初高中英語語法銜接

語法根底知識第一節(jié)詞的分類及構成英語詞匯按其造句功能分為十類：名詞noun(n)、代詞pronoun(pron)、數(shù)詞numeral(num)、動詞verb(v)、形容詞adjective(adj)、副詞adverb(adv)、冠詞article(art)、介詞preposition(prep)、連詞conjunction(conj)、感慨詞interjection(interj)。1這十類詞又分為兩種?？梢栽诰渥又歇毩纬煞值模Q為實詞〔前六類都是實詞〕；不能在句子中獨立擔任句子成分的，稱為虛詞〔后四類都是虛詞〕2英語詞匯1名詞Noun(n)2代詞Pronoun(Pron)3數(shù)詞Numeral(num)4動詞Verb(v)5形容詞Adjective(adj)6副詞Adverb(adv)7冠詞Article(art)8介詞Preposition(prep)9連詞Conjunction(conj)10感慨詞Interjection(interj)實詞(可以在句子中獨立擔任成分的詞〕虛詞〔不能在句子中獨立擔任成分的詞〕3詞類英語名稱意義例詞名詞Noun表示人或事物的名稱boy,pencil,book,tablebackpack,dog,tiger,fruit數(shù)詞Numeral表示數(shù)量或順序One,five.Thirteen,first.second,代詞Pronoun用來代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞We,you,he,himselfherthat,what動詞Verb表示動作或狀態(tài)Look,go.Be(am,is,are)do,done,can,mustshould形容詞Adjective用來修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征Old,red,uglyfine,good副詞Adverb修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞not,too,here,often,actually冠詞Article用在名詞前幫助說明名詞所指的人或事物a(an),the介詞Preposition表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關系

in,on,of,at,under,about連詞Conjunction用來連接詞與詞、短語與短語或句子與句子and,or,but,therefore,meanwhile,besides感嘆詞Interjection表示說話時的喜悅、驚訝等感情Oh,hello,hi4

第二節(jié)句子的成分〔Membersofsentence〕

句子：由詞按照一定的語法規(guī)那么結合起來表示一個完整概念的語言單位叫句子成分：組成句子的各個局部叫做句子成分，即：主語，謂語，表語，賓語，賓語補足語，定語，狀語和同位語。主語和謂語是句子的主體局部。5句子成份歸納一覽表及巧記口訣6成份詞類主語謂語賓語表語賓補定語狀語同位語名詞√√√√√√動詞√代詞√√√√√數(shù)詞√√√√√√形容詞√√√√√√副詞√√√√介詞短語√√√√不定式√√√√√√V+ing形式√√√√√√V+ed形式√√√√從句√√√√√√√7句子成分詳解一覽表及巧記口訣8巧記句子成分口訣：句子成分八大類，謂居中、主在前，賓語與狀語靠后站。主賓表補狀同位。形代定語主賓前，短語作定語放后邊。9句子成分意義充當詞例句主語TheSubject

表示句子說的是“什么人”或“什么事”名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、短語或句子1WestudyinNO.MiddleSchool.2Jimisaneducatedchild.3Toseeistobelieve.4Seeingisbelieving.5EightisaluckynumbertoChinese.6Whenandwherehewasbornisasecret.謂語ThePredicate說明主語“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么樣”

由動詞或動詞短語充當1Iexpecetyoutotakeme.2Lucyisdancingunderthetree.3Herparentshatetellinglies.4Youshouldfinishyourhomeworkontime.賓語TheObject表示動作、行為的對象同主語的充當詞1BothofthegirlslikeSpanish.2Didshecallmejustnow.3Shemadeitherdutytolookafterthatbaby.10表語ThePredicative說明主語“是什么”或者“怎么樣”與系動詞連用，一起構成謂語，說明主語的性質特征同主語的充當詞，再加上介詞短語和V+ed形式1Herfatherisachemist.2Thefilmisvery

