自考英美文學選讀筆記串講-自考英美文學選讀小抄筆記

/Forewoｒｄ一、課程特點（一)課程介紹在英語本科課程中，《英美文學選讀》可以說是難度最大的一門課程，是為培養(yǎng)和檢驗自學者英美文學的基本理論知識和理解欣賞原著能力的一門專業(yè)課。該門課程所選用的作品都是英美兩國經(jīng)典作家的經(jīng)典之作，時間跨度從14世紀到2０世紀，涉及新古典主義、浪漫主義、現(xiàn)實主義等等不同階段的幾十位作家,而每位作家的作品的題材、風格、特色各異。因此,我們在學習時既要從語言的角度考慮，又要從文學的視角去理解,難度可想而知.因此同學們要仔細閱讀原作。按照考試大綱的要求學習。(二）學習要求：宏觀要求：對兩國文學形成和發(fā)展有一個大概的了解。微觀要求:理解作品內容，分析/評價作品。（三）內容結構：教材:分三個部分第一部分：對英美文學發(fā)展各階段的總體評價(記憶)第二部分:作家及代表作品的介紹與評論（記憶）第三部分:作品選讀（理解)（四）學習方法及注意事項文學發(fā)展的各階段的評述就是教材上每一章的評論性部分，包括該時期社會背景、文學狀況、文學流派、重要作家作品的介紹等，這一部分對整章內容來說具有綱領性意義，因此必須認真學習并記住主要內容。1.主要內容包括一些評論性、結論性論點。例：HumanismistheessenｃｅoｆＲeｎaissaｎｃe(文藝復興的本質是人文主義)2.要記住某一時期開始和結束的時間及標志例：英國文藝復興：14世紀——－－17世紀中葉新古典：1660-—-－——－—－-１７98浪漫主義:１７98—--－——－—１８32維多利亞：1８36--—－—－——-—-190１現(xiàn)代：1９世紀末—--２0世紀70年代初美國浪漫主義:十八世紀末－—－內戰(zhàn)(浪漫)維多利亞:１865－—-１９1４（現(xiàn)實）現(xiàn)代：20世紀初－--中葉（現(xiàn)代）3．要記住每一個時期的主要特征、主要潮流例如：１8世紀詩歌－—－浪漫主義19世紀小說——-現(xiàn)實主義4.書中所有作家并非全重要，要記住那些主要作家例如：文藝復興時期Shakespｅarｅ浪漫主義時期Sheｌｌy二、關于作家作品部分介紹了作家的生平、創(chuàng)作及主要內容，近三年的考題中出現(xiàn)率極高作家生平及作家基本情況可作一般了解。文學生涯中,如文學流派要把握其特點；（浪漫主義、現(xiàn)實主義）；對其文學成就的高度評價，如,馬洛：大學才子,菲爾丁:小說之父等。另外，還要注意作家的NＯ.1作品和代表作。代表作品、重要作品的介紹非常重要，必須熟記在心，這一部分在歷年考試中所占比重很大.學習時要記?。鹤髌坊緝热菁皩ψ髌返姆治鲈u論;不僅要注意選讀的作品，非選讀部分也應注意.三、應試（一）命題以大綱為主（二)按識記,領會，應用三個層次學習。（三)能力層次和難易度能力層次:識記(3０%），領會(３0％),應用(40％）難易度：易(20%）,較易（３0%），較難(3０%),難（20％)（四）考試題型一般為:1．單選40分40×１分2。閱讀:針對原文作回答16分4×４分3．簡答:簡明回答24分４×6分4．論述：短篇論文式的論述2０分２×10分PARTONE：ＥNGLＩＳHLIＴEＲAＴURＥＡｎintrｏducｔiontooldａndMedｉevalEnglishliteratuｒｅ一、Ａnｇlo-Saｘｏns，ｔｈｅNoｒmａnsTheAngｌo-SaxｏnsｂrｏｕgｈｔtoEnglaｎｄtheＧｅrｍaｎiclaｎguａgｅａndcｕｌture。NorｍansbroｕghtafrｅｓｈｗａvｅｏｆMediｔerraneａnCivilizａt(yī)ｉｏｎ，ＷhiｃhincｌｕdesGｒeekcｕltuｒe，Romanｌａw，andｔheChrisｔiａｎｒeliｇion．ThesetｗocｏnｑuestspｒoｖiｄｅdｔheｓourcefｏｒtherisｅaｎdgrowthoｆEｎgｌishlｉｔerａt(yī)uｒe．二、ＴheＰｅｒiodｏfＯldEｎgliｓhliteｒatuｒｅTime：450－106６ｔｈeｙearofthｅＮoｒmanconquｅｓtofEnglandOldEnglishｐｏetｒythatdivideｄintotwogroｕｐｓ:(1)Tｈerｅlｉgiousgroup（２）Theｓecｕlaｒgroup三、AboｕｔBｅowulfＲｅgardｅdasｔhｅnａｔｉonalepｉcoftｈｅAnglo－Ｓaxｏｎs。ItevokｅｓtｈｅＡｎｇlo—Ｓaxon’sｓenｓeｏfthｅhaｒshnessofcircumstanceａｎｄthesadｎｅssofthｅｈumaｎlot.ＴｈｅherｏａndｔhesettingｏｆBeｏｗulｆhavenｏtｈingtoｄｏwithEｎｇｌand;tｈestｏryｔookplaｃeiｎSｃanｄｉｎaｖｉa.ＴｈeeｘploitsofａScandinavianhｅrｏ,Beｏwulf，inｆightｉngagainstｔｈemonsterGrｅnｄel,hisｒevｅngｅfulmotｈer,anｄafirｅ—ｂrｅaｔhingdraｇoｎ。Ｔheｐｏｅmpreseｎtｓavividpｉcturｅoｆhoｗｔheｐrimitiｖｅpｅoplewageｈeｒoicstruｇglesagainｓtｔhｅｈostiｌeｆorcｅｓofthｅnatuｒａlwｏrldunderawｉseａndmiｇｈtyleader。Theｐｏeｍiｓanexａｍpｌｅofｔhｅｍｉnglinｇｏｆnaturｅmythsandheroｉclegends.四、TｈeＮorｍａnConquestandｉtseffectThｅNormaｎConqｕestbrougｈtＥngｌandｍorethanachaｎｇeoｆruｌeｒs；Poliｔicaｌlｙ，afeudalisｔsysｔeｍwasestablisｈeｄinEngland；tｈｅRome-ｂａckｅdcaｔholicｃｈｕrcｈhａｄaｍucｈsｔｒｏngeｒcｏntroｌｏveｒthｅcountｒｙ，grｅatchanｇeｓalsotookｐlａceinlａnguagｅ,afｔertheconquｅsｔ，threelangｕagesｃo—ｅxistｅdinＥnｇland：Frencｈ—ofｆicｉaｌｌanguage，Latiｎ-ｃhｕrchａffａirｓａｎｄinuniｖerｓities,olｄEngｌish—ｃommoｎEｎglｉshｐeopｌe.五、ＴheMｅｄｉevａlperｉｏdinEngliｓhliterature1.Intｈｅsｅcondhalfofthe14century,EngｌishｌｉtｅｒaｔｕｒestaｒtｅｄtoflourishwiｔhｔheappeaｒａnceofwritｅrsliｋeGeoffｒｅyChauｃerＷiｌlｉaｍLanglaｎd，JｏhnGoweｒandotｈｅｒｓ.2．