedAAishighestinsectionI在第一階段，消化的氨基酸利用率最高可消化氨基酸的食入量，g/d第8頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)UtilisationofdietaryMetinlow(18.3%)andhigh(22.9%)CPdietsforbroilers

肉雞日糧中高蛋白(22.9)和低蛋白(18.3)日糧中Met的利用率LP:LowproteinNP:normalprotein*FatufeandRodehutscord,2005第9頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Utilisationofaminoacidsinbroilersdependsongenetics

在肉雞上氨基酸的利用率與遺傳有關(guān)*Fatufeetal.,20048d-21d第10頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)P(yáng)artitionofthelysinerequirementinbroilers

在肉上賴氨酸需要量的分割第11頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)P(yáng)artitionofthemethionine+cysteinerequirementinbroilers

在肉雞上蛋+胱需要量的分割第12頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)EffectofageonidealMet+Cys:Lysratio

年齡對(duì)理想蛋+胱比例的影響第13頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Factorialapproach析因法Advantages優(yōu)勢(shì)NetaccretioncanbeanalysedforallAAsimultaneously所有氨基酸的凈沉積可同時(shí)被分析出Netaccretioncaneasilybedeterminedfordifferentages不同日齡的凈存積很易被測(cè)出Challenges挑戰(zhàn)Utilisationofdigestibleaminoacidsdifficulttodetermine可消化氨基酸的利用率很難被測(cè)定ForeachAAseparately每一種氨基酸分別測(cè)定Dependentonphysiologicalstate(age,breed,etc.)生理狀態(tài)有影響(年齡、品種)Maintenancerequirementdifficulttodetermine維持需要很難被測(cè)定ForeachAAseparately每一種氨基酸分別測(cè)定Regressionmethodology回法方法D2O(deuteriumoxide)氧化氘第14頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Dose-response劑量反應(yīng)法What‘srequired?需要什么？Groupsofanimalstobefed飼喂不同組的動(dòng)物Adequatenumberofreplications重復(fù)數(shù)足夠Experimentaldietswithgradedlevelsofonenutrient試驗(yàn)日糧中添加梯度水平的一種營(yíng)養(yǎng)素Basaldietisdeficientinthenutrienttobeinvestigated測(cè)定基礎(chǔ)日糧是否缺乏測(cè)定的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素Exactdietmixing精確的日糧的混合配制Adefinedperiodoftimeorage確定的時(shí)間或年（日）齡Performancecriteria生產(chǎn)性能指標(biāo)Growth,feedconversion生長(zhǎng)，飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率N-retention,breastmeatyield氨存留,胸肉產(chǎn)量Parametersmeasuredinplasma血漿參數(shù)…Inthedoseresponsetrialthereisnotpartitioningoffactorsbecauseallofthemtogetherdeterminetheresponse.在劑量反應(yīng)試驗(yàn)中，沒有因子分割，因?yàn)樗幸蜃雍显谝黄饻y(cè)定第15頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)DeterminationoftheoptimalMet+Cys:Lysratio

inbroilers

在肉雞上測(cè)定最優(yōu)的蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比例

Projectwith

ProvimiBV,TheNetherlands111贏創(chuàng).

創(chuàng)新原動(dòng)力.第16頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Materialandmethods材料與方法Birds雞:

1700day-old,maleRoss308broilersdistributedtopensinordertominimisevariatio

betweenpens.

1700只1日齡公羅斯308隨機(jī)分到籠中，以縮小變異Housing:2x36raisedfloorpens/intworooms/35°Catarrivaldecreasedto21.5°Cattermination

禽舍：2x36地面籠/兩個(gè)房間/

雞雛到達(dá)時(shí)35°C，以后逐漸最終降至21.5°CDiets日糧:Corn-wheatsoybeanmealbased

玉米小麥豆粕基礎(chǔ)日糧basalstarter(1-14d)andgrower(14-35d)diets雛雞日糧(1-14d),生長(zhǎng)雞日糧(14-35d)5gradedMet+Cys:Lysratios

5個(gè)梯度的蛋＋胱:賴氨酸比positivecontrol+Lys

正對(duì)照+Lysacommercialstarterdietwasfed

whenMet+Cys:Lysratiowasstudiedinthegrowerphase

當(dāng)研究生長(zhǎng)雞階段的蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比例時(shí)，雛雞階段飼喂商業(yè)日糧Parameters

參數(shù):bodyweights-weightgain/

feedconsumption-feedconversioncarcassevaluation(5randomlyselectedbroilers/pen)體增重/飼料消耗－飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率/胴體評(píng)價(jià)(隨機(jī)選取5只雞/籠)第17頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Design