interesting.2Thetwostateswereatwarthen.3Whathesaidsoundsreasonable.定語TheAttribute用來修飾名詞或代詞形、代、數(shù)、名、副，介詞短語或相當于形容詞的詞或短語1Theblacksweaterismine.2What’shisfather’sname?3Wehaveninelessonseveryday.11狀語TheAdverbial修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞，表示動作發(fā)生的時間、地點、目的、方式程度等意義通常由副詞，介詞短語或相當于副詞的詞或短語來充當1Theminersworkveryhard.2SheoftenhelpsMike3Theheldapartyinthecountryside.4Heusuallygetsupat6:00.賓語補足語TheObjectComplement補充說明賓語的情況。賓語的補足語，邏輯上與賓語是“主謂”關系由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語等充當1TheynamedthebabyLily.2Shealwayskeepsthehousecleaneveryday.12句子成份歸納一覽表及巧記口訣13主語謂語是根底，賓表定狀補輔助賓主來自名代數(shù)，動詞作謂不可無14〔一〕主語：主語(Subject)是一個句子所表達的主體，一般位于句首。但在therebe結構、疑問句〔當主語不存在疑問詞時〕和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：151.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.〔名詞〕〔代詞〕〔數(shù)詞〕〔不定式〕〔動名詞〕〔名詞化的形容詞〕167.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.〔主語從句〕〔it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式〕17〔二〕謂語謂語(Predicate)說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、復合謂語：〔1〕由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.〔2〕由系動詞加表語構成。如：Wearestudents.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。18〔三〕表語表語(Predicative)用以說明主語的性質、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它一般位于系動詞〔如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等〕之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：191.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.〔名詞〕2.Isityours?〔代詞〕3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.〔形容詞〕4.Thespeechisexciting.〔分詞〕5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?〔數(shù)詞〕206.HisjobistoteachEnglish.〔不定式〕7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.〔動名詞〕8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.〔介詞短語〕9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.〔副詞〕10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.〔表語從句〕21注意：系動詞〔Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質特征和身份等。1〕狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：Heisateacher.2〕持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：

Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.

3〕表像系動詞用來表示“看起來像〞這一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：

Heseems(tobe)verysad.

22賓語種類：〔1〕雙賓語〔間接賓語+直接賓語〕，例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.〔2〕復合賓語〔賓語+賓補〕，例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.23以下動詞只能接不定式做賓語ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.以下動詞只能接動名詞做賓語admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.以下動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。24〔四〕賓語補足語英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補足語〔ObjectComplement〕，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞〔如make等)+賓語+賓補〕。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：251.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.〔名詞〕〔形容詞〕〔副詞〕〔不定式短語〕〔現(xiàn)在分詞〕〔介詞短語〕〔從句〕26〔五〕定語修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.〔形容詞〕2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.〔分詞〕3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.〔名詞〕4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.〔代詞〕275.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.〔不定式短語〕6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.〔動名詞〕7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.〔介詞短語〕8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定語從句)28〔六〕狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語〔Adverbial〕。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.〔副詞及副詞性詞組〕〔介詞短語〕〔不定式短語〕294.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.〔分詞短語〕〔名詞〕〔狀語從句〕3010種狀語種類如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.

4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.〔時間狀語〕〔原因狀語〕〔條件狀語〕〔地點狀語〕〔方式狀語〕316.Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.7.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

8.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.10.Iamtallerthanheis.〔伴隨狀語〕〔目的狀語〕〔結果狀語〕〔讓步狀語〕〔比較狀語〕32

〔七〕同位語〔Appositive〕對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步的解釋，通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.〔八〕插入語〔Parenthesis〕對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.33第三節(jié)句子分類句子分類一覽表及巧記口訣(一按結構分)34分類說明例句簡單句TheSimpleSentence由一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）構成的句子。即一套主謂結構1Shegoestoworkeveryday.2TomandIfoundherthere.3Weallbreathe,eatandwork

并列句TheCompoundSentence由并列連詞（如and,so,but,or等）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起而構成的句子1Ioftenhelpherandshehelpsmetoo.2Tomlikeseggs,buthedoesn’tlikechicken.復合句TheComplexSentence由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子。1Ibelieveyouareright.2Ifhestudiesharder,hewillpasstheexam.3Whatpeopleareworriedaboutiswhetherwewillbeabletobuildabetterfuture.35簡單句的五個根本句型1主語＋不及物動詞 Shecame．.2主語＋及物動詞＋賓語 ShelikesEnglish.3主語＋系動詞＋主語補語 Sheishappy．4主語＋動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語 ShegaveJohnabook．Sheboughtabookforme.5主語＋動詞＋賓語＋賓語補語Shemakeshermotherangry．Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.〔There+beThereliesabookonthedesk.36并列句〔CompoundSentences〕：由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句并列連接起來的句子叫并列句.Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。Let’shurry,orwewillbelate.咱們趕緊點,要不就遲到啦.Hestudiedhard,andhepassedtheexam.他努力學習并通過了考試.Hewassick,sotheywerequiet.他病了,所以他們很安靜.37復合句一直接引語和間接引語二定語從句〔形容詞性從句〕1限定性定語從句2非限定性定語從句三名詞性從句1主語從句2表語從句3賓語從句4同位語從句四狀語從句〔9種〕38句子種類〔二按功能〕391〕陳述句〔DeclarativeSentences〕：說明一個事實或陳述一種看法。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比聲速度快。Thefilmisratherboring.這部電影很乏味。Ihaven’tgotacamera.我沒有相機.Theyhavenevermetbefore.他們以前從沒見過面.402〕疑問句〔InterrogativeSentences〕：提出問題。有以下四種：a.一般疑問句〔GeneralQuestions〕：Canyoufinishtheworkintime?你能按時完成工作嗎？b.特殊疑問句〔WQuestions;HQuestions〕Wheredoyoulive?你住那兒？Howdoyouknowthat?你怎么知道那件事41c.選擇疑問句〔AlternativeQuestions〕：Doyouwantteaorcoffee?你是要茶還是要咖啡？d.反意疑問句〔Tag-Questions〕：Heknowsher,doesn’the?他不認識她，對不對？=Doesheknowher?yes,hedoes.No,hedoesn’t.423〕祈使句〔ImperativeSentences〕：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令，例如：Sitdown,please.請坐。Don'tbenervous!別緊張！4〕感慨句〔ExclamatorySentences〕：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如：Whatgoodnewsitis!多好的消息?。hatbeautifulflowerstheyare!多美麗的花啊!Whatalovelychildheis!whatacutechildheisHowbeautifultheflowersare!Howlovelythechildis!多可愛的小孩啊!Howgoodthenewsis!43練習〔一〕.指出以下句子劃線局部是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.主語.定語賓語謂語狀語定語賓語狀語446.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.Hetookmanyphotosofthepalaces