Populａｒfｏlkliterａt(yī)uｒesoccuｐyanimｐorｔａntpｌaceinthｉsｐｅrｉod．Ｉtsｐrｅsｅｎｔationoftheliｆeisaccuraｔｅ，ｌiveｌyandcｏlorｆｕｌ。AnｄalｓostrｏnglyreflectstheprinciplesoftｈemｅdｉevaｌCｈristiaｎdoｃｔrｉnｅ。３.Knigｈtlｙadvｅｎtures（1）Useｎarrａt(yī)ivevｅrseｏrpｒｏsｅtosinｇknightｌyadventurｅsorｏｔherheｒoicdeｅds.Tｈeｈeroisusuaｌｌytｈeknigｈt，whoseｔsoutoｎajourneyｔｏacｃomplishsomemiｓsioｎｓ-toprｏteｃｔthｅchurch，toattaｃkｉnｆｉdelity，ｔoreｓcuｅａｍaiｄｅn，toｍeetachaｌlenge,orｔoobeyaｋｎｉｇhtｌycommand．（２）Ｔheｒeisoftｅnaliｂeｒaｌusｅｏftｈeｉmprobable,ｓｏmｅｔimｅsevensｕperｎatuｒａl，thingｓinromance。（3）RoｍaｎticloｖeｉsanimportantpaｒtoftｈeｐｌotinRｏmａｎcｅ。(４）Ｔhestｒuｃtureiｓｌooseａndeｐisｏdiｃ;tｈelanguageissimpｌeaｎdstraｉｇｈtforward。(５）Theimportanceoftheｒomanｃeiｔselfcanbｅseenasaｍeａnｓofsｈoｗｉｎｇmedｉevaｌarｉstocｒaticmenａndwomｅninrelａt(yī)ｉonｔotheiｒideａliｚedｖieｗofｔhewoｒlｄ.六、Cｈaｕcer：1。ＰresenteｄｕｓａcomprｅｈenｓiverｅalisｔiｃpictｕreoftheEnｇliｓｈsｏcietyofhｉstime．HismａｓteｒｐｉｅcｅistheCanterbｕｒyTales2。Ｃhａucｅr（1)fｏrthefｉrsttiｍeｉnEｎｇlishliteｒａt(yī)uｒepresenｔeｄusacomｐrｅhenｓiveｒealistｉcpｉctｕreoftheEnglisｈｓoｃｉeｔｙofhiｓtime。HismaｓｔerpｉecｅiｓTheCaｎtｅrbｕryTalｅs。（2)Hｅｃharactｅrｉstiｃallyｒegardlifeintermｓoｆaｒiｓtｏcraticideals，butheneverlｏsttheabｉliｔyofregardinｇlｉｆeasａｐｕrｅlｙpraｃticaｌmatｔeｒ．(3)Hｅaｆｆiｒmedｍaｎ’srighｔｏｆpｕｒsueeartｈlyhapｐｉnessaｎdoppｏｓedascetｉcｉｓm，hｅpraiｓedｍan'seｎｅrgｙ,intellect,quｉcｋwitandｌoｖｅoｆlife,ｈｅeｘｐｏsｅdandsatirｉzｅdｔhesｏciａlｖices,iｎcｌudingrｅliｇiousaｂuｓes．（４)Ｃhauceｒｅxploresthethemeoftｈeｉｎdividuａl＇ｓrｅlａｔｉonｔｏthｅsocietyiｎｗhicｈｈｅlivｅｓ;heporｔraysclashesofchａrａcters＇tｅｍｐｅｒａmｅｎtsandthｅirconflicｔsoｖeｒmateriａlintereｓｔｓ。(5）HeinｔroｄuｃｅｄfromFrａｎcethｅrhｙｍedstanｚasｏfvａｒiｏｕsｔypestoＥnglｉshpoetｒy.Hｅfirｓtintroduｃedtｈｅoctosyｌlaｂiccouplet，rhymeｄcoupletofiaｍbicｐentaｍｅteｒ(heroｉcｃouｐlet)．如需精美完整排版，請ＱQ：６7４6066６手機系ＣｈauceriｓcaｌlｅｄthｅfaｔheroftheEnglishpoetrｙ。PAＲTONＥ：ＥNGＬISHLITＥRAＴUＲEChapter1ＴheRenaｉsｓａncePerioｄ一、ＡbouttheRenａissaｎｃe１。ＴheoｒigｉｎationｏfRｅｎaissanceThｅrenaissancｅmaｋｅsatransｉｔｉonｆｒomthemedieｖaltothｅmoｄernword.Genｅrally，itｒeｆerstoｔheperiodｂetｗｅenthe14thaｎｄmid-17thcentｕries.ＩtfｉsｔstarｔｅdinItａlｙ,withtheflowｅringofｐaiｎｔiｎｇ，ｓculpｔureanｄlitｅrature。ThｅＲｅnaissance,ｗhichｍeaｎｓre—ｂirthorrevｉｖal,isaｃｔuaｌlyａmｏｖemeｎtｓtimulatedｂyaserｉeｓofhisｔoricaｌevents，suchasthereｄiscovｅｒyoｆaｎcｉentRomａnａndGｒeekcuｌｔuｒｅ，ｔｈeneｗdｉscovｅriｅｓinｇｅｏgraｐhyanｄasｔｒolｏｇy,tｈerelｉgｉｏｕsｒefｏｒmaｔionandtheecoｎｏmiｃexpansioｎ。TheRenaｉｓsancｅ,thｅreｆore,inesseｎce，isａhistorｉｃaｌperiodiｎwｈichthｅEurｏpｅanｈumaｎiｓｔtｈinkersandsｃhoｌａｒsｍadeattｅｍptｓtｏgｅtrｉdｏftｈｏseｏｌdfeudalｉstideasiｎｍeｄievalＥurope,ｔｏｉntroｄuｃenewidｅaｓｔｈatexpｒｅsｓedthｅinterestsｏｆｔhｅrisingbｏurgeoisｉe，andtorecoｖerｔheｐurityoｆthｅｅarlｙchｕrｃhfroｍtｈｅｃorrｕptioｎoｆtｈeRｏmａnＣatｈoliｃChurｃh.２。Humａnisｍ（1）HumａnｉsmisthｅeｓsｅnｃeoftheRenaｉssａncｅ。（2)ItsprangｆrｏmtｈeendeaｖortoｒestoreamedievalｒevｅｒｅncｅforthｅantiqueauthoｒsｏfGｒeekandRomaｎＣivilｉzatioｎbaｓｅdｏntｈeconcepｔionｔhatmａnismｅasｕrｅoｆaｌlｔhiｎgs。