試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)TreatmentTFDMet+Cys:TFDLysLysIStarter雛雞(0-14days)62.9%9.71II67.8%9.71III72.6%9.71IV77.5%9.71V82.4%9.71VI

陽性對(duì)照74.4%10.76VIIGrower生長(zhǎng)雞(14-35days)62.9%9.44VIII67.8%9.44IX72.6%9.44X77.5%9.44XI82.4%9.44XII

陽性對(duì)照74.4%10.46第18頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Compositionofthestarterdiets

Ingredients,g/kg雛雞飼料原料組成Treatments62%67%72%77%82%HighLysMaize玉米414.5414.5414.5414.5414.5414.5Wheat小麥150.0150.0150.0150.0150.0150.0Soybeanmeal豆粕305.4305.4305.4305.4305.4305.4Soyisolate大豆分離蛋白16.216.216.216.216.216.2Maizegluten玉米蛋白粉17.617.617.617.617.617.6Soybeanoil豆油35.235.034.834.634.433.9Animalfat動(dòng)物脂肪11.611.611.611.611.611.6Premix預(yù)混料10.010.010.010.010.010.0Limestone石粉17.417.417.417.417.417.4Monocalciumphosphate磷酸二氫鈣13.013.013.013.013.013.0Salt食鹽2.682.682.682.682.682.20Sodiumbicarbonate

碳酸氫鈉1.101.101.101.101.101.74DL-Methionine蛋氨酸-0.480.951.431.911.91L-LysineHCL

賴氨酸鹽酸鹽-----1.35L-Threonine

蘇氨酸0.270.270.270.270.270.27DIAMOL

5.004.724.444.153.872.88第19頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Compositionofthestarterdiets

Nutrients,g/kg,andenergy(kcalME/kg)

雛雞料的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分TFDMet+Cys:Lys62%67%72%77%82%HighLys74%Crudeprotein粗蛋白209210210210210212Crudefat粗脂肪767676757575Crudefibre粗纖維242424242424Crudeash粗灰分666666656564AMEn(kcal/kg)305730573057305830583058TFDLys**真糞可消化賴氨酸9.719.719.719.719.7110.76TFDMet真糞可消化蛋氨酸3.083.554.024.504.974.97TFDMet+Cys真糞可消化蛋＋胱6.116.587.057.538.008.00TFDThr真糞可消化蘇氨酸7.527.527.527.527.527.52TFDTrp真糞可消化色氨酸2.242.242.242.242.242.24TFDIle真糞可消化異亮氨酸8.538.538.538.538.538.53TFDArg真糞可消化精氨酸13.3713.3713.3713.3713.3713.37TFDVal真糞可消化精纈氨酸9.389.389.389.389.388.59Calcium

鈣9.79.79.79.79.79.7AvailablePhosphorus

可利用磷4.34.34.34.34.34.3第20頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Compositionofthegrowerdiets

Ingredients,g/kg生長(zhǎng)雞料的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分Treatments處理62%67%72%77%82%HighLysMaize玉米485.30485.3485.3485.3485.3485.3Wheat小麥50.0050.050.050.050.050.0Soybeanmeal豆粕325.93325.9325.9325.9325.9325.9Maizegluten玉米蛋白粉18.2418.218.218.218.218.2Soybeans豆粕6.066.16.16.16.16.1Animalfat動(dòng)物脂肪35.8935.835.835.735.735.7Soybeanoil豆油35.935.735.635.435.334.8Premix預(yù)混料10.0010.010.010.010.010.0Limestone石粉12.7212.712.712.712.712.7Monocalciumphosphate磷酸二氫鈣10.9410.910.910.910.910.9Salt食鹽2.32.32.32.32.31.8Sodiumbicarbonate碳酸氫鈉1.51.51.51.51.52.2DL-Methionine蛋白質(zhì)-0.460.931.391.851.86L-LysineHCL賴氨酸鹽酸鹽-----1.31L-Threonine蘇氨酸0.210.210.210.210.210.21DIAMOL5.004.734.474.203.932.94第21頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Compositionofthegrowerdiets

Nutrients,g/kg,andenergy(kcalME/kg)