inBeijing.8.Thereisgoingtobe

anAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanaged

tofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskme

for

advice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.定語表語賓語謂語主語表語主語表語謂語賓語賓語形式賓語.真正賓語地點狀語4514.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,

readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.賓語定語插入語賓語狀語狀語形式主語表語賓語補足語賓語補足語表語46指出以下諸句中畫線局部是什么成分：Ontheleftofmyhouseisanoldchurch.Whycouldtheboilingpointofwaterbeloweratthetopofamountain?3.Iamnotgoingtoworktoday.4.Thisthingisforpeelingpotatoes.5.Whattimewillyouarrive?6.TheGeniepromisedthatifanyoneshouldcomeandsethimfree,hewouldmakehimveryrich.7.Whatnationalityareyou?主語.主語謂語介賓狀語賓補.表語478.Icouldn’tunderstandwhyhehaddecidedtoretireat50.9.Iamterriblyconfusedbyallthisinformation.10.Wehadalreadyreached9000feetbythen.11.Sheremindedmetoswitchoffallthelights.12.I’llbeabletopassmydrivingtestafterIhavehadafewlessons.13.Iloveswimming.Itkeepsmefit.14.Itisobviousthatmoneydoesn’tgrowontrees.狀語謂語賓補賓語賓補主語賓語48(一)劃分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.499.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.I’veorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.April’Dayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.5017Pleasepassanewly-publishedtome.18.HelivedinGuangZhou.19.Thefatherisshowingtheboyhowtoplanttrees.20Hisunclelefthimsomemoney.21.SheisteachingthepianotoseveralofthevillagechildrenandshehastaughtusEnglishfor3years.22.Ilikepopularmusic.23.Sheknowswhattodonext.24.Itexcitedallofusthatthepresidentwouldvisitourschool.51體驗高考52例1：(2011·福建卷)ItwasApril29,2011______PrinceWilliamandKateMiddletonwalkedintothepalacehalloftheweddingceremony.A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.before例2：(2011·江蘇卷)Itwasneverclear______themanhadn'treportedtheaccidentsooner.A.whatB.howC.whenD.whyBD53第四節(jié)劃分句子成分在高考中的應用一名詞性從句二定語從句三寫作54名詞性從句和定語從句的解題方法55名詞性從句和定語從句的解題方法第一步：先分析出大的類別——定從？/名從？/狀從？即分析所缺局部在主句中的成分從而確定從句大的類別第二步：口訣逐一解決：(I)名詞性從句?！谠E——先成分后含義(II)定語從句?！谠E——先成分后先行詞

561______BarbaraJonesofferstoherfansishonestyandhappiness.A．Which

B．What

C．That

D．Whom2Wehaven'tdiscussedyet______wearegoingtoplaceournewfurniture.A．that

Bwhich

C．what

D．whereBD573Theprizewillgotothewriter______storyshowsthemostimagination.A．that

B．which

C．whose

D．what4MarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers，______，ofcourse，madealltheothersupset.A．who

B．which

C．what

D．thatCB585Asachild，Jackstudiedinavillageschool，______isnamedafterhisgrandfather.A．which

B．where

C．what

D．that6CouldIspeakto______isinchargeofInternationalSalesplease?A．who

B．whatC．whoever

D．whateverAC597Myfriendshowedmeroundthetown，______wasverykindofhim.A．which

B．that

C．where

D．it8Thecompaniesareworkingtogethertocreate

theyhopewillbethebestmeansoftransportinthe21stcentury.

A.which

B.that

C.what

D.who

AC609Thedaysaregone______physicalstrengthwasallyouneededtomakealiving.A．when

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