（３）Rｅnaｉssancehｕmaｎistsfｏunｄintheclassicsａjｕｓtificatｉonｔoｅxaｌthumａｎｎaｔｕreａｎdcamｅtoseetｈatｈｕmａnｂｅingsweregｌorｉoｕscｒeatｕrｅｓｃapａbｌeｏfindｉvｉduaｌdevelopmｅntinｔｈediｒectionｏfperｆectiｏｎ，aｎdthattheworldｔheyinｈａbiｔedwａsｔｈeiｒsnottoｄeｓpｉsebｕｔtoｑueｓtiｏneｘplｏreanｄenjoy.(４)Byｅmpｈasｉzｉｎｇｔｈedｉgnｉtyｏfhumaｎｂｅinｇsanｄtheimｐortanｃeｏfthepresentliｆe,thｅyvoｉceｄtheirbeliefstｈatmandｉdｎoｔonlｙhavetｈerighttoｅnjoyｔheｂeautyoftｈislife，ｂuｔｈａdtｈeabiliｔｙｔoｐeｒfｅcｔｈimselfaｎdtoｐｅrforｍｗoｎderｓ.（5)HｕmａniｓmbegantｏtａkeholｄinEnglandwhentheＤutchScholａｒＤｅsideriusEraｓmｕscametoteaｃｈtｈeclａｓsicalｌｅarning,ｆirｓtatOxｆｏｒdandtheｎatCambｒidｇe．(6）TｈｏmasMoｒe，ChristｏpｈeｒMarloweａndＷilliａｍShａｋｅｓpｅarｅａrｅthebestｒepresｅntatiｖesｏftｈｅＥnｇliｓｈhumanisｔs。3。TheＲenaiｓsａnceiｎＥnｇｌaｎｄTheRｅnａissａnｃｅwａsｓlowiｎｒeachiｎgEnglandnotonｌｙｂecａuseofEngｌand'sseparationfroｍtｈeCoｎtiｎｅntbｕtａｌsｏbｅcauseofitsdoｍeｓticunｒeｓt。(1）TillthｅreｇiｏnofHｅnrytｈａｔｔｈeRenaissancｅcameｔoEnglaｎｄ。ＷiｔｈHｅnrｙＶIII＇seｎｃｏurａgement,theOｘfoｒdandCａmbridgｅrｅｆoｒmeｒs,sｃhｏｌａｒsaｎdhumanistsintｒoduceｄclasｓicalliｔeraｔuretoEｎgland．Theｂiblｅｗａsｒevitalizeｄ，anｄtheliｔｅraｔuｒe,alreａｄymｕchreadiｎ15cenｔｕry,beｃamemｏreｐopｕlar.（２)Theｍainｗrｉtｅrofｔhispeｒiod：Shａｋespｅａre,Sｐenser，Jonｓon，Sｉdney，MarloweBａconanｄDoｎｎｅ.（3）Chaｒacteristic:ＴheＥnｇｌishRenaissａncehadnosharpbrｅakｗiｔｈｔhepasｔ．AttｉtｕｄesandfeeｌingｓwhichhadｂeenＣharacterｉsｔｉｃofthe14ａnd15centｕrｉeｓpｅrｓisｔeｄwelldownｉntｏthｅｅrａofHｕmａｎismaｎｄRefｏrmation.４.TheReｌｉgiouｓreｆormaｔionofPｒｏtesｔａntiｓｍ(1）ItwasMarｔinLutｈer,aGermａnProtestａｎｔ，ｗhoinｉtｉａt(yī)edｔheRefｏrｍａt(yī)ion,hｅbｅliｅveｄthatｅvｅrｙtｒueChｒiｓtiaｎwashｉsOwnprieｓtanｄwasｅntitlｅｄtointerpreｔtheBiｂlｅforhimseｌf.(２)ReｆorｍersfｒｏmnoｒtheｒnＥｕｒopeｖｉtalizedtheｐrotestantmoｖemｅnｔ，whｉcｈｗａsseeｎasaｍeansｔｏｒecovｅｒthepuriｔｙｏｆtheeａｒlｙChurchｆromtheCorruptiｏnanｄsuperｓtiｔionofthｅMiddlｅAgｅs.（３)Henry8cuｔｔieswｉthRomｅ,CommonEｎgliｓhpeｏplｅwelcomeｄandsｕｐportedHenry'sdecisionoｆｂreaｋingawayｆromRomｅ，ａnddeclaredhimsｅlfthroughthePａrlｉａｍentastｈeｓuｐrｅmeheadｏftｈeChurｃhofEnｇlａnd。OnｅofthemajorrｅsｕlｔswasthｅfacttｈattｈｅＢibleinEnｇlishwasｐｌａcedineveryｃhｕrchandserviceswerｅheldinEngｌｉshｉｎstｅadｏｆLatiｎ,sｏｔhatpeopｌecouldundeｒstaｎd．如需精美完整排版，請QQ:67４６０6６６手機系(4）ＩｎthereｉgnofＥｄwardVI，ｔｈeｒｅformoftｈｅchuｒcｈ＇sdoctｒｉneaｎｄtｅachｉngｗasｃａrｒｉeｄout。（5)AftｅrMarｙascenｄｅｄtｈetｈrone，ｔhｅrewａsａvｉoｌenｔｓwingtoCatｈｏliｃism.(６）ＢｙtｈemiddleofElizａbeｔh＇srｅgion，Ｐroｔestantismhａdｂeｅnfirｍlyestablｉｓheｄ．（7）Ｅsｓenｃeoｆｉt：Therelｉgioｕsrｅfｏrmationｗasａｃｔｕallyareflectｉｏnｏfｔhｅclａsssｔruｇglewagedbythenewrisｉngbourgeｏｉsieagａｉnsｔthefeuｄalclaｓｓanditｓideｏlogy．二、ＴｈeｌiteratureｉnｔheＲenaisｓance1。Thｅbackgrｏｕndofhiｓｔoryaｎｄculturｅ.WilliamCaxtｏn,hｅwasthefirstpeｒsonｗhoinｔroｄuceｄprintiｎｇiｎｔoEnｇlａｎｄ．Thus,foｒｔhefiｒsttimeiｎhｉstorｙｉtｗａspossｉｂlefｏｒaｂooｋｏrａｎdideatｏreachthewholenatiｏninａspｅedywaｙ.Wiｔhtｈeintrｏduｃtionofprinting，ａnａｇeoftｒａnsｌaｔｉoncaｍeｉntｏｂeing.WithclassicaｌcuｌtuｒeａndtheItaｌｉａｎhumanisｔiｃidｅascoｍiｎgｉntoEngland，thｅEnｇliｓhＲｅnaｉssaｎceｂｅganflourishing.２.TheeｆfｅｃtofＩｔaｌｉanlｉｔｅｒaｔｕretoEnｇlａnｄThｅfｉrｓｔperｉｏdoftheEnglishReｎaｉｓｓａncewａsonｅｏfｉmｉtationaｎｄasｓimiｌａｔion.PeｔrarchwasregardeｄａｓtｈeｆｏuntainheadoｆliｔeｒａｔuｒeｂｙｔheＥnglishwriters。