生長(zhǎng)雞料的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分Treatments處理62%67%72%77%82%HighLys74%Crudeprotein粗蛋rudefat粗脂肪104104103103103103Crudefibre粗纖維242424242424Crudeash粗灰分606060595958AMEn(kcal/kg)321832183219321932193220TFDLys真糞可消化賴氨酸9.449.449.449.449.4410.46TFDMet真糞可消化蛋氨酸3.023.483.944.404.854.86TFDMet+Cys真糞可消化蛋＋胱5.946.406.867.327.787.78TFDThr真糞可消化蘇氨酸7.327.327.327.327.327.32TFDTrp真糞可消化色氨酸2.142.142.142.142.142.14TFDIle真糞可消化異亮氨酸8.298.298.298.298.298.29TFDArg真糞可消化精氨酸12.9912.9912.9912.9912.9912.99TFDVal真糞可消化精纈氨酸9.139.139.139.139.139.13Calcium

鈣7.67.67.67.67.67.6AvailablePhosphorus

可利用磷3.83.83.83.83.83.8第22頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)phase1-14daysResultsforthestarter

雛雞1-14天試驗(yàn)結(jié)果第23頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Experimentaldata：Starterperiod–1-14days

試驗(yàn)結(jié)果：1－14天雛雞階段QuickChick:73%TFDLys9.71

9.71

9.71

9.71

9.71

10.76

Met+Cys:Lys63%

68%

73%

78%

82%

74%

n66

6

6

6

6

Gain,g增重333c365b365b354bc360b451aFeedintake,g采食量428c472b467b448bc462b544aFCR,kg/kg飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率1.285b1.293b1.283b1.265b1.282b1.206aCarcassyield,%ofLW胴體重(活重的%)63.85a62.11bc62.62abc62.93ab62.48bc61.55cBreastmeat,%ofCW胸肉產(chǎn)量(胴體重的%)20.11c23.11b23.16b21.93b22.99b27.42a第24頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)ExtraLyshadanenormousimpactonweightgain額外的賴氨酸對(duì)增重有巨大的影響QuickChick:73%第25頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Feedconversionwasmuchbetterinthepositivecontrol陽性對(duì)照組飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率更好QuickChick:73%第26頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Summaryandconclusion總結(jié)和結(jié)論

OptimalMet+Cys:Lysinstarterperiod

在肉雛雞料中最優(yōu)的蛋+胱:賴氨酸比ResponsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lysratiowasweakandinconsistent.增加蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比，生長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)較弱且不恒定Performanceofpositivecontrol(+Lys)wassubstantiallyhighercomparedtotheothertreatments陽性對(duì)照(+賴氨酸)的生產(chǎn)性能比其它處理高Itisconcluded由此可推斷DegreeofLysdeficiencywastoostrongintheexperimentaldietsalthough2ndlimiting盡管賴氨酸是第2限制性的，但在實(shí)驗(yàn)日糧中其缺乏程度太強(qiáng)。ThishasresultedindepressedfeedintakeandthusavoidedaresponsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lysinthediet這導(dǎo)致采食量降低，從而使肉雞對(duì)日糧中蛋＋胱增加沒有反應(yīng)。DeterminationofoptimalAAratioscanalsobeaffectedbysecondlimitingaminoacidifdegreeoflimitationtoopronounced.假如第二限制性氨基酸缺乏明顯，最優(yōu)的氨基酸比例的測(cè)定受第二限制性氨基酸的影響。第27頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)EffectofincreasingMet+Cys:Lysratiosingrowerphase

在生長(zhǎng)雞階段增加蛋＋胱:賴氨酸比例的影響第28頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Resultsofthegrowerexperiment

14–35days生長(zhǎng)雞(14－35天)的結(jié)果TFDLysine9.449.449.449.449.4410.46Met+Cys:Lys63%68%73%78%82%74%n666666Gain增重,g1489c1693b1778a1763a1783a1819aFeedintake采食量,g2723c2888ab2981a2874b2877b2876bFCR飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率,kg/kg1.813a1.706b1.677b1.631c1.614cd1.581dCarcassyield,%ofL胴體產(chǎn)量,毛重的%69.75c70.65b71.11b71.23b71.54a71.35bBreastmeat,%ofCW胸肉,胴體重的%30.66d31.65cd32.39bc33.02b33.11b34.34aAbdominalfat,%ofCW腹脂,胴體重的%2.42a1.99b2.15ab2.12b1.95bc1.71bcQuickChick:75%第29頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Weightgain,14-28daftertwoweeksoffeeding

飼喂2周后（14-28天）增重Cleardose-responsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lys對(duì)日糧中增加蛋＋胱:賴氨酸比例有明著的劑量反應(yīng)。Performanceofpositivecontrolslightlybetter陽性對(duì)照組的生產(chǎn)性能要稍微高些。Regression回歸Exponential,r2=0.97

RATIO:74%指數(shù)曲線，r2=0.97,比例:74％QuickChick:75%第30頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Weightgain,grower,14-35d