ForitwａsＰetrarｃhａndhｉssuｃｃｅssorsｗhｏestaｂliｓhedｔhｅlanguageoｆｌovｅandshａrplydiｓｔinｇｕisｈedthｅlｏveｐoetrｙｏftheＲenaissancefromitｓcoｕnterparｔｓintｈeanciｅntwｏrld。WyaｔtandSｕrｒｅybｅganengravinｇｔheｆormsaｎdgｒaｃesofIｔaliａnｐoetrｙupoｎｔｈenaｔiｖesｔｏcｋ.ＷhilｅｔｈeformerintｒodｕcedtheＰetrａrchaｎsoｎnetintoEｎgｌand,thelatterbrougｈtinbｌandverse，i.e．ｔheｕｎrｈymｅdiambｉcpenｔameterline。Siｄneyｆｏllｏｗedwｉｔhthesestinaaｎdteｒzarimaaｎｄwｉthvａｒioｕsｅxpeｒiｍentsinclassicｍｅters.ＡｎdMａrlowegａvenewvigoｒtｏtheｂlankｖeｒｓeｗｉtｈhis”mightylineｓ.＂如需精美完整排版，請ＱQ:６7４６066６手機:1３７838１636６聯(lián)系３．TｈeｐoetryinEｌizabｅtｈanｐeriod.Thegoａｌｓofhumａnisticpoetryａre:skillfulhandlinｇｏfｃｏｎｖeｎtions,foｒceofｌanguagｅ,ａnd,abovｅall,theｄｅvelｏpmenｔofarheｔｏricalpｌａｎinwhicｈmｅｔer,ｒhｙme，scheme，imageｒｙaｎｄargｕmeｎｔshouldalｌbｅcombiｎeｄtoframetheemotionalｔhemeandthrｏwitintohｉｇhrｅlieｆ。Ｐoetｒｙwastobeａconcｅnｔrａｔedexercｉseoｆthｅmｉnd，oｆcｒaｆｔｓmansｈｉp，aｎdoflｅarning．4．ＥliｚabeｔhandrａmTheＥlizａｂethandrａma,iｎiｔｓtotality,ｉｓthｅrｅaｌmainstｒｅamoftｈeEnｇｌiｓhRenａissance.ThemostfaｍousｄramatistsｉntｈｅRenaｉssanceEnglandaｒeChristophｅrＭarlowe，ＷilliaｍShaｋespeare，aｎdBｅｎＪｏｎｓoｎ.InｔerluｄesandmoralｉtyｐｌayｓthriｖinｇinthｅｍeｄiｅvａlperiodcontｉnuedtoｂeｐopulardｏwntoShａkｅspｅarｅ’stiｍe。Bｕtｔhedeｖelopmentoftheｄramaｉｎｔｏasophisticaｔedarｔfｏrｍreｑuirｅｄaｎotherinflueｎｃe-theGreekandRomanclassｉcs．Lｉvely，viviｄｎａt(yī)ｉｖeEnglishmａｔerｉａlｗaspuｔｉntotｈｅreｇularfoｒmｏftheLatincoｍediｅsｏfPlaｕtｕsａnｄTereｎce.TｒagｅdｉeswｅreinthestｙleｏｆＳenｅｃa。ThefusionofclasｓｉcａlformｗiｔhEｎglishcoｎteｎtbrougｈtaboｕttheｐossiｂiｌityofamatureaｎdartisticdｒａma．Thｅyｗroｔeplayｓwiｔhｓuchunivｅrsaｌqualitieｓofgreaｔnｅｓs.Byimitａt(yī)ｉnｇｔhｅromanｃesofItalｙandSpain,embｒaciｎgthemyｓtｅriesofGeｒmａnlegend，anｄｃomｂiningthefictiｏｎsofpoeticfancywitｈthefactsoｆdａilylｉｆe,ｔheyｍadeavividdepicｔionｏfthesharpｃoｎｆlｉctsｂetweｅnfeudａｌｉsmａｎdtheｒｉsingｂｏuｒｇeoisieｉｎatrａｎsｉｔiｏnalperｉoｄ。ＦrａnｃｉsＢａcｏn（１５６1-16２6),ｔｈｅfｉrstｉmpoｒtanｔＥｎgliｓhｅsｓayiｓｔ，isｂestknｏｗｎforhisessayswhｉchgｒeａt(yī)lｙinｆluencedｔhedevelｏpｍeｎｔｏfthｉsｌiｔeｒarｙfｏrｍ。HｅwａｓaｌｓothefounderｏｆmodernｓｃienceinEnｇland．Hiswritiｎgspavｅdthｅｗayｆoｒthｅuｓｅofscieｎｔificmeｔhod。Ｔhuｓ,heisunｄoｕbteｄlｙoneoftｈｅｒepreｓenｔativesoｆｔhｅEnglishＲenaissance.三、Themainwriters根據(jù)新大綱,本章節(jié)考核的主要作家為:a.ＷｉlｌiａｍＳhaｋesｐeaｒeb.JohｎMiltoｎ（一)EdmｕndＳpｅnsｅr（155２—15９9)1.生平ＢoｒｎiｎLondｏn.Ｉn15９8afiercｅＩrishrebelｌionforcedSｐenseｒｔoaｂａndｏｎKilcolmanCastle.Spｅnｓｅｒneverrｅcoｖeｒeｄｆromｔheshｏｃkoｆｔhisfrightｆulexperieｎｃe.HerｅtuｒneｄtoＥnglａndhｅartbroken,ａｎｄinthefｏllowingyｅarhｅdiｅｄｉｎａｎiｎnatWeｓtminｓｔer.AccordiｎgｔoBenJonsonhedied"forｗantoｆｂｒead.”HewasburiedbｅsiｄｅhismasterCｈaｕceｒｉnWｅsｔmｉnｓterAbｂey。２．作品Spenser＇ｓmasterpieｃeｉsTｈeFａeｒｉeＱuｅｅne，agreatｐｏemofｉｔsaｇe．AccordingtoSpenser’sownｅxplanａt(yī)ion，hisprinｃｉpaliｎtentｉonistopｒeｓentｔｈroｕghａ”historｉcａlｐoem"tｈeexampleofａperfｅcｔgｅnｔleｍan:"tofａshionagentleｍanornｏbleperｓoｎｉnvirtuousandgeｎtｌeｄiｓｃipline。"MaｉｎqｕalｉtieｓofSｐenｓer’spｏetrｙ１）aperfｅｃtmelｏdy２)araresenｓｅoｆbeauｔy3）ａsplｅｎｄidimagination4）aloftｙmoｒａｌpurityandseriousness5）aｄeｄｉcateｄiｄealism6)sｔrａｎgefoｒmsofspeｅcｈandoｂｓoleteworｄsHｅiskｎoｗnaｓ”tｈｅpｏｅtｓ’poet”。3.SeｌectedReadiｎgAnExｃeｒptfrｏmTheFａｅrieQueｅne(１)（ThefoｌｌowingexｃｅrｐtｉｓtakeｎfromCantoI，ＢｏokI，ｉｎwhichRｅdcroｓseＫniｇhtｓeｔsoｕｔonhisadｖenｔｕres.HｅｒetheKnigｈt，syｍbｏｌｉｚｉngtheAｎgｌｉｃanCｈuｒcｈ,isthｅｐｒoteｃtoroftheViｒｇinUｎawｈostaｎｄsｆortｒｕｔhorｔheｔruerｅligion.）１ＡGｅntｌｅKnighｔwaspｒｉcｋingｏntｈeplaｉne,Ycladｄinｍightiearｍesaｎdsiｌｖerｓhielde,Whｅrｅinoｌddiｎtｓofｄeｅpｅwounｄsｄｉdreｍaｉne，Tｈecrｕelｌｍarkesoｆｍａｎyabloudyｆieldｅ；Yeｔａrmｅstilltｈattiｍedidｈeneverｗｉｅlｄ;Ｈisaｎｇｒystｅedeｄidcｈｉdehisfｏｍｉｎgbitt，Ａｓmuｃhdisdainingtｏｔhecurｂetoyield＇Ｆｕllｊｏｌｌykｎｉgｈtheseｅmｅd，ａndfairedidｓitｔ，Asonefｏrknigｈtlyｇiuｓtsandｆierｃeｅncounｔerｓfitt．2ＢutonhisｂｒesｔａｂlouｄiｅＣrossehebｏre，ThedeａrerｅmembｒａnｃｅofhisdyiｎgLｏｒd，Ｆｏrwhosesweｅtesａｋｅthatｇｌoｒiousｂadgeheworｅ,Ａnddeadasliｖinｇｅｖerｈimａｄｏred：Upoｎhisshieｌdｔｈeliｋeｗaｓalsoscored，F(xiàn)oｒsoｖeraiｎeｈopｅ,ｗhichｉｎｈｉsheｌpeｈehaｄ：Riｇhtfaithｆulｌtruｅｈewasiｎdeedｅaｎｄword,Ｂｕtｏfhiｓｃheeredｉdseemｅtoosｏlｅｍnesad；Yeｔnoｔhingdｉdhｅｄｒead，buteveｒwasydrad.3Uponaｇrｅａt(yī)advｅｎtureｈeｗasbond，ThatgreatestＧlｏriａnaｔoｈｉｍgave，ThatgｒeaｔｅｓtGlorioｕsＱｕeeneｏfＦaeｒieLonｄ，towinneｈiｍworsｈip，andhｅrgrａcｅｔohavｅ，Whｉchoｆalｌeartｈlyｔhingsｈemosｔdｉｄｃraｖe;Aｎdeｖｅrasherode，hiｓｈａrtdideａrne。ToprｏveｈiｓｐuｉｓsanceinbattelｌbraveＵponhiｓfoe,anｄｈiｓnｅｗfｏrｃetoｌearnｅ;Upｏnhiｓfoe，aDraｇonｈｏrrｉblｅanｄstearne.4AloｖelyLadierodｅhimｆairebeｓide，UｐoｎaloｗｌyAssｅmoｒewhｉｔｅthensnow,Ｙetshemｕchwｈiｔer,ｂutthesamedidhideUnderavele，ｔhatwimpｌedwａsfulllow,Ａnｄｏveｒａｌlaｂlackestoleｓheｄｉｄthｒｏｗ,Asｏnethatinlｙｍｏuｒnd：ｓowasｓhesad，Ａndheaｖｉeｓatuｐonhｅrpaｌfreｙslｏw:Ｓeemeｄinheaｒｔsomeｈｉddｅncaｒesheｈad,Andbyｈｅrinａlineaｍilｋewhiｔｅｌambesｈｅlad。５Sopｕreａninnoｃｅｎt，ａsthatｓameｌambｅ,Shｅｗasｉnlifｅandevｅｒyvｉrｔｕoｕsｌoｒｅ,AndbydesｃｅntfromRoyalllynagecameOfanｃientKiｎgsanｄQuｅｅｎes，ｔｈathadofyorｅＴheｉrsceptｅrsstｒｅｔchtfｒoｍEastｔoＷeｓterneｓhore，Aｎdalｌtheworldintheiｒsｕbjectionheld；TｉllｔhatinｆerｎａｌlｆeendwithfｏuleｕproreForwastedalｌtheirland,aｎｄthｅmｅxpeld:Ｗhomtoavｅnｇe,shｅhadtｈisＫnightfroｍｆａrｃｏmpeld．如需精美完整排版,請QQ:67４60666手機系６BｅhindherfaｒreaｗayａDwarfedidｌag，Thatlａssｉｅｓeemdinｂeingeverlａsｔ，OrwearｉｅdwｉthbｅａｒｉngofheｒｂaｇＯfｎｅedmenｔｓaｔhiｓbaｃke.Ｔhｕsaｓtheypast,Thedaywithcloudeｓｗassuｄdeinｅoverｃast,AｎdaｎgryJoveaｎhidｅｏussｔormeoｆrainｅDｉdｐｏuｒｅintohｉｓLemaｎｓlapsofａsｔ，Thａt(yī)eｖerywighｔtｏsｈrowｄiｔｄiｄｃoｎstｒａiｎ，Andthisfａirecouｐlｅeｋｅｔoshroｕdthｅｍselveswerｅfaiｎ.7Eｎｆorsttoseekｅsｏmeｃoｖertｎｉgｈaｔhaｎd，Asｈadiｅｇroveｎｏｔfaraｗaytheyspide，Thａt(yī)proｍｉstaｙdetheteｍｐesttowｉthsｔaｎd：Ｗｈｏｓeloｆｔietrｅｅｓｙclａdwithsomｍersprｉde,Didｓpｒeｄsobrｏas，thａｔheａvensｌightdｉdhide，Notpｅrceablｅwｉtｈpowｅrofａnysｔarｒe：Andallwｉtｈｉnweｒepatｈesａndａlleieswｉｄe，Ｗithfootｉngworne，andｌｅadinginwardfarre：Faiｒｅharｂouｒthatthemsｅeｍes;soｉｎｔｈeyentrｅdaｒre.(二）ChrｉｓtopｈerＭａｒloｗｅ１．生平Hewaｓtｈesonｏfaｓｈｏemａｋer.TamｂurlaiｎeiｓwriｔｔｅnbｅｆoreｈeｌｅftCａｍbrｉｄge,hewaskilledinaquarrel．2。主要作品介紹（1）Ｔambｕrｌａｉne(２）Dr。Faustus（３）TheJｅｗofMａlｔa(4）EdwaｒdⅡ(5）HeｒoanｄLeandeｒ（6）Thｅpａｓsioｎａt(yī)etohiｓｌｏｖe（7）TranslateＯvid’mores3．藝術貢獻bｌankvｅrseａndmaｄeｉtthｅprincipalmeｄiuｍｏfＥngliｓhdraｍahiｓcreａt(yī)ｉoｎoftherenaissanceheroｆorＥｎｇliｓhｄraｍa4。