Responsewasofnon-linearnature

生長(zhǎng)雞(14-35d)體增重：非線性反應(yīng)Cleardose-responsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lys對(duì)增加的蛋＋胱:賴氨酸有明顯的劑量反應(yīng)。Performanceofpositivecontrolslightlybetter陽性對(duì)照生產(chǎn)性能要好一些。Lyssecondlimiting賴氨酸是第二限性能氨基酸。Regression回歸Exponential,r2=0.99

TFDMet+Cys:Lys:75%指數(shù)曲線，r2=0.99,

TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比：75％QuickChick:75%第31頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Feedconversion,grower,14-28d

Responsewasalmostlinear

飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率，生長(zhǎng)雞(14-28d),反應(yīng)幾乎呈線性TheresponsetoincreasingTFDMet+Cys:Lys對(duì)增加TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比例的反應(yīng)：

wasstrong:>20points很強(qiáng)列：>20點(diǎn)wasalmostlinear幾乎呈線性FCRofpositivecontrolwasbetterthantheremaining陽性對(duì)照的FCR比其它組更好Regression回歸Exponential,r2=0.95

TFDMet+Cys:Lys>82.4%指數(shù)曲線,r2=0.95

TFD蛋+胱:賴氨酸>82.4%QuickChick:75%第32頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Feedconversion,grower,14-35d

Asymptotewasnotachieved

生長(zhǎng)雞(14-35d)的FCR：沒有達(dá)到漸近線TheresponsetoincreasingTFDMet+Cys:Lys對(duì)增加TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸的反應(yīng)wasstrong:20points強(qiáng)烈：20點(diǎn)wasalmostlinear幾乎呈直線FCRofpositivecontrolwasbetterthantheremaining陽性對(duì)照比其它各組好。Regression回規(guī)Exponential,r2=0.99

TFDMet+Cys:Lys>82.4%指數(shù)曲線,r2=0.99

TFD蛋+胱：賴氨酸>82.4%QuickChick:75%第33頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Carcassyield,grower,35d

胴體產(chǎn)量，生長(zhǎng)雞，35天Carcassyieldimprovednon-linearlywith>1.5points胴體產(chǎn)量非線性增加，>1.5點(diǎn)Asymptotewasnotachieved沒有達(dá)到漸近曲線Regression回規(guī)Exponential,r2=0.99

TFDMet+Cys:Lys>82.4%指數(shù)曲線,r2=0.99

TFD蛋+胱:賴氨酸>82.4%QuickChick:75%第34頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Breastmeatyield,grower,35d

胸肉產(chǎn)量，生長(zhǎng)雞，35天AlmostlinearresponsetoincreasingMet+Cys:Lys對(duì)增加的蛋＋胱：賴氨酸幾乎呈線性反應(yīng)>2.5points

大于2.5百分點(diǎn)Positivecontrolshowedhighestperformance陽性對(duì)照表現(xiàn)出最好的性能Regression回規(guī)Exponential,r2=0.99

TFDMet+Cys:Lys>82.4%指數(shù)曲線,r2=0.99

TFD蛋+胱:Lys>82.4%QuickChick:75%第35頁(yè)/共39頁(yè)Summaryandconclusion總結(jié)和結(jié)論

OptimalMet+Cys:Lysingrowerperiod

生長(zhǎng)期肉雞最優(yōu)的蛋＋胱：賴氨酸ClearresponsestoincreasingdietaryTFDMet+Cys:Lys.對(duì)增加日糧中TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸表現(xiàn)出明顯的反應(yīng)。partlylinear,partlynon-linear

部分線性，部分非線性strongeffects

(>250ggain,20pointsFCR,>1.5pointscarcassyield,>2.5pointsBMY)有顯明的影響(>250g增重,20點(diǎn)FCR，>1.5點(diǎn)胴體產(chǎn)量,>2.5點(diǎn)胸肉產(chǎn)量)Performanceofpositivecontrolwasslightlyhighercomparedtotheothertreatments陽性對(duì)照組的生產(chǎn)性能比其它組稍微高些ConfirmationthatLyswassecondlimiting證明賴氨酸是第二限制性氨基酸Regressionanalysissuggested回規(guī)分析表明optimalTFDMet+Cys:Lysratioof75%formaximisingweightgain以最大增重為指標(biāo)，最優(yōu)的TFD蛋＋胱：賴氨酸比例是75%optimalTFDMet+Cys:Lysratioof>82%forminimisingFCR以最優(yōu)飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率為指標(biāo)，最優(yōu)的T