作品選讀如需精美完整排版,請QQ:674606６6手機系TaｍburlainｅＤr。Fausｔuｓ（1）Tamburｌaｉneｉsaboutanambｉtiouｓａndpｉtileｓsconqｕeｒorinthe14ｃｅｎtuｒyｗhoroseｆromashepｈerdｔoaoverpoweｒｉｎgkｉng。Itｄisplayedahigｈ—aspiringmindthatｗａsselｆ—ｃrｅaｔeｄaｎdcarｒiedbyｌｏvｅaｎｄｄream.ByｄｅpｉctｉngaｇreathｅｒoｗｉtｈhｉｇｈambitionanｄｓhｅｅrbｒｕｔalforcｅinｃonqｕｅriｎｇoｎeｅnemyafteｒanｏtherMarlｏwevｏiｃedtｈｅsuprｅｍeｄesireoftｈemaｎofthｅRenａissanｃefｏrinfiniｔｅpｏwｅｒaｎｄauthoritｙ。（２）Dr.Fａustｕｓ：baseｄonGermanlegendofｍａｇiciaｎaｓpiringfｏrkｎｏwledｇeａndｆinａllｙｍeetinghistragiｃeｎｄasaｒesulｔｏfｓｅllinghｉssoultothｅDeviｌ。Thedominanｔｍorａlishumannｏtrelｉgｉous。Itcelebratesthｅhｕｍanpａssionforknoｗledgｅ，pｏweｒandｈaｐpiｎeｓs，ｒeveｌsmａｎ'sfruｓtratiｏninｒealizｉngｔhehiｇhaｓpiratioｎinahostilｅｍｏralorderａndtｈecoｎfiｎｅmeｎttｏｔiｍｅisｔhｅｃruelestfacｔｏfmａn'ｓcondiｔｉoｎ。ＳeleｃtｅdReadinｇｓ：1.ＡnEｘｃerptfrｏmDｒ。FauｓtuｓＤr。ＦａusｔｕsistheｇｒeatestofMａｒlowe'splａｙs，inwhｉchtheoｌdＧerｍanlegendisfｒeｅlyreshaｐed。Faｕstusｉｓaｇreatｓchoｌarｗｈｏhasasｔrongdesiretoacｑｕｉrｅallkindｓofknoｗledｇe。Hｅisboredofｈｉｓpｒeｓentｓtuｄyｏntheacademｉccuｒｒiculumandｔuｒｎstｏｂlａcｋｍaｇｉc．Bycoｎjurａt(yī)ioｎhｅcallｓｕpＭephｉsｔophilｉs,tｈｅDevil'sservaｎt。FausｔuｓmakesabonｄtoｓｅｌlhissｏultｏtheＤevilinreturnfoｒtwenty—foｕｒyｅaｒsoｆｌifeinwｈicｈheｍayhavethｅseｒvicｅsｏftheDevil，ＦaustuｓｂringsｈｉsｍagiｃalaｒtinｔofuｌｌpｌaｙaｎｄsｅesthｅPope，AleｘaｎdertheGrｅatａnｄｅventheｂｅauｔiｆulHelｅｎｏfGrｅｅcｅ.MeaｎwhileFａｕstushasｅxpｅriencedmuｃｈinｔｅrnaｌｃonｆlｉct，symbｏlizediｎｔheappearａncesoｆbothGoｏdAｎgｅlandBadAngｅl.Iｎthｅｆｉnａlｓcene，tｈereｒｅmaｉｎｓｏｎlｙthetｅrｒｉfyｉngsoｌｉlｏquyiｎwｈicｈtheanguishoｆtheheｒｏ＇sminｄispoiｇｎaｎｔｌｙｅxpｒｅssｅd.TheｆolloｗiｎgsｅｌectionｉstａｋeｎｆromAcｔⅠ，wｈｉchiｓabouｔthesiｇniｎｇｏｆthebond.2。TｈeＰaｓsｉｏnateSheｐheｒｄtoＨisＬove（TｈiｓshortpｏemiｓconsideredtｏbｅｏneofｔｈemoｓtbeａutifｕllyricｓinEｎｇlｉｓhliｔerａt(yī)ure．Itderivｅｓｆｒomｔｈepaｓtoraltrａdition,ｉnｗｈichｔhｅshepherdeｎｊｏｙsanidｅａｌｃoｕｎtｒｙlｉfe，cherｉshｉngapａstoralaｎdpuｒeａffectioｎｆorhiｓlove．Sｔroｎgemotionｉsｃonvｅyｅdthroughtｈｅbeａutｉfuｌofnatｕrewhｅrelｏvｅrsarenotdｉsturbedｂyworldlｙconceｒｎ。）(１)Cｏmelｉｖewiｔhmeaｎｄｂemylｏve,ＡｎdwｅｗillallthepleaｓｕresproｖｅＴhatvaｌlｅｙs,grｏveｓ,hills，andfielｄｓ,Ｗoｏds,orsｔeepｙmounｔａinyields。（2）Anｄｗewiｌｌsｉtupontheｒocｋs，Seeingtheｓhepｈerdsfeedtheirflｏcks,ＢysｈallowriversｔowhｏｓeｆaｌlsMeloｄioｕsbirdsｓｉngmａdrigals.（3)AｎdIwilｌmaｋetｈeebｅdsofroseｓＡｎdａt(yī)hｏｕsandfragｒanｔposiｅs，Aｃａｐofflｏwｅrｓ,ａｎｄａkiｒtleEmbroiderｅｄａｌlwｉthleaｖesofｍyｒtlｅ;(4）Aｇownmａｄｅofthefinestwｏolｗhichｆromourprettｙｌambsｗｅpulｌ;Faｉｒlｉnedsliｐpersforｔｈecolｄ,Ｗitｈbuｃkｌesofｔhepurｅｓtgｏld;（5)Abｅｌtofsｔrawandｉvybudｓ,Ｗｉthcoｒaｌｃlａsｐsandambeｒstｕds；Andifthｅseｐｌeaｓuresmａytheemoｖe,Comelivewiｔｈｍe，ａndｂemｙlove.（６)Ｔhesｈｅｐherds'swainsｓｈallｄanceandsingForｔhydelｉghtｅaｃhMａｙmornｉng:Iftheseｄelｉghtsthyminｄmaｙmｏvｅ，Thｅnlｉｖewｉthmeａｎdbemylｏve。（三)WilliamＳhakespearｅ1.生平（1)Oneoｆthemoｓtreｍarkableplaｙwｒｉghtsandpoｅtｓthｅｗorｌdhａsｅｖerkｎown。Ｗitｈhｉs38plays，154ｓonnｅｔｓａnｄ２ｌｏngpｏems，hｅhasesｔaｂlｉshedhｉｓgiantposiｔioｎinｗorldliteｒature．（２)Ｂoｒｎinamerchaｎt＇sfａmilyiｎＳtratfｏrd—on－Avｏｎ,andMarrｉｅdtｈeｒe。HecaｍetoLoｎdonfoｒlｉvinｇ．(3）Ｈewaｓresｅntfullydecｌaredas"ａｎuｐstartcrow”ｂyoｎeoｆthe＂univｅrsiｔywits,”becauseheestａblishedｈiｍｓｅlfsｏweｌｌ。2。莎翁的戲劇創(chuàng)作生涯第一階段Aｐｐrｅntiｃeｓhiｐ學徒期(1)Ｆｉｖehiｓｔorypｌayｓ:五部歷史劇HeｎrｙⅥ，PaｒtsⅠ，ⅡａndⅢRicｈardⅢＴｉｔｕｓＡndrｏｎicｕs(2)Fourcｏｍｅｄｉes：四部喜劇TｈｅComedyoｆErrｏｒＴheTｗｏGentｌeｍenofVｅｒoｎaTheTamｉｎｇｏｆtheＳhrewＬｏve’ｓLａbouｒ＇sLost第二階段Ｓｔylｅａｎdapproachbecamｅｈｉｇhlyiｎｄｉvidｕａｌizeｄ風格和手法的高度人文主義化。（1）Fiveｈistories：五部歷史劇RichaｒdⅢKｉngJoｈnHenryⅣ，ＰaｒｔsⅠａndⅡHenrｙⅤ（２）Sixｃｏmedｉｅｓ：六部喜劇ＡMidsuｍｍerNiｇｈt＇sDｒｅａmＴheＭercｈanｔofVｅｎiceMｕｃhAdoAboutNothingAsYoｕＬikeＩｔTｗelfthNightTheMerrｙWivesofＷindｓor（3）Twotragedieｓ:兩部悲?。襬ｍｅoandJulietJｕliusCａｅsａｒ第三階段Ｈisgreaｔesttraｇeｄieｓａｎdhiｓso—callｅddarkcomedies莎翁偉大的悲劇和悲喜?。?)Sevｅntragｅｄiｅs：七部悲劇HamletOthelｌoKingＬｅarＭacbeｔhAnｔｏｎyaｎdCleopatraTｒｏiｌuｓandCressｉdaCoｒiolａnus（２)Twocｏmediｅｓ:兩部喜劇Ａｌl’ｓwellｔｈatEndsWeｌlMeaｓｕrｅｆｏrMeａsuｒｅ最后階段Pｒｉncｉpａlｒｏmantictragｉcomediｅｓ浪漫悲喜劇如需精美完整排版，請ＱQ：6746066６手機:1３７83８16366聯(lián)系（１）Fourromａｎtiｃｔrａｇicｏｍedies:四部浪漫悲喜劇PericlesCymbelineＴｈｅＷiｎter’ｓTaｌeTheＴemｐestTｈeTempesｔ1)ＴhｅｒeisapreｖａlentＣｈｒｉｓｔｉanteaｃｈingofatｏnemｅnt.Sｈakｅspeaｒeｓeｅmstohａveentｅredanｉmaginedｐaｓtoｒalwｏrld.Thus，hecｏulｄacｈｉevｅwhａt(yī)hｅfａiledtodoiｎthereａｌｗｏｒｌd-——tｏrighttheｗｒongｓandtoreaｌizｅhｉsidealism)2）Itisknownaｓthebｅstofhisfｉｎaｌrｏmance。Ｔhｅｃharaｃteｒsarｅｒaｔｈｅrａｌlegorｉcalanｄtheｓｕbjectfulｌofsuggestｉｏn．3）ＴheTempｅstｉsａt(yī)yｐicalexａmpleofｈiｓpessiｍistｉcvieｗtowardshumanlｉfeanｄsｏciｅｔyinhｉslａt(yī)eyeaｒs.（２)Tｗoｆｉnalｐlays:最后兩部作品ＨｅnryⅧTｈetｗoNoｂlｅKｉnsmen３．莎翁的詩歌(１)Twolongnarｒativｅｐoｅms:兩首敘事長詩ＶenｕsandAdonisTheＲａｐｅｏfLｕcrｅｃe(2）Sonneｔs十四行詩1－126aｒeaddrｅssedtoayoungman。127-15２involvｅaｍｙsteriouｓ”Ｄarｋlaｄy"。153—1５4tranｓlationｓoradａpｔaｔiｏｎsｏfsｏmｅvｅrsiｏnofGｒeeｋｅｐigramreｆertothehotspringsatＢath.（3)詩歌特點①ＩｎｔhepopｕlaｒEnglishｆormoｆthｒeequａt(yī)ｒainsandacouplet。Ｔhｅrｈetoricaｌorgaｎizａｔionaｌsoｆollｏｗｓｔhｉｓｓtrucｔure。②Ｔhecouｐletusuallytｉｅsｔhｅsｏnnetｔoｏneofthｅgenerａlthemeｓoftheserieｓ,leaｖingthequatrａinsｆreetodｅｖeｌopｔhepoｅticintensitｙｗhichｍａkesthｅseparatesonｎeｔsmemｏｒable。４。莎翁的作品介紹(１)歷史劇的特點Allhａｖｅｔhｅsaｍethemetｈatｉｓundｅrtheprincｉplethaｔnatｉonａlunitｙｕnｄeramiｇhｔyaｎdjustsｏveｒeigniｓanecｅssiｔｙ。E.g.HｅnryⅥ（2)浪漫喜劇的特點如需精美完整排版,請QQ：６7４6066６手機：13７８38１63６６聯(lián)系Shakespｅａretakesanoptｉmｉstｉcattiｔｕdetowａrdloveandyouｔh，andｔhｅroｍａnｔicｅlｅｍentsaｒeｂrouｇhｔintofｕｌlplay.E。ｇ.TheMerchａntofVenicｅ(3）浪漫主義悲劇特點Thoughatragedｙ，aｐermeatｅdｗｉthｏpｔｉmiｓtｉcspiritＥ。g．RoｍeoａｎdＪｕliet（4)悲劇特點E．g.莎翁的四大悲劇Haｍlet，Otｈello，KｉngＬear,MaｃbethＥachｐorｔrayssｏmenoblehero，whoｆaｃｅstheinjusticｅofhumａnｌiｆeandiscaughｔinadiffｉｃultsｉtuationanｄwhｏsefateisｃlｏseｌycoｎneｃtｅdwithｔｈefateｏｆtｈewholeｎation。Eachheｒoｈashｉｓwｅaknessofnature：Hamｌet:ｔhｅｍｅlａnｃhｏlｉcscｈoｌar—pｒｉnce，fａcestｈedileｍmabｅtweenaｃtｉonaｎdmｉnd。Otｈeｌlo：hiｓiｎnerweａknesｓiｓmaｄeusｅofｂytheouｔsideevilforcｅ．KｉngＬear：whoiｓunwilｌingtｏｔotallygiｖeuｐｈｉsｐowermaｋeshiｍsｅlfsuffeｒｆroｍtｒｅachｅryanｄｉｎfidelity．Maｃbｅｔｈ：hｉsluｓtｆｏrｐoweｒｓｔiｒsuｐhiｓaｍbiｔiｏｎandleadｓhiｍtoincessantcｒimeｓ。(5）悲劇Hamlet哈姆雷特介紹①Theｆｉｒstｏｆtheｇreａt(yī)tragediesｉsｇeｎeraｌｌｙregaｒdedaｓShakeｓｐearｅ＇smoｓtｐopulａrplaｙonthestage,forｉthasthequaｌｉｔiesofａ"blooｄ—and-tｈunder"thｒillｅrandaphｉlｏsophｉｃａlｅxploratｉonｏflifｅａnddｅaｔh．②Ｗｒittenaround160１，baseｄonawidesｐｒeaｄlｅgendinｎortheｒnＥuroｐe．ShａkｅsｐeaｒeｔakesｔｈebareoutlineｓofRevengｅTrageｄy.③Ｔheｔimelessａｐpeａｌｏｆthiｓmｉgｈtydｒaｍaｌｉesｉｎitｓcoｍbinaｔiｏｎofｉnｔrｉguｅ,eｍoｔionalcoｎfｌicｔaｎｄsearchingphiｌｏｓｏphiｃmｅlａncholｙ.④情節(jié)介紹Tｈepｌayopenｓｗithｈamlet，pｒiｎceoｆＤeｎmark,ａppeariｎginamooｄｏfｗorｌd—ｗｅaｒinesｓocｃaｓｉonedｂyhisｆathｅr＇ｓrecentｄeathandbyhｉsmｏtheｒ’sｈastyremａｒriagewｉｔhClaｕdiuｓ,ｈisfａt(yī)heｒ'sbroｔhｅr.Ｗhilｅeｎcoｕnｔｅｒingｈｉsｆathｅr'sｇhost,HamletiｓinformedtｈａｔClａudiushasmurdeｒｅｄｈisｆａt(yī)heraｎdtheｎｔakeｎｏｖerbotｈhisfather’ｓthronｅandwｉdoｗ.Thuｓ,Hａmleｔisurgｅdbytｈeghｏｓttoseekrｅvengeforhiｓfaｔher＇s"foulaｎdmostunnatuｒaｌｍurｄｅr。”⑤人物性格特點＊Hamlｅthaｓnoneofthｅsingle—miｎdedblooｄluｓtｏｆｔheeaｒｌiｅrｒevenｇerｓ.Itisｎotｂｅcauｓｅheisinｃapaｂleactｉonbutbｅcauｓetheｃａstofhｉsmiｎdｉssospeculatiｖｅ，sｏｑuestioning，ｓanｄｓｏcontｅmplatｉvetｈaｔaction，whenitｆinaｌlyｃomeｓ，seemsaｌｍostliｋeｄefeat，dimiｎishinｇｒatherthａｎaddingtotｈestaturｅoftｈeｈero．＊Ｔrappeｄinanightｍarewoｒlｄoｆspyinｇ，teｓｔｉngaｎdpｌｏttiｎg，ａnｄａppａrenｔｌｙｂｅaringtheｉntｏｌerablｅｂurｄｅnoftｈeduｔyｔoreｖenｇehisfａt(yī)hｅr'ｓdeａt(yī)h．＊Ｈamlｅtiｓoｂligｅdtoinhabitashａｄowworlｄ，tｏlｉveｓｕspenｄｅdbetweeｎfactanｄfiction,ｌaｎgｕaｇeandaｃtion.Ｈｉsliｆｅiｓonｅofcｏｎstantrole—ｐlayinｇ,ｅxamｉnｉｎgthｅnaｔureofactiｏnonlｙtｏdenyｉtsposｓｉbilｉｔｙ，foｒheｉstoosoｐhisｔicａt(yī)edｔｏｄegradeｈisnａｔureｔｏthecｏnventioｎalroｌeofastagerevenｇeｒ.⑥獨白作用Sｏliloquｙｉsanａt(yī)uraｌmedium;possessｓurpasｓiｎgpｏwｅraｎdｉnsight,whichhavesｕrvivedcentuｒｉeｓoｆbeｉngtｏrnfromtheｉrcｏntext。5。莎翁戲劇的思想意義（1）對社會現(xiàn)實的批判:①Inｈisplaｙs，heｄoｅｓnoｔｈesｉtａｔetｏdｅｓcrｉbethecrueltyandanti-nａｔuｒecharaｃteroｆthecｉvｉlｗars，butheｄidｎｏtｇoalｌｔhewaｙagaiｎstthefeｕdalrulｅ．Inhishiｓtｏｒiesｏrtrａgediｅs,heａｆfirmstheimportancｅofthefeuｄalｓｙsteｍinordertoｕpｈoｌdsｏcialorder。②Heisagaiｎsｔｒeligiｏｕｓpersｅｃuｔionaｎdｒaｃiａldiscriminatｉon,aｇａｉnstｓoｃiａliｎｅqｕalityaｎｄｔhecoｒrｕptinginｆluenｃeoｆgｏldandmoｎey。Theｒeisａlsｏaｌiｍitｔｏｈｉsｓｙmpａt(yī)ｈyfortｈeｄowntｒoｄdｅn.Theonlytｈinghecaｎdｏａsａhuｍaｎisｔistoeｓcapefrｏmthereaｌitｙtosｅekcomfoｒtinhisdream。6。莎翁的藝術成就(1）人物特點Hｉsmａjorchaｒａctersareｎｅｉthermｅreｌyindiｖidualonesnoｒtypeones;ｔheyarｅｉnｄiviｄuａlsrepresentingcertaintypｅs。Ｅａchchａractｅrｈaｓhiｓoｒherowｎpersonaｌiｔies；meａｎwhiｌe,theyｍayｓharefeatureswitｈotｈers。Bｙａpplyｉnｇapsycho—analｙticalapｐroach,Ｓhakespearｅsucceedsinｅｘpｌorinｇｔhｅcｈaractｅrs’iｎnermind.（２）情節(jié)結構①Ｈｉｓplaｙsaｒｅwell－kｎｏwnfｏrｔheiｒaｄｒｏitploｔcoｎsｔｒuctｉon。②Heseldomiｎvｅntshｉsownpｌｏts;heboｒrowｓthemfromsomeoldplａysorｓtｏｒｙbooks，ｏrfromanｃientGreekandRomansouｒceｓ.③Tｈereaｒeusuaｌｌysｅvｅrａltｈreadｓｒunningthrｏｕghtheplay,thuｓprovidiｎgｔhestｏryｗiｔhsuspeｎseandａｐprｅhｅｎｓiｏｎ.(３）語言風格①Ｉronyiｓagoodmeaｎｓofdramａｔicｐｒesentation.Itｍakｅｓtｈecｈａraｃtersｗｈoareｉgnorantofthetｒuｔhdocｅrｔainｒidiｃulouｓthiｎgs.②Hecanwｒｉｔeｓkｉｌlfｕllyindｉfｆerentｐoeticfｏｒｍｓ,likeｔhesonnet，tｈｅｂlanｋｖerｓe，andtherhymedcouｐleｔ.③Hｅｈaｓanａｍazingwealtｈofvocａbulａrｙandiｄioｍ．④Ｈiscoinａgeofｎewwordsanｄdistorｔioｎｏftｈeｍｅaniｎgoｆｔｈeoｌdonesalsoｃreａt(yī)estriｋｉｎgeｆfｅ